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高中英语语法考点专题解析第三章代词一、概述代词可谓名词的化身,代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语,分句和句子的词,英语中代词的种类更是多种多样,总的来说,可分为八种:人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、反身代词和关系代词,因为物主代词又可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,所以细分的话可分为九种。本章首先叙述代词的定义及分类,接着从代词的分类出发逐层深刻剖析。以代词的八大类为线索,一一阐述并通过大量高度概括地语言予以理论性的概括,并附有大量例子予以论证。对于每一类代词中的典型的比较重要的代词同样通过理论和实例相结合的方式进行剖析。本章重点在于每种代词的用法及典型代词的用法。二、定义及分类代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。总地来说,英语中的代词可分为以下9类:人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、反身代词和关系代词等(当然,如果把形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词合并称为物主代词,则可分为8类)。三、各类代词在句中的成分及所起的作用1、人称代词:主语、宾语、表语、同位语。2、形容词性物主代词:定语。3、名词性物主代词:主语、宾语、表语、同位语。4、不定代词:对于不同的不定式代词在句中所起的作用也不尽相同,总的说来,可以作以下几种成分:主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语、补语。5、指示代词:主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语(this、that=so)o6、相互代词:宾语、状语、同位语。7、疑问代词:主语、表语、宾语、定语。8、反身代词:宾语、表语、状语、同位语。9、关系代词:主语、宾语、表语(主要是在定语从句中所充当的成分,对此我们只是简要说明,在第14章“定语从句,冲将进一步详细阐述)。四、各类代词的分类(范畴)极其功能人称代词1、人称代词表示人称范畴以及它们的变化形式有人称、性、数与格之分,下面通过一个表格体现。数、格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus
第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称阳性hehim他们they她们它们them阴性sheher中性itit2、下面着重介绍人称代词的特殊用法,对于在句中的一些常规用法在“各类代词在句中的成分及所起的作用中已点到,在此不再过多说明(对于人称代词it的用法,将在“it法""一章予以阐述)。(1)两个或两个以上的人称代词同时在一个句中出现的时候,若语法功能相同,代词的形式应一致。如:SheandIarebothadmittedtothatcollegethisyear.Betweenyouandme,heisreallyabadman.(2)人称代词可用来代指动物。如:Thedogrunsquicklyinthefield,becausehewantstohunttherabbit.Thehorsewastiredout,buthismasterdidn^tgivehimarest.(3)拟人化用法代指国家、机构、组织、车辆、轮船、地球、月亮、党派等,表示一种喜爱的感情。如:Theearthisourmother,wejustliveinherbreast.Ilovemymotherland,sheisgreat.Thetrainmakeshiswayontherockyhills.(4)人称代词偶尔可作名词用,在特定情况下,人称代词可用作形容词或限定词作定语,也可有・s复数形式,人称代词工作名词可表示“自我、极端自私的人"等义,he和she表示男性和女性或动物的雄性和雌性。如:Isthebabybornjustnowheorshe?Inthepopulationinthevillage,theremaybemorehesthanshes.Weshouldn"tbecometheI.(5)关于多个人称代词的排序问题。并列的人称代词都是单数:第三人称+第二人称+第一人称(两个并列人称代词同样按照此顺序:第三人称+第二人称、第三人称+第一人称、第二人称+第一人称)。但是在承担责任、承担错误、接受批评时,要把第一人称放在前面,以示礼貌,即:第一人称+第三人称+第二人称,第一人称+第二人称/第三人称。如:He,youandIareofthesamefootballteam.
YouandIareclassmatesinprimaryschool.Iandshearetoblame.Weandthechildrenspoiledtheplan.第一人称代词加不定代词。如:Iandotherstakepartinhisbirthdayparty.Weandnobodywilltakethisstupidadvice.父母/丈夫/妻子+第一人称+子女。如:Mywife,Iandourtwodaughterswillgohikingthissummer.Myparents,Iandmychildrenalllikethiskindofmusic.(1)人称代词应与所代替的词在人称和数上保持一致。如:Vegetableandmeetarebothgoodfoodbecausetheyaregoodforourhealth.Theroomisfullofdust,ithasn"tbeenclearedforalongtime.但是-body>的不定代词,如:everybodyeveryonesomebody>noone等需用复数第三人称代词they代替,在非正式文体中也可用he,但在正式文体中认为是错的,而-thing的不定代词,如:everythinganythingsomethingnothing等需用单数第三人称代词it代替。以上两种情况常出现在以下三种情况下:①在一句话中后面用代词去代替前面的相应不定代词。②在反意疑问句中,确定反意疑问句部分的主语。③在对话中,用人称代词去代替相应的不定代词。如:Someoneisknockingatthedoo匚TheymustbeJohn.Hehastoldmethathewillcallonmeatthreec/clock.Nothingisimpossible,isn5tit?一Cananyonedothejobsuccessfully?一No;theymusthaveagoodknowledgeofmanagement.(2)用在独立主格中,如:Thebossgaveeachofusatask,Itobrushthetable,hetocleanthefloor,andyoutowashthebowls.(3)当人称代词单独使用时,一般用宾格。如:一Johngotobuyabottleofbee匚—Whyme?Fdliketogoswimming.
——Me,too.(1)第一人称复数we可被用来代表社团、法人等集体讲话。如:Weshouldliketoduplicatetheorderwesentyoulastmonth.Wedon"tsupporttheviewsexpressedinthiscolum.(2)有没有形容词性物主代词的区别虽然仅一字之差,意义却不大相同,比较:loseheart灰心aheadoftime提前loseone^heart(to)爱上aheadofone"stime(思想等)超越时代forlife终生atbest至多,充其量forone^slife拼命地atone"sbest出色、处于最佳状态(1)“the+名词+of+宾格人称代词”的含义双重所有格由"名词+of+名词性物主代词(名词所有格)‘‘表示,如afriendofmybrother"s,而不说afriendofme,但是有时候,如果这种结构中的名词前有定冠词the或其他限定词,则要用“the+名词+of+宾格人称代词"结构,这种结构常表示某种感情色彩。如:NotforthelifeofmewillIgiveintomyenemy.Ireallyhatethelookoftheman.Weshouldn"tlearnaskilljustforthefunofit.(2)用主格还是宾格在英语中,如果人称代词作主语当然用主格。作宾语即用宾格,这是最基本的。但是在一些情况下,只能用主格或宾格或主格和宾格可互换使用。1、在动词be后作表语的人称代词在正式文体用主格。如:ItisI.Itisthey.但是在口语中以宾格为宜,如:It,sme.Itisthem.2、在suchas、thesamethingas>otherthan^ratherthanbetweenthink...of...being后及独立主格中一般用主格或宾格皆可,口语中更多用宾格。如:Theythoughtofthethiefbeinghe/him.FailureisnotforsuchasI/me.Nobodyotherthanhe/himwentthatway.
