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精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第6章副词

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高中英语语法考点专题解析第六章副词一、概述副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式、条件等含义。本章从概念入手,进而从概念出发,从形式、意义和功能三个方面给予了副词不同的分类,并附有大量副词实例予以说明,接着分别从构成、作用、位置三个方面予以阐述,最后介绍了相关副词及副词短语的比较,使本章内容更加充实、丰满。章末阐述了本章的核心与精华,给予了应对副词的良策及副词知识网。本章内容比较整,要注意以概念、分类、构成、作用、位置为纲,结合副词知识网全面学习。二、定义及分类1、副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等条件。2、副词根据不同的分类标准可分为不同的种类(1)按形式分类①简单副词,如:just>now、well>back>out>in、really>near等。②复合副词,如:somehowanywhere>thereforewhereupon>hereby等。③派生副词(多数派生副词带有后缀・ly,这些副词都是在形容词和分词的基础上加后缀・ly而构成的),如:happily>interestingly>excitedly>hopefully等。(2)按意义分类①方式副词,如:quickly、easily、heatly>skillfully、awkwardly等。②地点、筍]1司,如:here>there>up、away、in、outside>left^west等。③时间副词(时间副词可表示确定时间、不定时间、表时间序列或表时间频率),如:todaytomorrowyesterday>just>recently>alreadynowadaysnow>first>later>before>always>often、seldom>sometimes等。④程度暫厅司,如:very、pretty>too>quite>rather>exceedingly>fairly等。⑤态度副词,如:maybe、frankly、probably等。(3)按功能分类①疑问副词,如:when>where、how>why等。②连接副词:这类副词用以连接两个句子,类似句子副词,?修饰的也是整个句子,它们所表示的主要关系有以下几种:a、表结果,如:therefore>hence、according等。 b>表添补(即对信息的添加),如:moreover>besidesalso等。c^表对比,如:nevertheless>however等。d>表条件,如:otherwiseoe>表时间,如:then。①关系副词,如:when>whereswhy等用以引导定语从句(在"从句法”一章的定语从句部分再详细阐述,全面展开)。②解释性副词(这类副词用于举例或列举),如:namely>suchas>forexample等。③缩合连接副词英语中除了缩合连接代词外,还有一种缩合连接副词。这种连接副词与一般连接副词不同,具有缩合性(内含关系副词),并在其所引导的名词性从句与主句之间起连接作用的副词,现将一些缩合连接副词的缩合性及其用法举例说明如下:when=thetimewhen如:Youdon,tknowwhenyouarelucky,(when引导宾语从句)where=theplacewhere,如:That^swhereLuXunoncelived,(where引导表语从句)why=thereasonwhy,如:That"swhyhedidn"tcometoclass.(表语引导宾语从句)whenever=anytimewhen,如:Wheneveritisconvenientforyou,youcanvisitme.(whenever弓I导时间状语从句)wherever=anyplacewhere,如:Sitwhereveryoucanlistencarefully.(wherever弓丨导地点状语从句)④句子副词,也称评注性副词(这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而不是用以修饰某个具体白勺动1司),安口:fortunately>actually>indeed>evidently>obviouslypresumably等。三、副词的构成1、大部分副词是派生而来的,即由形容词加上后缀Jy构成。构成法举例一般情况下直接加・lyquick—uickly、bad一badly以y结尾的词变y为i加ly(但shy一shyly/shily>gay一gayly/gailydry一dryly/drily)happy一happilyangry一angrily以-le结尾的词省去弋再加y(但supple一supplely>sole一solely>whole一wholely)noble一nobly> able一ably>single一singly以结尾的词去掉再加Jy,以其他字母(即除1和u)加e结尾的直接加Jytrue一truly、due—duly>wide—widely>wise—wisely以ic结尾的词加・allyeconomic一economically>tragic一tragically以ly结尾的词变y为i再加lymanly—manlily、chilly―hillily以11结尾的词只加yfull一fully>dull―ully2、有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的,表示"向...”,如:upward(s)、downward(s)、backward(s)、forward(s)、northward(s)、rightward(s)、homeward(s)、inward(s)、onward(s)等。