3、在think...tobe>imagine...tobe、lookup...us等后多用宾格,因为后边紧接的成分应和动词后的宾语一致,所以多用宾格。如:Ithoughtthefatmantobehim.Heimaginesthebeautifulnoblegirltobeher.4、在than和as后可用主格亦可用宾格。如:He"syoungerthanI(me).JohnisasgoodastudentasI(me).5、有时用主格或宾格的含义不同。如:Iloveyoumorethanhim.(我爱你比爱他很)Iloveyoumorethanhe.(我爱你比他爱你很)IwillvisitTom,nothe匸(我将拜访汤姆,而不是拜访她)IwillvisitTom,notshe.(我而不是她将拜访汤姆)物主代词1、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可称为代词属格,它分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,下面通过两个表格体现两种物主代词的形式。①形容词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称myour第二人称youryour第三人称his>her、itstheir②名词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称mineours第二人称yoursyours第三人称his/hers/itstheirs2、形容词性物主代词只能用作定语修饰名词,但不能代替名词。名词性物主代词用来代替名词词组,可用作主语、宾语或表语可替代名词,这是它们基本的句法功能,下面看看它们还有哪些特殊用法。①两个不同性别的形容词性物主代词共同修饰一个名词时,男性代词要放在女性代词之前。如:Whichdoyouthinkisbetter,hisorhercomposition?
①名词性物主代词与of连用,构成所有格(在名词一章“所有格""部分已经详细阐述过)。如:Thatisnofaultofhers.Afriendofminewillcometoseemetomorrow.②用在ofone"sown结构中。Weshouldprotectthingsofourownduringthejourney.Allofuswanttohavefreedomroomofourown.③用在限定词the、that、this等+名词+of+名词性物主代词,表示强烈感情色彩(和前面人称代词部分一个类似的表感情色彩的结构不可混为一谈,是两种不同的结构),如:Lookatbignoseofhis.Thisdogofoursneverbites.指示代词1、指示代词是专门用来指出或表示人或物的一类代词,它们是:this(这个)、that(那个)、these(这些)、those(那些)。(对于指示代词it的用法在“it法"中予以阐述)2、指示代词this>that^these>those有下列用法(1)this或that有时可以作状语,用来表示程度,意谓"这么"和“那么",相当于very、quiet等。如:Idon"twantthatmuch.Haveyoubeenthatoutoftouch?(2)that和those常用在下列情况下:用以代替前面出现过的名词,且有后置定语,单数即用that(相当于theone),复数即用those(相当于those)o如:ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofJapan.Thevisitorshereinsummerareasmanyasthoseinwinter.(3)为了强调而重复前面所讲的事物,多用于省略句和“主+系+表""结构中。如:Monstroushandsomeyoungman,that!Iwentthroughthelongdrawing-room,alovelyroom,this.Theyarenoordinaryhouses,those.Sheisagoodlady,thatwoman.(4)指代前面提到过的事物,常用that或those起“承上"啲作用。如:Hedidn"tcatchthefirstbus.That"swhyhewaslateforclass.Togoornottogo,thatisadecision.Hewillforgiveyou.Thathewill.TheysayJohniscruel,butIknowhecan"tbethat.
(5)指代将要提及的事物(指后面提到的事物),常用this或(hese起“启下""的作用。如:What,syouropinionofthis:hewantstorunahotelbyhimself.以上(4)(5)两点是that/those和this/these在指代时,指前与指后的区别。(6)this和these常指自己要说的话(因为this/these一般指后,既然指后说明说话人提前知道要说的话),而that或these常指别人说过的话(同样可结合that/those指前进行分析理解),(7)当this和that同时指出现过的两件事时,this指“后者""而that指“前者"。如:Virtueandviceareforyoutochoose,thisbringsyoumiseryandthatbringsyouhappiness.(8)this指朝着说话人方向过来的人或物,that指离开说话人而去的人或物。如:Thisisthetrainheridesin.他乘坐的火车开过来了。Thatisthetrainheridesin.他乘坐的火车开走了。(9)this和these指的是在地点、时间等方面较近的事物,而that和those指的是地点、时间等方面的较远事物,有时也表示对比。应注意:对于以上this、that^these>those的指代区别并不是那么严格,this和that实际上都能指代上文中出现的名词词组,整个句子甚至若干句子所表达的意思。(10)this(these)和that(those)用在双重属格中,可表示各种感情色彩。如:Thisnewpenofminedoesn^tleakastheoldonedid.Heisagreatscoundrel,thathusbandofhers.(11)用that(those)也可表示感情色彩。如:IsayitisthatnotoriousJacob.Hewasoneofthosepeoplewhotakedelightinconveyingdisagreeablenews.(12)this或that同介词连用,可表示各种特定含义。如:Sincethat,Ihadmademymindtoworkhard.(=sincethattime)Uponthis,hebegantoworkagain.(=andthen)Atthis,shewasverysadandevencutup.(^seeingthis或hearingthis)Withthis/that,thetigerfellintothewater.(=aftersaying)(13)this(these)或that(those)同very连用,表示强调。如:IlikethatverycoatofallTheseverywomenshouldbetakengoodcareof.(14)this^that同and或or连用,表示随随便便。如:Helearnsthisorthatskill,butfinallyhemastersnothing.Ifsahabitforhimtofallinlovewiththisorthatgirl.
(7)this和that可以表示数量。如;Thereareonlyabouttwentyapplesleft,pleasedoublethisnumberinordertoservethegustsenough.而且this(these)或that(those)还可和数词连用,在这里(his和these不分单复数,dun和those同样不分单复数。如:this/thesetenstudentsthat/thosethreedollars(8)this或that可以同much连用,这里作形容词,用much是代词。如:Ijustknowthismuchaboutthetrafficaccident.ThatmuchIwanttosay.(9)要用this或these的特定场合。①用来总结上文刚说过或提过的内容。如:Prideandconceit,nonchalance,anddejection—thesemakeFredthemanheis.②指代直接引语。如:"Ihadbeenelectedmanagerintheforeigncompany,asthemansaidthis,allofusjustcheeredup.③在特定的习惯用语中,要用thiso如:ThisisTomspeaking.(电话用语)ThisisJohnmybestfriend.(介绍见面)Justthisonce.(就这一次)(10)要用that的特定场合①在thatheis等结构中,that代表前面所陈述的内容。如:Heactuallyplaysanimportantroleinthegame.Yes,thatheis.②用在某些习语、词组或特殊说法中。如:Thatiswhy....Thatisbecause....Thatwilldo.那就够了。Sothat"sthat.就是那样。That"sall.就这些。Whatofthat.那又怎样。③同and连用,用作代替词,代替前面的整个句子。如:Youshoudstudyhardandthatallthetime,(andyoumuststudyhardallthetime.)