3、有些副词是由名词加后缀・wise构成的表示位置、方向、状态等含义,如:clockwise^sidewise、saleswise^taxwise>lengthwise等。4、某些副词是由名词构成的,如:daily>weekly>monthly>yearly>nightly>quarterly>fortnightlyleisurelyjolly等,此类词既可作副词,也可作形容词,如:Inourdailylife,weshouldbecarefulallthetime.(形容l司)Heispaiddailyinthesmallshop.(副词)Everyweek,wewillhaveseveralweeklyreportsinourclass.(形容T司)Iwenttothelibraryweekly.(副词)Heenjoysajollylife.(形容词)Herheartisjollygoodnow.(副词)注意:a>manlycostly等名词+ly构成的词只用作形容词。b、monthly(月刊)、daily(时报)、weekly(周报)、quarterly(季刊)、bimonthly(双月刊)等还可用作名词。5、有少数副词加后缀-ways、-long>-ling(s)等构成,如:sideways>lengthways>headlong>sidelings等。6、有些副词是加前缀a・、here->there->where-构成的,如:away>ashore、aside>herein>thereby>thereafterwherein>whereon等。但有些带有前缀a■的副词同时也可作形容词,如:alike>alone>afootaboard>ahead等。7、可用作副词的名词(有些名词在一些固定词组中,可用作副词作状语),如:icecold冰冷的daydream做白日梦pitchblack漆黑的stonedeaf全聋的dogtired累极的dirtcheap便宜极了8、可用作形容词有些形容词有时可用作副词,如:prettyright、bright>preciousdead^dark^whitedevilishreal>icy>bitter>mighty>amazing>burningo如:brightyellow鲜黄的darkred深红的icycold冰冷的devilishcold极冷的 realgood真好的deadasleep熟睡burninghot火热的m谊htynice非常好看此类用法还经常岀现在习惯表达法中stopcold突然停止playitcool保持冷静talkbig说大话,吹牛等9、与介词同形的副词英语中,大多数介词同时可充当副词,不过,作介词时接宾语,作副词时不可接宾语,如:in、off、beyond、叩、about等,这类副词可用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。如:Heisintheclassroom.(介/可)Please,comeinonebyone.(副词)Heisn?tathome.Heisout.(表语)Thebirdabovefliesveryquickly.(定语)Shallweeatoutthisnight?(状语)Thegoodnewskeepshimupuntiltwoo"clock.10、两种形式的同根副词有些副词具有两种形式:一种与形容词同形,一种是形容词加后缀・ly构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同(前者一般指具体的东西,后者一般指较抽象的意义),有时意义完全不同。如:(1)deep与deeply①表示静止的具体深度一般用deep,修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeplyo如:Hedivesdeepintothewater;Ithinkyoushouldthinkaboutitdeeply.②在drinkdeep(痛饮)、workdeepintothenight(工作到深夜)、godeepintothematter(深入探讨)等词组中不用deeplyo(2)full和fully,如:Standfullontopofthetable.(直接地)hitsb.fullontheface(正好)Heisfullysurethatthepricewillgodownsoon.(3)bright和brightly,如:Thesunshinesverybrightatnoon.(只能同shine连用,并放在shine后面)Theflatisdecoratedbrightly.(鲜艳地)(4)clean和cleanly,如:Icleanforgettotellyoutheparty.(完全地,十足地) Themaniscleanoutofpoverty.(完全地,彻底地)Hecompletedthedifficultprojectcleanly.(川页利地)(5)late和lately,如:FmsorrybutIcomelate.(迟、晚)Hemetalotofoldfriendslately.(最近)(6)close话口closelyWhenIgotclosetotheengine,Ifeltwarme匚Thedoctorexaminedmythroatclosely.(细心地)Hecankeepasecretclosely.(严密地)(7)slow和slowly,如:Slow常和go、drivexwalk等动词连用,置于动词之后,其他动词多用slowly。如:Thedriverdrivesveryslowatrushhour.Sometimes,weshouldspeakslowlytobeunderstoodbyothers.(8)right和rightly,如:Everythingwentrightinhiswork.