Hedonatedalotofmoneytothepoorchildrenandthatatthecostofhisownlife,(andhedonatedalotofmoneytothepoorchildrenatthecostofhisownlife.)①用在“and・・.atthat”结构中,表示强调。如:Shechoseacoat,andaverybeautifuloneatthat.Theyoungmanknewlittleabouthisjob,andnothingatthat.(7)thisday的特殊用法这种用法可以用来表示以当天为起点的向前或向后的一个周期。如:Theywillstartoffthisdayweeks,(aweekfromtoday一周后的今天)Thewarbrokeoutthisdaytwentyyears.(20年前的今天)在此要注意时态的运用,如果表示以当天为起点向后的一个周期,则动作还没发生应和将来时连用。若表示以当天为起点,向前的一个周期则动作已发生应和过去时连用。(8)that相当于when>onwhichinwhich>wherewhy、forwhich等起关系副词的作用,且常可省略。如:Thisistheplacethathelives,(that=inwhich=where)Thatcan^tactasthereasonthathecamelatetoschool.(that=why)(9)that/those,this/these重复前面所讲的事物,表示强调。如:Abadboy,that(this).Hesentheralotofflowers,those(these)・(10)those可以跟定语从句或短语,而人称代词them后则不可。如:Forthem(whoare)involvedinthecaes,thecourtwillpunishthem.(误)Forthose(whoare)involvedinthecase,thecourtwillpunishthem.(正)应注意:1、thosewho相当于peoplewho,意为“凡…的人9,,thosewho中的who不可换为关系代词that,those可以直接代替代词,不用说也不能说thoseones,当有形容词修饰时可说,如:thosebiggeroneso2、thosewho或theywho有时相当于onewho或hewho。(11)thatwhich常在一块使用,that是先行词,而which引导的则是定语从句,相当于whato如:Thatwhichisdeautifulisnotalwaystrue.Thatwhichisoneman"smeatmaybeanother"spoison.疑问代词1、疑问代词有who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,属格)、what(什么)、which(哪个,哪些),其中who>whom只能指人,what和which可指人或物。疑问代词引导的句子为特殊疑问句,它们一般位于疑问句句首,并在句中担任某一成份(如主语、宾
语、表语、定语等)。2、下面具体阐述疑问代词的用法①有些疑问代词具有形容词特征,可用作定语。如:Whosebookisitonthedesk?Whattimeshallwestartout?Whichcolordoyoulikebetter,whiteorblack?②疑问代词who>what>which>whom后可加ever表示强调,用以加强语气。如:Whoeverareyoulookingfor?Whateverdoyoumean?应注意:1、此类wh-ever疑问代词相当于anythingthat,anyonethat,allthato2^此外还可引导让步状语从句,相当于nomatterwh-,但有区别,前者既可引导让步状语从句,又可引导名词性从句,而后者则只能引导让步状语从句。反身代词1、反身代词又称自身代词,是一种表示反射或强调的代词。单数由相应的形容词性物主代词/人称代词宾格+self构成,而复数则由相应的形容词性物主代词/人称代词宾格+selves构成,下面通过一表格体现反身代词的不同形式。数人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称herselfitselfthemselveshimself2、反身代词的具体用法①反身代词一般用作宾语、状语或同位语,作同位语时表示强调。如:Pleasehelpyourselftosometea.Hehurthimselfseriouslyintheaccident.TheskillfulmanfinishedtheworkhimselfYouyourselfcandoit.②反身代词常同以下及物动词连用作宾语,常见的有:behave>absentadapt>help>enjoyhurt>conduct、blamepride>provide>make、speaktokilKcontent>reproach>teach>praise>expresssupport>hide^engage
等。如:Afterthefailureinbusiness,hekilledhimself.Pleasehelpyourselftosomemeat.Weenjoyedourselvesintheparty.Don?tblameyourselfonthis.注意,某些动词后的反身代词常可省略。如:Theboyhid(himself)inthebush.Shedressedquicklyandwentout.Theriverempties(itself)intothesea.Hequalified(himself)fortheoffice.①verb+oneself+补语结构,在这种结构中,反身代词后的补语表示某一动作引起的后果。如:Thelittleboycriedhimselfhoarse.Sheworkedherselfill.Hedrankhimselfunderthetable.注意,有些“动词+反身代词”结构可以同被动语态结构互换,前者强调动作,后者强调状态。如:Helosthimselfinthewood.Hegot/waslostinthewood.②反身代词还可以作表语,表示身体状况等。如:Fmnotquitemyselftoday.Youwillbeyourselfinnotime.③可代替人称代词,表示比较,用在like>than、so、as后。如:Heismuchtallerthanmyself.Thephotoisnotlikeyourself.Heisthesameheightasherself.④反身代词构成的惯用语。(1)betweenourselves表示"你我两人私下谈,不告诉别人",相当于betweenyouandme。WhatIsaidisbetweenourselves,don^ttellanyoneelse.(2)tooneself表示"独占、独有Thelittleboyalwayskeepsthetoystohimselfandnevershareswithotherchildren.Weshouldn"tkeepourselvestoourselves,weshoulddealwithothers.(3)foroneself表示"为自己,亲自
Ifyouwanttoknowwhathappened,youshouldgotohavealookforyourself.Youhavetherighttodecideforyourself.(1)ofoneself表示"自动地、自愿地"。ThedooropenedofitselfHeofferedtohelpothersofhimself.(2)byoneself表示“单独地,独自地",前面可加all表示强调,同时by也可省略。如:Canyoufinishitallbyyourself?Hedidithimself.(3)inoneself表示"本身、本性Heisakindmaninhimself.Thebookisofgreatusetousinitself.①反身代词用作主语反身代词可以作独立主格结构中的逻辑主语,在口语中,也可借助or、nor.and等连词同其他名词一起作主语,也可用于省略结构中作主语,相当于主格。如:Herselfinpoorhealth,shestillcarriedontheexperiment.Himselfandhisparentswillgototheconcert.Whodidit?Myself.应注意,反身代词一般情况下不能作主语,只有在上述情况下方可作主语。②不用反身代词的情况(1)作主语时,不用反身代词。如:Herselfcalledmeuplastnight.(误)Shecalledmeuplastnight.(正)Myclassmatesandmyselfagreedongoingtotheseasidethissummer.(误)MyclassmatesandIagreedongoingtotheseasidethissummer.(正)(2)反身代词作为并列宾语中的一个时,如果其他词为名词或非反身代词,此时不能出现反身代词。如:Theticketsareforyou,MrWangandmyself.G吴)Theticketsareforyou,MrWangandme.(正)Thespeakerinvitedmywifeandmyselftothemeeting.(误)Thespeakerinvitedmywifeandmetothemeeting.(正)(3)如果介词表示“位置或场所",其宾语虽然和主语指同一个对象,但也不能用反身代词。如:Willyoutakeyourdaughterwithyourself?(彳吴)
Willyoutakeyourdaughterwithyou?(正)Ilookedaboutmyself,hopingtofindthelostkeys.(误)Ilookedaboutme,hopingtofindthelostkeys.(正)①itself当作强调词使用(1)当itself用在表语的抽象名词后面起强调程度作用,意思是“很、非常"。如:Sheisdeligenceitself=sheisverydelight.Heiskindnessitself.=heisverykind.(2)当itself放在具体名词后面,常含有“即使、即便、基本""的意思。如:Agoodthingitselfmaybecomeharmfulbyitsabuse.(3)当放在句末尾时,起强调作用意思是“确实、的确、实际上"。如:Whereisheitself?Youarehardonyourmotheritself.(4)itself与soon连用,将itself放在句尾,有“彻底康复"‘的意思。如:Ifedthelittlecreaturemilkanditwassoonitself.相互代词1、相互代词是表示互相关系的代词,它们形式如下:宾格属格eachothereachothersoneanotheroneanother^2^eachother通常用于两个人或物的场合,oneanother通过用于超过两个人或物的场合,不过在当代英语中,两者在此没有多少差别,常可通用。相互代词有下列用法。①用作宾语。如:YouandIunderstoodeachotherperfectly.Theyhavebeenseparatedfromoneanotheralongtime.②用其属格作定语。如:Theylookedintoeachother^seyesforasilentmoment.有时也可用eachothers*(与eachother"s无区别)。如:Lastyear,wevisiteachothers"capitals.但应注意,eachother"s和oneanother"s和其后的名词组不能作主语。③eachother可以分开使用,这时,each常作主语或同位语,theother常作宾语。如:
Eachtriedtopersuadetheothertostayathome.Theyeachhelpedtheother.①eachother也可表示三个或三个以上人或物之间的关系,用作宾语或状语有时相当于among或betweenthemselveso如:Thethreeapplicantslookedateachothe匚Thedogsfoughteachotherforthefood.②oneafteranother在句中常作宾语或状语,也可作主语,作主语时谓语动词用单数或复数均可。Theywentoutoneafteranother.Oneafteranotherhas/havegoneonthetrain.不定代词1>不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫作不定代词,它们有:some、somebody>someonesomethingsany^anybodyanyoneanything>no、nobodynoone、nothingall、both、neither>none>eithereach、every>everybody>everyone>everythingother>another>much>many、few、afew>little>alittleone等。2、英语中的不定代词很多,下面我们将对比较重要的不定代词用法进行阐述。all的用法all用于三者或三者以上接可数名词,也可接不可数名词,且定冠词the只能放在all的后面。(1)作形容词用,意为“所有的,一切的",和复数可数名词或不可数名词连用。如:AllmenarecreatedequalAllthestudentsliketheirEnglishteache匸(2)all可同复数名词连用,表示“任何雹如:Hewouldgotoschoolontimeinallweathers.(=inanyweather)Theoldwomanbeggedmoneyfromallpassers-by-(=fromanypasser-by)(3)作形容词表示集体或整体概念(接this,that或单数名词,动词用单数)。如:Hewaitedforherinalltheafternoon.Themanagerworkedalldayallnight.Allthis/thatismadness.(4)作形容词接抽象名词或单数名词,意为any、every>thegreatpossible0如:Thecarranwithallspeed・Itisbeyondallquestion.Herefusedallpraise.allmannerofgoods
注意:forall/withall+抽象名词,表示“尽管如:Forall/withallhiswealth,hedidn"tlivehappily.(1)all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用,表示“非常"。如:allears倾听者alleyes目不转睛allheart非常诚恳allattention注意力非常集中(2)all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用,表示“仅有的,唯一的”。如:ThatisallthenewsIlearn.Lifeisnotallpleasure.(3)用于ofall或outofall结构中,意为"这么多…中偏偏,这么多…中最",表示某种情绪,如惊奇、困惑或厌恶等。如:Ilikethebookofallbooks.Didyou,ofallthings,lovethisgirl?Heofallpersons,hurthermost.(4)作副词可以修饰形容词、副词、介词,常同over、along>round>around>about>throughby等一起连用,表示强调,表示“全部都"。如:Thegirlgothimallhappy.Theyareallforstartingearly.Theoldmachineisalluseless.注意:allbut表示“几乎、差点",相当于almosto如:Heallbutdiedinthetrafficaccident.Iallbutbelievewhathesaid.(5)作代词,意为thewholenumber,谓语动词用单数或复数视情况而定。如:Alloftheoilhasbeenusedup.Allofthegoodsareshoes.Iatealloftheapple.注意:all后有时可跟两个同位语。如:Allwesoldiersshouldtryourbesttoprotectourmotherland.Ourteacherlovesallusstudents.(6)作代词时既可指人也可指物,指人相当于allpeople,接复数动词,指物相当于everything,接单数动词。如:Allhavebeenpresent,let^sbeginourmeeting.
Allwasveryquietinthedeadofthenight.(1)作名词相当于everything用于所有格代替之后。如:Theleadergavehimalltowintheindependenceofhiscountry.That"sherlittleall.对此要特别注意下面这个句子的结构及句法分析。Hedidallhecouldtohelpothers.有些人可能比较困惑,为什么情态动词后面紧跟动词不定式而不是动词原形,是因为没有真正弄清这个句子的句法结构,实际上,could后面为了避免重复省略了实义动词do,耐ahecould(do)"部分是用来修饰all的定语从句,而“tohelpothers"是动词不定式的目的状语。(2)作同位语。如:Weallagreeonthis.Theyareallforthedecision.(3)all位于行为动词前be动词后,但all不可紧放在代词前,且be动词位于句尾时,all要移到be之前。如:Theywereallverysadatthebadnews.Theyallstarttowork.Whatfunitallwas!(4)all构成的习惯用语atall根本allinall总之,一切的,一切,完全地afterall毕竟allin疲倦inall总共allatonce突然allthesameto一样onceandforall只此一次allalone独自地allgone无…留下forgoodandall永远
(15)all和whole之间的比较①在单数可数名词和不可数名词之前多用whole,在复数可数名词之前多用all。如:thewholefamily、thewholetruth>thewholethingallthestudents>allthedesksallthepapers②在表示时间、季节及月份等名词前,用whole和all均可,但结构不同。如:allthefamilyall(the)weekall(the)summerthewholeweekthewholesummerthewholefamily但是,hour和century只可用whole修饰,不可用all修饰。如:thewholehour(正)thewholecentury(正)ahourhour(正)awholecentury(正)allthehour(误)allthecentury(误)③在“数词+时间名词^前,可用all或wholeo如:allsixmonthsalltwoyearsthewholesixmonthsthewholetwoyears①物主名词前常用allo如:Notallbreadcanbelookedlikethis.(不可说thewholebread)Heputallthemoneyintotheinvestment.(不可说thewholemoney)但有些物质名词亦可用whole,但有其特殊含义,如:wholemilk全脂肪、wholeflour纯面粉。②有些抽象名词前用all或whole均可。如:allthetimeallhislifeallherenergythewholetimehiswholelifeherwholeenergy③all可以同名词或形容词构成复合词,表示“最…"。如:all-important头等重要的all-knowing无所不知的all-wise绝顶聪明的all-powerful强大无比的all-maker全能的上帝both的用法①both表示“两者都”,常和and连用,谓语动词用复数形式。Both在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,both位于be动词之后,行为动词之前。如:BothofuschooseEnglishasourmajorincollege.Theirparentslovebothofthetwins.Bothoftheplansshouldbethoughtove匸Webothloveourvillages.