(好)Weshouldstartoutrightaway.(立艮卩)Walkrighttotheendofthestreet.(直接)ThestorytoldbyhimwasrighttheoneIreadyesterdayinthenewspaper.0险好)Thestudentrightlyanswersthequestion.(正确2也)(9)fair木口fairly,如:Thetwoteamsplayfair.(公正地)Hehitmefairontheeye.(恰好地)Allthecountriesmustdealwitheachotherfairandsquare.(公平地)Hisperformanceisfairlygood.(相当,非常)(10)wide和widely,如:Heliesonthegrasswithhisarmswideapart.(宽阔地)Hermouthiswideopen.(完全地)Thetwinboysdifferwidelyinmanyways.(彳艮大地)Heisamanwidelyfamous.(至U处)(11)large和largely,如:Allthewordsarewrittenlargeinordertobeseenclearly.(很大地)Talkinglargeisabadhabit.(夸大地,自夸地) Histodayssuccessislargelyduetohisgreateffortsinthepast.(主要地)(12)clear和clearly,如:Pleasekeepclearawayfromthedange匚(避开)Whathesaidwasclearlyalie.(显然)Hisbitterexperiencesoftenappearclearlyinhismind.(淸楚地)clear也可表示“清楚地",但前面有程度副词修饰时,只能用clearlyo如:Hegavealectureclearandloud.(正)Hegavealectureveryclearandloud.(误)Hegavealectureveryclearlyandloud.(正)(13)cheap和cheaply,如:Heboughtthesecond-handtruckcheap.(便宜地)Thecoatwascheaplybought.(便宜地)Hewontheprizecheaply,(easily容易地)两者之间的区别:cheap和cheaply都可表示“便宜地,廉价地",但cheap只能用于动词之后,不可用于动词前,并常同sell、buy连用,而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。如:Youcantakeataxitothepostofficecheaply.(正)Youcantakeataxitothepostofficecheap.(误)Hiscarwascheaplysold.(正)Hiscarwascheapsold.(误)(14)express和expressly,如:Sendingaletterexpressisveryfast.(用快件寄送)Icomehereexpresstotellyouthegoodnews.(特意地)Itoldhimexpresslythatheshouldn"tdothat.(清楚地)(15)dear和dearly,如:Heboughttheflatdear.(昂贵地)Hismotherlovesherlittlesondearly.(深彳青地)Victorywasdearlybought.(昂贵地)Iwantdearlytomeetmyoldfriend.(非常,相当)注意:a^dear作“昂贵地‘‘解时,是表面意义,常同sell、buy^pay、cost等连用,只能放在动词后面,dearly作"昂贵地”解时,用其比喻意义,大多表抽象含义。holdsthdear(cheap)珍视(轻视)某物,这里dear和cheap为形容词。 (16)direct和directly,如:Iwalkdirecttothepostoffice.(径直地)Hewasrefuseddirectly.(直接地)Thetrainwillarrivedirectly.(马上,立刻)对于这种有两种形式事物副词应注意以下几点:a、要谨记:直接用形容词作副词时,一般表示表面上事物句义含义,而形容词+ly构成的副词一般表示的是深层的抽象含义,这有利于根据句意,准确判断应用哪种形式。b、在句首或动词前面时,应用带Jy的副词。如:Quickly,herantothebus.c、与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。如:ItwasclearthattheforeignerspokeChinese.(误)ItwasclearlythattheforeignerspokeChinese.(正)ItwasloudandcleatthattheforeignerspokeChinese.(正)d、greatly通常被用来修饰动词,除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词,如:superior>inferior、senior等,一般不修饰形容词。如:Theplanisgreatlygood.(误)Theplanisverygood.(正)Myfatherisgreatlyseniortome.Igreatlyagreedwithwhatyousaid.四、副词在句中的作用1、作状语:副词在句中主要作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和全句。①修饰动词Hefinisheshishomeworkquicklyandwell.②修饰形容词Theflowerisverybeautiful.