①both和alike不可连用,both和aswellas不可连用,可说both(atonce>equally)…and或both...and连接两个平行对等成分。如:Hecandrivebothcarandbus.Shebothlookedattheblackboardandtooknotesofwhatsheheard.②both只能放在my、the、these>those等之前,不可放在其后。如:Thosebothpicturesarebeautiful.(误)Boththosepicturesarebeautiful.(正)③both不能放在代词前,但可这样说:bothof+人称代词(宾格)。如:BoththeycomefromtheUSA.(误)TheybothcomefromtheUSA.(正)BothofthemcomefromtheUSA.(正)④both还可作副词用。如:Shecansinganddanceboth.either的用法①either表示“两者中任何一个都…",可作主语、定语、宾语或状语。如:Thecameupwithtwowaystosolvetheproblem,eitherwilldo.Eitheroneofthedecisionscanbemade.②eithei•还可表示“两边、两头‘‘等义。如:Therearemanybigtreesoneithersideoftheroad.Ateitherendofthestreet,thereisabridge.注意:both也可表示“两边,两头",不过side和end要用复数。Both强调整体,而either强调每一个。③either常和or连用,表示“既…又…,或…或…",也可表示“要么,要么",作主语时谓语动词要和or后面的主语保持一致。如:Agoodmanshouldbeeithergentleormodes匸Eitheryouorhemakesthemistake.Youmayeitherleaveorremain.④either只用于两者,each用于两者或两者以上。如:Thereareonlythreeapplesleft;eitherofyouthreemaytakeone.(误)Thereareonlythreeapplesleft;eachofyouthreemaytakeone.(正)⑤either表示“两者",any表示"三者以上如:
Idon5tlikeeitherofthem.(只有两个人)any和some的用法(1)any用作代词(常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中)。如:Cananyofyoudoit?Hegotalotofflowersfromthepark.ButIdon"thaveany.(2)any用作副词,表示程度,常用于条件句、否定句和疑问句中。如:Hecarftdoanybetterthanyou.Sometimes,becauseofpain,theoldmandoesn^tsleepanyatnight.(3)any用作形容词表示“任何一个"。如:Anyperson,whetherpoororrich,shouldhavetheequalright.(4)any有时表示“极大的、极多的、极好的”等含义。如:Youcanfindanybookinthelibrary.Thereisanyfoodintheshop.(5)any不可用在否定词之前。如:Anytroublecanhardlypreventhim.(误)Hardlyanytroublecanpreventhim.(正)(6)any指“三种或三种以上中的任何一个"",谓语动词用单数形式。Any修饰主语或any的复合词作主语时,其谓语动词只能用肯定形式,不能用否定形式。如:Anyofthecrowddidn"thavethecouragetosavethedrowninggirl.(误)Noneofthecrowdhadthecouragetosavethedrowninggirl.(正)Anybodycan"tenterwithoutpermission.(误)Nobodycanenterwithoutpermission.(正)(7)一般说来,any作代词和形容词时用于疑问句、否定句和条件句,some用于肯定句,但是,如果以询问的方式向对方提出要求或邀请或期望对方作出肯定的答复,要用some,而不用any。如:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?Willyoulendsomemoneytome?注意:some和any构成的复合代词的区别同some和any的区别一样。(8)在讦引导的从句中用some或any均可。如:Ifyouneedsome/anyhelp,pleaseturntome.(9)some有时表示“相当程度的,相当数量的"等用作形容词(不需和冠词连用)。如:Heissometeacher.(=awonderful)
Thatissomecase.(=aimportant)Iwaitedatthegateforsometime.(=along)(2)some有时用作副词,表示“非常、有点儿"。如:Ilovemymothersome.Hisillnessbecomessomebetter.(3)some用作副词还可表示“左右、大约"爲如:Nowitissomefouro"clock.Theoldmanissomeninety.(4)肯定句中any并不总是作“任何”解,当any表示数量或与表示数量的名词连用时,表示偏高的含义,相当于alargenumberof或agreatamountof等或表示偏低的含义,相当于thesmallestorleastpossibleamountordegreeof。如:Thereareanynumberofflowershere.Anyamountofwaterispouredintothefields.Thereisiftanyhopeofsavinghislife.(5)andthensome表示“至少,远远不止",相当于andalotmore常放在句尾。如:Sheisakindladyandthensome.anything的用法及固定搭配(1)anything作代词常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中。如:Isthereanythingleftunfinished?Hedidn"teatanythinginthemorning.Ifyouhaveanythinginyourheart,pleasespeakitout.(2)likeanything表示"拼命地如:Whenthethiefsawthepolice,heranoutlikeanything.(3)讦anything表示“要说有什么两样的话(甚至还)"。如:Heis,ifanything,abetterfatherthanhusband.(4)foranything表示“说什么也",用于否定句。如:Iwouldrfthelpabadpersonforanything.(5)oranything表示“或是其他别的东西"。如:Hegavemeapenoranything.(6)beas...asanything…表示"不得了覽如:Heisasagoodmanagerasanything.
(1)beanythingofa/an+单数可数名词用于条件句、否定句和疑问句中。如:HeisrTtanythingofapoet.(2)anythingbut+单数可数名词(形容词),表示“一点…也不",单独使用表示“绝不",相当于notatallo如:Heisanythingbutagooddocto匚nothing的用法及习惯搭配(1)nexttonothing表示"几乎没有"。如:Mostofusknewnexttonothingabouttheplan.(2)makenothingof表示"不把…当一回事如:Mostyoungpeoplejustwastetheirlifeandmakenothingoftheirfuture.(3)gofornothing表示"白费"。如:Allhiseffortsgofornothingintheend.(4)fornothing表示“免费,白白地"。如:Thevolunteersdothejobfornothing.(5)nothinglike表示"没有…能比得上“。如:Ithinkthere5snothingliketakingawalkasameansofkeepingfit.(6)benothingto表示“不能与…相比"。如:Myachievementsarenothingtoyours.(7)benotingifnot表示"非常如:Thegirlisnothingifnotbeautiful.(8)nothingbut表示“只是、只有"。如:It"snothingbutajoke.(9)havenothinginsb表示“毫无优点”。如:Asadeanofthecollege,hehasnothinginhim.(10)havenothingon表示"不比某人强如:JohnhadnothingonTominEnglish.(11)thinknothingof表示"认为…没什么如:Hethinksnothingofwinningthegame・(12)nothingofa/an表示"算不上,作为…不称职如:Heisnothing/littleofadoctor,butmuchof(quite)aquack.(13)nothing有时意为“微不足道的人或物如:Heisreallynothing.something的用法
1、something用作不定代词(1)something表示"聊以自慰的事,有价值的事"。如:It"ssomethingtohaveajobatallthesedays.Atlast,wedidn"tloseanymoney,that"ssomething.(2)表示“令人不愉快的事"。如:Shemustbeuptosomething.Thereissomethingintheworld.(3)表示“模糊概念"。如:Thebagwassixpoundssomething.Ourtraingetsinattwosomething.(4)something相当于somebody,表示"重要人物如:Shethinksshe"ssomethingsinceshewonthebeautycontest.Shewassomethingsinceshewonthefirstprize.(5)something表示"重要事物”。如:Thesepaintingswerereallysomething.Ithinkyoumayhavesomethingthere.(6)表示“少量一些,一部分"。如:Thereissomethingofhermotherinhersmile.2、something作副词(1)表示“几分,有点,稍微,大约"。如:Thebookcoatssomethingover3dollars.(2)somethinglike表示"有点像,几分像,大约"。如:Thebuildinglookssomethinglikeachurch.Heearnssomethinglike3500dollars.3、something的固定搭配表特殊含义(1)makesomethingof表示"使…有用处,使有所作为""或“把…当做了不起的事”。如:Iwishhewouldgetmarried.Awifemightmakesomethingofhimwhengirlsseeanothergirlwithaboy,theyoftentrytomakesomethingofit.对此想补充一下关于"makeAB与makeBofA结构:©makeAB相当于makeBofA,表示"使A成为B",B是成为后的事物,而A是被成为前的原事物,要特别注意分清两种结构中A与B的先后位置。如:Hisparentswanttomakehimadoctorinthefuture.(相当于Hisparentswanttohimmakeadoctorofhim.)②要牢记上面的两种结构,很多关于make的短语都可运用上述两种结构及含义去进行分析,对于make
somethingof这个短语,从上述something作不定代词用法中我们知道,something可表示"重要的人或物”,再结合makeBof这种基本结构的含义便可理解此短语的含义“使…成为有用的有作为的人”。(1)makesomethingofoneself表示“获得成功、有所作为“。如:He"sacleverboy.Ihopehe"llmakesomethingofhimself.(2)makesomethingoutof表示“因…而挑起对抗"。如:Doyouwanttomakesomethingoutofit?(3)orsomething表示"诸如此类的如:HernameisJaliaorUbietorsomething.(4)quite/reallysomething表示“值得注意的"。如:Thepartyisquitesomething.(5)seesomethingof表示"不时看到某人"。如:IfyouaregoingtoLondonnextyear,perhapswemayseesomethingofeachothe匚(6)somethingofa/an表示"可说是一个如:Heissomethingofabookcollector.(7)somethingofthekind/sort表示"诸如此类的人或物如:Heisanenginnerorsomethingofthekind.(8)somethingorother表示"一件…的东西如:Fmgladtogetsomethingorother(9)somethingtellsme表示"我认为"。如:Somethingtellsmemyteacherisverygood.(10)somethingtowritehomeabout表示“非常出色的事"。如:Theconcertwassomethingtowritehimeabou匸(11)something有时用作副词,表示“在某种程度上"。如:Itsomethinghitme.Ifeltsomethingworried.Mybookissomethingbetterthanyours•(12)something和somebody还可表示某个说不出确切名字的人或物。如:ImetTom,Johnandsomebody.YoumayturntoJacksomethingforhelp.Heisgentle,handsomeandsomething.everything的用法(1)everything表示"最重要的人或物"。如:Moneyiseverythingtosomemeanpeople.
Reputationiseverythingtoacompany.Theevidencemeanseverythingtothepolice.比较:Speedissomethingbuteconomicalbenefitiseverything.Moneyissomethingbuthealthiseverything.Weshouldknowsomethingofeverythingandeverythingofsomething•表示“通百艺而专一长"(1)everything同否定词连用,表示部分否定,表示“并不是所有的ThemachinecarTtdoeverything.注意:somebody>everybody>anybody和anyone均表示"大人物,重要人物",反义词为nobody表示“小人物"。one的用法(1)one相应的物主代词是one"s或his,不用her或your之类的,反身代词是oneself或himselfo(2)相对于it指同一个事物,而one指同一类事物。如:YestodayIboughtapenbutunfortunatelyIlostit.Atthemoment,Iwanttobuyoneagain.(3)one可用the、this、that、any>some>each>every>which和形容词修饰,但一般不可用序数词或某些指示词修饰,通常不说theseones、thoseones>eitherone>neitherone>allones>bothones>sixones,也不可用所有格修饰,如不可说myones、brother"sones,但one或ones前有形容词时则又可说,如:theseblackones>somebetterones>bothlongones>sixstrongones>mybrother"sblackone。(4)one只可替代可数名词,不可代替不可数名词。如:Myfatherprefersgreenteatoblack(tea).(不可说blackone)(5)one同the连用,表示特定的人或物。如:Whichonedoyoulike?-Theoneonthetable.Ofallthebooks,IpickedtheonewrittenbyMaoZedong.(6)oneof+可数名词复数在定语从句中出现时,且在定语从句中充当先行词,当one前没有任何修饰语时,先行词为of后的名词复数,当one前有the、theonly>thevery>just等词修饰时,先行词为one,所以前者定语从句谓语动词应用复数,后者用单数。如:Heisoneofthestudentsthatarepraisedinthemeeting.Heistheoneofthestudentsthatispraisedinthemeeting.(7)有时one表示"某一个‘‘相对于a。如:OneSmithwantstoseeyou.other的用法和结构(1)other作代词常和the连用,指两者中的一个,相对于thesecondoftwo,常与one并用于句中,构成
one...theothero如:Ihavetwonotebooks・Oneisaboutgrammer,theotheroneisaboutphrase.(1)theothers表示"所有其余的人"5,指的是一定数目中的另一些,相对于therestoOthers相对于otherpeople是不定数目中的另一些,常同some连用,构成some...others结构。如:Weshouldn"tcarewhatothersthinkofusinsomesituations.Somevisitorsgohikingandothersgoboating.(2)作形容词后接复数名词。如:Heknewalotaboutothercultures.(4)作形容词在everyothernoother>anyother后的名词用单数形式。如:Hewastakingtonootherthanmanage匸Hewouldvisithisparentseveryothermonth.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.(5)如果other与数词并用,前面无the时,数词要位于other之前,前面有the时,数词位于other前后均可。如:Shelentmetwootherbooks.Pleasepassmetheothertwoballs•或Pleasepassmethetwootherballs.(6)other构成的习惯用语①none(no)otherthan表示"不是…正是…如:Hewasnoneotherthanhisfather.Heplaysbasketballwithnootherpurposethantobuilduphisbody.②otherthan表示"除了…之外,只能是…"(可分开为other...than),常用在否定句中,后接副词、形容词或从句°如:Ididifttellthesecrettoanybodyelseotherthanmybestfriend,John.Therewasnoothernoisethanthetraffic.Shecanhardlybeotherthangratefultoyou.她对你只能是感激。Atthebadnews,shecandonoothercry.Don"tgiveherotherthanshereallyneedsbadly.Helookedthroughtheplanotherthanquickly.③amongothers表示“除了别人外,同别人一样”。如:DoctorLi,amongothers,isverykindtohispatients.