③修饰副词Hepassedtheballveryquicklytohispartner.④修饰介词Heismuchfortheplan. ①修饰连词Justashecamein,thetelephonerang.②修饰全句Unfortunately,helosthisfavoritewatch.2、作表语Timeisup.Thetrainisnear.Theelectricityisoff.What"sup?Thelightisstillonwithoutanyoneintheroom.3、作定语:副词作定语修饰名词,常放在名词后,如:HerexperienceabroadisgoodforherEnglish.Onlyheknewthetruth.Peoplehereareverykind.Thecloudaboveissowhiteandbeautiful.4、作介词宾语:某些时间副词可以在by、from>until>since>expect>before>after等后作介词宾语,如:Shelookedeverywhereexcepthere.Ididn"tgetintouchwithheruntilquiterecently.5、作宾语补足语:作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with或without的宾语补足语。如:Shedidn"tallowmein.Shewasverysadatthebadnews,withherheaddown.五、位置1、程度副词的位置程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面,但如实义动词前有情态动词或助动词,程度副词应位于情态动词或助动词之后,实义动词之前。如果是be动词,程度副词要放在be动词之后,如:very、rather>too、fairlyso、much>little^awfully>utterly>slightlyextremely>exactly、absolutely>perfectly>quite>deeply>completely>greatly>partly>dreadfully>hardly>scarcely>almost等。Heisveryhappytobethewinner.(修饰形容词)Thecatclimbedtothetopofthetreesoquickly.(修饰副词)Inearlycomeclosetothedangerousanimal.(行为动词前) Idonlquiteunderstandyourmeaning・(助动词话口彳亍为动词之间)Untilnow,Icanexactlyrememberthesceneoftheseriousaccident.(情态动词和行为动词之间)Theproblemisdreadfullydifficultforustounderstand.(修饰形容词)注意:a^quite同否定词连用时,位于not前后意义不同,notquite是部分否定表示“不十分…有点不…",而quitenot是全部否定,表示"完全不,非常不",如:Idon"tquiteagreewithyou.(不十分同意,有点不同意)Iquitedonlagreewithyou.(十分不,一点也不)b、副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以・ly结尾,以避免语音上的不和谐。如:Herunsgreatlyquickly.(误)Herunsgreatlyquick.(正)2、频率副词的位置频率副词通常放在行为动词前,当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词时,则放在这三类词后面,如:oftennever^seldom、ever、rarely>sometimes>always>usually、frequentlyo如:Ioftengotoschoolbybike.(行为动词前)HehaseverbeentoBeijing.(助动词后)Shecanneverhavethecouragetofacethefact.(情态动词后)Thegoodstudentisseldomlateforschool,(be动词之后)注意:a>由上述可知程度副词和频率副词,如:still、almostsnever>already>just等经常放在情态动词、助动词、be动词之后,但有时,这些词也可放在be动词之后,情态动词与助动词之前,表示强调,应重读,被强调的不是这类副词,而是be动词、助动词和情态动词,但在以be动词、助动词和情态动词结尾的句子中这些副词应前置。如:Henevercandoit.IalreadyhavedonewhatIcoulddo.Hereallyisgoodatmath.一Heisseldomlate.一Yes,heseldomis.b、当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时,通常程度副词放在频率副词前,用以修饰频率副词。如:Iquiteoftengotoseemygrandpa.3、方式副词的位置(方式状语一般放在动词后)(1)在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中,方式副词既可放在介词前也可放在宾语后;在“动词+宾语"结构中,方式副词放在宾语后。如: Thegirlsingswell.Hecanspeakafewlanguagesfluently.Themanpointedangrilyatthewoman•或Themanpointedatthewomanangrily.(2)在“动词+宾语""结构中,如果宾语较长,常把副词置于动词之前,以免造成歧义。如:Theterroristssecretlyplantoattackthehighbuilding.