①amongotherthings表示“除了别的以外还…"。如:Welearn,amongotherthings,historyandliterature.②everyother表示“每隔一"。如:Pleasetakethismedicineeveryotherday.③some+单数名词(或somebody等复合不定代词)+or+other表示“某一个,哪一个(表示不肯定)",somewhereorother表示"某处”,somehoworother表示"以某种方式”。如:Iwillgotoseeyousomeotherday.Somethingorothermustbedoneimmediately.Someoneofusorothershouldberesponsibleforthis.④otherwisethan相对于not。如:Hishealthconditionisotherwisethancorrect.another的用法和结构another是由an+other构成的,所以后面只能接单数名词。既然another本身已含有不定冠词an,故其前面不可再用any,不能说anyanother,但可说anyothero(1)在6those等,否则必须接of才可这样表达。在mostof...结构中,名词前必须有限定词,如定冠词、指示代词、名词所有格、形容词性物主代词等,且most前不可有定冠词the。如:mostofmyteachersmostofthestudents②most+名词,表示泛指,mostofthe+名词,表示特指。如:Mostgirlslikebeautifulclothes.Mostofthegirlsherelikebeautifulclothes.(1)作副词①作“非常"解时,相当于veryoMost作此意解时,不能用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。此种用法要和多音节形容词或副词前most用法区分开来。如:That9samostbeautifulskirt.ThemeetingisrTtamostimportantone.Isthemeetingamostimportantone?Ifthemeetingisamostimportantone,weshouldattendontime.以上三句表达都是错的,应将most改为veryo②most不同于mostly,前者表示"非常",后者表示“大部分"。如:Whathedidwasmostlybeneficialtohiscpmpany.(3)作名词或代词①most单独使用时,前不加the,但有后置定语时,应加the。如:Mostagreedtotheplan.Hehaddonethemostthathecouldtochangehissituation.②most+of+人称代词宾格,most前不用the。如:Mostofthemwanttogooutforanouting.③most+of+the+复数名词,意为"大多数";mostof+the+单数名词,意为"大部分",most前不用the,谓语应和of后中心名词保持一致。如:MostoftheforeignerswanttoknowaboutourChineseculture.Mostofthewaterintheriverspowersinthesea.比较:mostofthefilms大多数电影
mostofthefilm这部电影的大部分(4)most构成的惯用短语①at(the)most至多,充其量。如:Thereareatmosttwopeopleremainingintheroom.②forthemostpart多半,大部分,大多数情况下。如:Forthemostpart,theygetalongwellwitheachother*.such的用法和结构1、such作定语Such作定语可构成许多句型句式,下面将一一逐层阐述。①sucha/an+单数可数名词,如:suchaflowero②sucha/an+形容词+单数可数名词,如:suchabeautifulflower。③such+形容词+复数可数名词,如:suchbeautifulflowerso④such+形容词+不可数名词,如:suchgoodweathero⑤sucha/an+单数可数名词+as从句,如:suchagirlsastheboyloves(as作宾语)、suchagirlaslovestheboy(as作主语)。⑥such+复数可数名词+as从句,如:suchgirlsastheboyslove(as作宾语)、suchgirlsaslovetheboys(as作主语)⑦such+不可数名T司+as从句,如:suchmusicasexciteshim(as作主语)、suchmusicasheisexcitedat(as作宾语)。⑧可数名词单数+suchas+单词或句子,如:agirlsuchasshe>agirlsuchastheboyloves>agirlsuchaslovestheboy。⑨复数名词+suchas+单词或句子,如:girlssuchasthey^girlssuchaslovetheboys^girlssuchastheboysloveo⑩不可数名词+suchas+单词或句子,如:musicsuchashis^musicsuchasheplays>musicsuchasisplayedbyhimo注意:⑴不能说nosucha...,因为no=nota或notany已包括不定冠词a。such应放在a/an之前,而放在one、some>any^no^many>severalevery>all>few之后。(2)sucha/an+形容词+单数可数名词,相当于SO+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词Such+形容词+可数名词复数,相当于so+形容词+可数名词单数Such+形容词+不可数名词,相当于so+形容词+不可数名词2、such作主语。如:Suchislife.Suchasrespectotherswillbegetrespectsfromothers.
3、such作宾语。如:Therearesomanyapplesonthetree.Youcanpicksuch.4、such作表语或补语,作表语时经常釆用完全倒装结构。如:Suchismypersonality.Theproblemisiftsuchascanbesolvedforthemoment.Hisillnessissuchastoworryhisfamilyalot.Justmakeyourhairstylesuch,itlooksfine.5、such用于感叹句中。如:Suchabadboy!Suchagoodday!6、such...astodosth表示"那样…以至于…“。如:Heisn^tsuchabadboyastotelllies.Hisachievementsaresuchastobeadmiredbyothers-7、such修饰名词等,表示不指名的人或物。如:Thestudentgivessuchandsuchreasonsforbeinglate.8>suchas表示“例如""时,后面不要再用etc或省略号,且完全例举时,要用thatis,不用suchaso9^assuch表示“作为…,身为…,本身"。如:Asasoldierheshouldprotectourcountryassuch.Heisnotfortheplanassuch・Ausefulbookshouldbethoughtassuch.从上面诸多例子不难看出,在定语中,无论such作先行词还是用来修饰先行词,定语从句的引导词一般用asosame的用法和结构1、same的前面通常应有the,thesame可作主语、表语、宾语或定语及状语。如:Thesamegoesforthesituation.It"sthesametome.Ijustdidthesameasourteacherdid.Theyareinthesameclass.2、same的惯用结构①thesame...as接从句,从句谓语常省略。如:HeliveinthesameflatasI(livedin/did).