("计划""是秘密地)Theterroristsplantoattackthehighbuildingsecretly.(“袭击""是秘密地)方式副词可表示多种含义(1)方式副词表示状况、状貌,如:beautifully>politely>bravelygently>loudly>fast>quietly>skillfully>carefully>humbly>graciously、courteouslyo如:Themanbehavespolitely.Thedoctormadeanoperationonthepatientcarefully.(2)方式副词表示情感、意愿等,如:happily>sadly>angrily>willingly^proudlynmerrily>fervently>deliberately>warmly>heartedly>nervouslycoldly、excitedlybitterlydeterminedly等。如:Thegirlreceivedherbirthdaypresenthappily.Thewaiterservesthecustomersheartedly.(3)方式副词表示方式、手段,如:medically>legally>telegraphically>surgically,如:Weshoulddoanythinglegally.Sometimesthedoctorshealthediseasemedically.4、连接副词和评注性副词的位置这两类副词通常位于句首,有时也位于句中或句尾①连接副词,如:However,itisafact.Besides,weshouldtakeeverythingintoconsideration.Finally,hefailedtowinthegame,howeve匸②评注性副词表示推断,常见的有rightly>wisely>cleverly>reasonably>justly、sensiblyo如:Wisely,hechangedhismind.Theladyreasonablyrefusedtheman"soffer.③评注性副词表示怀疑或不怀疑,真实或非真实,常见的有obviously、clearly>possiblylikelymaybe>undoubtedly、seemingly、plainly、certainly>definitely、decidedly、actually、formally、essentially、supposedly、naturally等。安口:Maybe,whattheboysaidwastrue. Heisseeminglyaforeigner.Suchalittleboycan,tcertainlydothisdifficultjob.①评注性副词表示情感或方式,常见的有fortunately>unexpectedly>curiously>amusinglysbroadly>bluntlyafranklyxhonestlyseriously>brieflyconfidentially>unfortunately>inevitabilityaincredibly等。如:Frankly,IlikeEnglishmorethanmath.Inevitably,itwillraininsuchbadweather.②评注性状语表示方面,常见的有personally>generally>financiallyliterally>technically>generallyspeaking、strictlyspeaking>broadlyspeaking,汝口:Personally,youaierTtfitforthejob.Strictlyspeaking,therearemanymistakesinyourcomposition.应注意,并不只是单个副词才可以作评注性状语,形容词短语、分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语和句子也可作评注性状语,评注性状语通常用逗号同句子隔开。5、时间副词的位置时间副词尤其是表示具体时间的副词,一般位于句首或句尾,常见的有:today、tomorrow>finally、early>late>then>recently>latelysoon>now>presently等。如:Fllattendameetingtomonow.Heiscleaningthefloornow.6、地点副词的位置①地点副词通常位于句尾或句首,常见的有:here、there>abroad>downstairs>upstairs>aroundbelow>near>up、down等。如:Heisstudyingabroad.Hismothercooksdownstairs.②以下地点状语连用时,大地方放在最后,一般按照小地点到大地点的排列顺序。如:HelivedinasmallhotelinHongqiangdistrictinShanghai.7、多个副词的排列顺序①地点副词时间副词方式副词时间副词方式副词地点副词时间副词(有时时间副词亦可放在句首)。如:HehasstudiedEnglishwellabroadinthepastfewyears.方式地点时间 Yesterday,shedancedhappilyintheparty.时间方式地点ImetmyauntinthestreetonSunday.地点时间TheboyiswatchingTVexcitedlynow.方式时间①具体的——笼统的,小的——大的Thedrivercamebackattwelveo"clockyesterdaynight.确切具体时间笼统时间ThehotelislocatedinXingfustreetinthecentreofthecity.小地点大地点②go、run>drive+地点副词方式副词时间副词,如:Hewenttoschoolquicklyafterbreakfast・地点方式时间六、相关副词或副词短语用法比较1、fairly才口ratherfairly和rather都有“相当,颇""的意思,fairly多用于修饰褒义的形容词或副词,但不能修饰比较级,修饰单个可数名词时,冠词放在fairly前。rather主语用于修饰贬义的形容词或副词,可以修饰原级也可以修饰比较级,修饰单个可数名词时,冠词放在rathei•后,但当名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a/an放在rather前后皆可,此外rather还可和too连用,而fairly不可。Johnisfairlywise,butTomisratherstupid.Heisafairlystudent.(=Heisratherastudent.)Thegirlisafairlygoodsinge匸(二Thegirlisarathergoodsinge匚或Thegirlisratheragoodsinger.)Thepatientfeltratherbettertodaythanyesterday.Itisrathertoohot.2、just和justnow①just表示“恰好,只是,刚才",不过just与现在完成时连用时才作“刚才""解,与其他时态连用一般不表示“刚才"。如:That"sjustthebookIwant. Heisjustacommonteache匚Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.@justnow用于过去时,意为“刚才"。如:Iwenttohavedinnerjustnow.(3)justnow与现在时连用时,表示对now而定强调,意为"现在,此刻”。如:Idon"thavemuchmoneyjustnow.3、still>yet和already①yet和still在句中位置不同,yet位于句尾,常用于否定句或疑问句。still位于be动词后或其他动词、形容词和副词前。如:Hehasn"tgraduatedyet.Heisstillstrictwithhisson.Istillrememberthedaysinthechildhood.②already多用在肯定句中,有时可用于疑问句(表惊讶语气)或if条件状语从句中,期望给予肯定回答。Hehasalreadyleft.Haveyoumadethefinaldecisionalready?(真没想到)Ifshehasn"talreadyunderstoodthispoint,shewillgotoaskherteache匚③从意义上,yet表示“尚,还”,含有期望的含义;still表示“仍然",带有持续性;already表示“已经",强调结果。如:Hashearrivedyet?Hemaybesuccessfulyet.Therestillchanceforustostudyhard.④still和yet还可同betodo连用,强调将来意义,带有否定意义。Thechancetosucceedisyettocome.成功的机遇还没到。Thesummerisstilltocome.夏天还没来。4、hardly>barely>rarely和scarcely这四个词看似意义相近都表示否定概念,但有些细微处的区别。①hardly表示“几乎不,简直不,很难",往往指能力上有困难。如:Hecanhardlyridetwoinhisbike.②rarely表示"难得,不常",相当于notofteno如: Sherarelygotupbefore6o^clock.①scarcely往往强调不足,常同enough>sufficient、any等词连用,表示“不太,简直没有"。如:Wehavescarcelytimeleft,sowemusthurry.©barely与hardly和scarcely意思相近,表示"几乎勉强"。如:Hebarelyhastheabilitytosupporthisfamily.Ihardly(barely/scarcely)knowhowtogettothepostoffice.但如果跟有ever>any>at>all等词,只能用hardly或scarcely,不能用barelyo如:There9shardlyanymilkleftintheicebox.Hescarcelyatallinterestedintheboringfilm.5、such和so①such后紧跟名词短语,常用以下结构:such4-a/an+单数名词,such+复数可数名词,such+不可数名词。当然,三种结构中名词前都可加上适当的形容词加以修饰。so是副词要先接形容词,然后再接a或an,常用以下结构:so+形容词+a/an+单数名词(这种结构中只能用单数名词)。如:Howcanyoumakesucha(stupid)mistake?Weshouldtakeanumbrellainsuchbadweather.Therearesuchnicecoatsintheshop・Heissogoodaworkerinhisfactory.②如果被修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词,就要such,而不能用so。如:Theyaresuchbeautifulflowers.(正)Theyaresobeautifulflowers.(误)Suchpurewatermustbepurifiedforseveraltimes.(正)Sopurewatermustbepurifiedforseveraltimes-(误)③如果名词前有many、much^few>little(表示"少",若表示"小""时,应和such连用)等表示数量多少的词,要用so不用such,但such可用于many、much、afew>alittle等的后面。如:Thebosshassomuchmoney.Solittlemilkisleftinthebottle.Suchalittleboyshouldplaythegameverywell.Hehasafewsuchpictures.6>dead和deadlydead既可作形容词,也可以作副词。