①thesame...with(接宾语),表示“同…一样"。如:Ifsthesamewiththeforeigncountries.②thesame...that(接从句,从句谓语动词一般不省略)。如:Ihadthesamepenthathehad.③inthesamewaythat(接从句,亦可用as)。如:Treatothersinthesamewaythat/asyouwanttobetreated.④atthesame+地点+where(接从句,亦可用that)。如:Heoncelivedinthesameflatwhere(that)shelived.©atthesametimewhen(接从句,亦可用that)。如:Hewenttocollegeatthesametimewhen/thatIdid.注意:1、若as、that>when、where所引导的从句省略了谓语等,则只能用thesame...as…结构,这时的as表示“同一个"或“同样的""两种意义,这种as仍为关系代词,不是介词。如:Heattendsthesamecollegethat/asshedoes.Heattendsthesamecollegeasshe.(不用that)Shestudiesinthesameschoolwhere/thathestudies.Shestudiesinthesameschoolashe.(不用that)2、thesame...that表示“同一个”,thesame...as表示“同一类”。3、thesame表示"同一个"时,the可用this、that>these>those代替。如:thissameschoolo4、sameas表示justas正像,same为副词。如:Ididitsameasshewastold.many、much和alot(of)many和much多用于否定句中和疑问句中,alot(of)用于肯定句。如:Wedidn^thavemuchmoneyinthepocket.Doyouhavemanybrothersorsistrs?Theshopisfilledwithalotofbooks.several的用法(1)several意为“threeormore”,不超过四五个,afew同several近义,但afew表示asmallnumber(of),意为“少数",所表示的数目或数量要比several多一些。一周的时间可以说afewdays,但不能izseveraldays,several—般不和of连用,several单独作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。如:Severalremainsin
theclassroom.(1)several表示“不同的,各自的""时,可修饰单数名词或复数名词。如:Eachhashisseveralidea.Webothhaveseveraltaskstofinish.none的用法(1)用作代词,指代人或物(复数名词或不可数名词)。如:Doyoudrinkanybeerintheparty?一No,Ihavenone.Haveyougotanylettersfromthepostoffice?一No,Ihavegotnone.Nonecanworkitout.Noneshouldbedoneaboutit.(2)noneof+名词或代词是常用结构。如:Noneofuslistentohishisopinion.Heisnoneofthosethieves.(3)nonebut话口nonebetterthan相当于nobody/noneexcepto如:NonebutJohnknowsthesecret.IgavethegifttononeotherthanTom.(4)用作副词none+the+比较级+because或for,表示"并不因为…就…"。如:Themanisnonethehappierforherwealth.Thewanisnonethehappierbecausesheiswealthy.相反地,all+the+比较级+because或for,表示“因…而更加"。如:Hehasallthemorefamousforhisbook.Hewasallthemorefamousbecausehehadwrittenabook.(5)nonetoo话口noneso相当于notvery。如:Thebookisnonetooeasy.(=verydifficult)Thecarisnonesoexpensive.(=notvery)上面阐述了一些比较常见的不定代词,但有些不定代词在使用的过程中容易混淆,分类介绍每一种代词的用法后,下面将比较一些不定代词的用法。every和each的比较(1)用法比较:代词区别点意义在句中充当成分用法与of搭配each个体中的每个主语、宾语、定语、同位语两者或两者以上可every整体中的每个只能作主语三者或三者以上不可
如:Theybothcameontimebuteachleftaheadoftime.TokyoandLondonaretwolargecities,Ireallyloveeach.Everyteacherneedstobecarefulwiththeirstudents.Eachofushopestohavefreeweekends.(2)every可用于否定句中,而each通常不可。如:Noteverystudentcanpasstheexam.(3)可以说every...but,但不可说each…but。如:EveryoneofusattendsthemeetingbutTom.(4)every可同almost等强调副词连用,each则不可。如:Heexaminedalmosteverypieceofthedocumen匸(5)在下歹U短语或句子中只可用every:everyotherday>everyfourthweek^everysixdays>everyfewweeks>ineveryway>everynowandthen^enjoyeveryminuteoftheparty>showeveryconcernforsb>wishsbeverysuccess>oneoutofeverytea。(6)在下列短语或句子中只可用each:oneachsideoftheroad(streeteachisbetterthantheonebeforeo(7)everyoneof+人称代词宾格,可以作同位语。如:Youshouldprotecttheyoung,everyoneofthem.(8)every可修饰抽象名词或不可数名词,表示强调。如:Hehaseveryconfidenceinhisskill.Iwishyoueverysuccess.Everydropofwaterisprecious.(9)every...not和nof...every是部分否定结构,其中every不可换为eacho如:Everypersoncarftberightallthetime.Noteveryvisitorlovesthisplaceofinterest.anyone话口anyone白勺比较anyone是不定代词,只能指人,其后不可接of短语。anyone意为“每个",既可指人,也可指物,后面一般要接of短语,类似用法如:someone和someone^everyone和everyone都属此类。比较:Anyonecanenterthepark.Anyoneofuscanenterthepark.Anyoneoftheflowersisfresh.Everyoneispresent.Everyoneofusispresent.Everyoneofthegamesisinteresting.
one>it和that的比较(1)one(ones)只能代替可数名词,that可以代替可数名词或不可数名词,it所指的名词就是前面提到的同一物,that所指的名词与前面提到的为一类,但非同一物。It和that为特指用法,one所指的名词与前面提到的为同一类,但非同一物,是同类中的任何一个,为泛指。如:Idon^tlikeblue.Wouldyoupleaseshowmeawhiteone.Theareaoftheplaceisbiggerthanthatofanothe匸Heboughtawatchfromtheshop.ItismadeinJapan.(2)如果所代替的是指物的单数可数名词,可以用that或theoneo如:Hapreferredtheroominthefirstfloortothatinthehigh-storyfloor.相当于Hepreferredtheroominthefirstfloortotheoneinthehigh-storyfloor.(3)one可以指代人或物,it—般指代一个具体的事物,that只能代替物,不能代替人。(4)one可以同定冠词或不定冠词连用,可以有前置定语或后置定语,that不可有前置定语,但必须有后置定语。如:Theradioisagoodone.Themeetingthiseveningismoreimportantthanthattobeheld.(5)在such...as和too...to结构中,可以用aone这样的形式。如:Theroomissuchabigone.Theboyistooyoungaonetogotoschool.(6)one可以被a修饰,这时one表示“大胆的人,古怪的人,爱好者,1号尺码‘‘等。如:Sheisaoneforsong.Youshouldwearaoneincoa匸onone和none的比较(1)noone相当于nobody,noone后可跟of短语,但只能说nooneofsb,不能说nooneofstho(2)noone—般用来回答以who提岀的问题,而none用以回答howmany/much提出的问题。如:Whoismakingnoiseintheroom?—Noone.Howmanypeoplearestillthere?一None.以上是较典型的指示代词之间的辨析,有些指示代词的辨析已经暗含在单个指示代词用法中,将单个指示代词的用法同以上若干指示代词的比较有机结合,全面把握指示代词的用法。关系代词1、关系代词是用以引导定语从句,作为定语从句的连接词并在定语从句中充当成分(如主语、宾语、表语)的一种代词。关系代词有that、who、which>whose>whom>as等。2、因为关系代词依附定语从句而存在,也只有在定语从句中才能发挥作用,所以在本章中我们不具
体介绍关系代词的用法,将在第十四章“从句法‘‘的定语从句部分予以阐述。