作副词表示“完全地、绝对地”,而deadly可以用作副词,表示“非 常,极度地",也可用作形容词表示“致命的,有毒的,有害的"。如:Fmdeadsureofit.Heisdeadlyconcernedaboutthat.Thepatientdevelopedadeadlydisease.Weshouldtryourbesttogetridofthosedeadlyhabits.7、especially和speciallyespecially表示"特别,尤其",specially表示"专门地如:Themotherespeciallylovesthelittleson.Icomeherespeciallytoseeyou.8>almost和nearly①在表示程度或可以衡量的事物时,两者差别不大,只是almost比nearly程度更深。如:Henearlygotrunove匚(几乎)Healmostgotrunover.(差一点)但若不是表示程度或可衡量的事就只能用almost,不可用nearlyo如:Therobotisalmosthuman.Themanseemsalmostabeast.②almost可以同否定的不定代词,如noone>nothing>no、none、nobody等搭配,而nearly则不可,但nearly可被not、pretty修饰,而almost不可。如:Almostnoneofusareabsentfromthemeeting.Themanprettynearlyenterstheroomwithoutpermission.9、altogetheralltogetheraltogether是副词,意为“总之,完全,总共",alltogether是个副词性短语,表示“每个…都,全都,无一例外”,在表示“总共"用altogether和alltogether均可。如:That^saltogetherimpossible.Theflatcoststhemantwohundredthousandaltogether/alltogethe匚Ifinishthepapersalltogetherwithintwohours.10、toomuch和muchtoo①toomuch可用作形容词修饰不可数名词,作副词修饰动词,作名词短语在句中充当主语或宾语、表语等。Drinkingtoomuchbeerisbadforourhealth.Theprofessorwastoomuchbotheredbythenoiseupstairs.Don"tthinktoomuchaboutyourfailure. Yoifveputintoomuchofoil.Toomuchhasbeendonetosolvetheproblem.Shetalkstoomuch,(toomuch还可放在句尾修饰动词)②muchtoo的主体是too,much只起到对too的强调作用,too是副词,所以此结构常用以修饰形容词或副词。如:Thelakeismuchtoodeep.Thethiefescapedmuchtooquickly.11>allbut和forall①allbut表示“简直是,几乎"。如:That"sallbutalie.Heallbutlosthisway.②forall相当于inspiteof或withall,引导让步状语短语或从句。如:Hewillcontinuetotryforallseveralfailures.Forallothersdisagree,Iwillsticktothepoint.12、little用作副词,表示否定含义①little可以修饰动词表示“不,没有,很少""等含义。如:Itmatterslittle.Helittlemindsit.②同dream>think、realize、hope^expect等词连用,表示"毫不,完全不",相当于notatallo如:Ilittledreamedthathecouldsurvivefromthedeadlydisease.Helittlethoughtthathewouldbecomesuchasuccessfulboss.③little还可修饰形容词或副词。如:Heislittleinterestedinliterature.Theboydidlittlewellintheexams.13、aside和aside①aside作副词表示“在一边,在旁边”。如:Pleaseputthedirtyclothesaside.②aside是副词短语作状语,表示“方,每一边如:Thereareeightdesksasideinourclass.14、overnight和overnight ①overnight是介词短语,表示"一夜,整夜,在前一夜"",作时间状语。如:Istayedovernightinthesmallhotel.②overnight不仅可作副词,还可作副词或形容词。副词表示“在夜间,在整个夜里,在一夜之间突然=动词表示“过夜",为不及物动词,形容词表示“在夜间的"。如:Shepackedupalltheluggageovernightinordertostartoutearly.Asachild,heusuallyovernightedinhisgrandman5sfamily.Hebecameanovernightmillionaire.15>forlong和foralongtime①用于肯定句或疑问句中时,只同延续性动词连用,两者表达的含义相同。如:Theoldmanhasbeendeadforalongtime(或forlong).Willourmanagerbeawayforlong?(foralongtime)②在否定句中,forlong只能同延续性动词连用,foralongtime则可以同延续性或非延续性动词连用且表的含义不同。如:Hehasn"tlivedthereforlong.他住在那儿的时间不长。Hehasn,tlivedthereforalongtime.他不住那里已经很久了。Ihaven51gonetothetheatreforalongtime,(go为非延续性动词,不可用long)注意:要在具体的语言环境中去体会forlong和foralongtime在意义上的差别。16>nomorenolonger①nomore(not…anymore)与nolonger(not...anylonger)在很多场合下都是可通用的,但nomore多用于表示数量及程度,而nolonger多表示时间,nomore表示时间时,通常指将来或过去将来,表示“将来不再,永远不在",谓语动词常用将来时态,nolonger通常表示现在或过去,一般不用于指将来。如:Thelosttimewillcomebacknomore.Iwon^ttellalieanymore.Hepromisedthathewouldwastetimenomore.Theplanisnolongerpracticable.Hewasnotastudentanylonge匚②在下面句子中notanymore不可改为notanylongero如:Heisnotanymorethanafarmer,(notanymorethan相当于nomorethan,表示“仅仅”)JackisnotanymoresatisfiedwiththeresultthanTom.(notanymore+多音节形容词+than二no+比较级+than,表示“和…一样不...")③nomore还可表示“也不(相当于neither或nor),再也没有,不更多,死去""等含义。如:Ifyoudorftgotothepark,nomorewillI. Iwantnomorerice.Thewinterhasbeennomore.17>forallIknow>forallIcare和forallthat①forallIknow表示"就我所知,就我而言",相当于asfarasknow,tomyknowledge等,但forallIknow结构多用于肯定句,在否定句中要用asfarasIknowo如:ForallIknow,heistheeldestwriteralive.Asfarasknow,hehasn"tlivedhere.(不用forallIknow)②forallIcare表示否定意义,意为“与我无关,我不在乎如:YoucandisagreewithwhatIsaid,forallIcare.③forallthat表示"尽管如此”。如:Hehadsaidsorrytome;forallthatIcouldn^tforgivehim.18>whatwith…andwhatwith和whatby…andwhatby前者表示“一半由于...一半由于”,后者表示“一方面由于…一方面由于雹如:Whatwithhardworkandwhatwithherbadhealthcondition,shebrokedownfinally.Whatbyhisabilitytoworkandwhatbyagoodchance,hewasappointedbossofthecompany.这种结构中的第二个whatwith常可省略,with也可换为for或betweeno19>letalonetosaytheleastsnottospeakofxtosaynothingofnottomention(say)①以上几个短语均表示“更不用说letalone后可接名词、动名词、谓语动词、过去分词或介词短语等,但tosaynothingof和nottomention(say)后只能接名词或动名词。如:HecouldrftspeakEnglish,letaloneotherlanguages.Thebabycouldn5twalk,letalonerun.Hehadnevermethisgrandpa,letalonetalkedwithhim.Thetrafficaccidenthadhurtseveralpeople,nottomentiondamagingthecar.②nottosay有所不同,表示“虽然不说,姑且不说,虽达不到那种程度"。如:Todayiswarm,nottosayhot:.20>anythinglike与likeanythinganythinglike表示“有点像"‘与not连用,意为“完全不像likeanything表示“非常,拼命地"。如:Isheanythinglikehisfather?ThispenisrftanythinglikethatoneIlost.Thethiefescapedlikeanythingafterstealingsomething. 21>ifever>ifany>ifatall和ifanything①讦ever常同seldom>few>little>rarely等否定词连用,表示“几乎,即使也",具有否定意味。如:Themanseldom,ifever,didanyhousework.②ifany为if(thereis)any的省略形式,表示“如果有的话,即使有…也Fewmen,ifany,couldbeassuccessfulasthemanager.③ifatall表示“即使…也如:Thebadstudentputlittleenergyintohisstudy,ifatall.ifanything通常表示委婉④ifanything表示“如果说,几乎不,与其说…还不如,至少,正相反等",客气或把握不大,在否定结构之后表示“相反"。如:Ifanything,youshouldcorrectyourbadtempe匚(你倒应该…)Itis,ifanything,acommoncollege.(如果说)Heisnotrich,ifanything,heissopoor.(正相反)Hehasmade,ifanything,alittleprogress.