广东省江门市第一中学高考英语语法考点专题-直接引语变间接引语及其注意事项 6页

直接引语变间接引语(-)人称的转变1•直接引语屮的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：Hesaid,Tamverysorry."Hesaidthathewasverysorry.2•肓接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，女口："Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,myfathertoldme.MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.3•直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如:Shesaidtoherson,“I"llcheckyourhomeworktonigh仁^Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.4•人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：Heaskedme,"Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?^Heaskedmewhether1wouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthataftemoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。（二）时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时不变过去进行时不变如:1・"Iamverygladtovisityourschool"：shesaid.Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.2.Tomsaid,"Wearelisteningtothepop•”music.Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.3.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?"MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.4.Heaskedtheconductor,"WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?"HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.5."Whydidsherefusetogothere?"theteacherasked.Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.6.Motheraskedme,"HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?" MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.7-Tomsaid,"Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.8.Hesaid,Thaven"theardfrommyparentsthesedays."Hesaidthathehadnftheardfromhisparentsthosedays.（三）时间状语、地点状语的变化1.直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等,主句尽管是过去时态，变成间接引语吋，时态仍然用一般现在时态。例如:Theytoldtheirson,"Theearthgoesroundthesun.v—>Theytoldtheirsonthattheearthgoesroundthesun.2•育接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。如：直接引语间接引语thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforelastyeartheyearbeforelastweek(month)theweek(month)beforeagobeforenextyeartheyearbeforeheretherecomegotomorrowthenext(following)daytwodaysagotwodaysbeforebringtakethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore等。例如:1.Hesaid,“Ihaven"tseenthemtoday：Hesaidthathehadn"tseenthemthatday.2.Shesaid,Twon"tgothereanymore.”Shesaidshewouldn"tcomehereanymore.3.Hesaid,"Thiswillbefinishedtomorrow/Paulsaid,“IvisitedChinalastyear?"PaulsaidhehadvisitedChinatheyearbefore.Hesaidthatwouldbefinishedthenextday.但是，如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方,或在说话的当天,就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之，对这些变化不能机械理解，应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。3•间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：1.HeaskedLucy,“Wheredidyougo?”HeaskedLucywhereshewent. 1.Tomsaid,”Whatdoyouwant,Ann?”TomaskedAnnwhatshewanted・（四）直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1・当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，女mHealwayssays,"Iamtiredout."Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.2•当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，女山Hewillsay,"I"lltrymybesttohelpyou."Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3•当直接引语部分带有具体的过去吋间状语吋，女口：Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994."Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.4•当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，女山Hesaid,"WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool."Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.5•当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，女Ourteachersaidtous,"Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.6•当引语是谚语、格言时,如hHesaid,"Practicemakesperfect.Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，女口：1.Thedoctorsaid,“You"dbetterdrinkplentyofwater;ThedoctorsaidTdbetterdrinkplentyofwate匸2.Hesaid,"Shemustbeateache匚^Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.3.Hesaid,"Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.4.Theteachersaid,"Youneedn"thandinyourcompositionstoday.Theteachersaidweneednft/didnftneedto/didn"thavetohandinourcompositions・5.Sheasked,"MustItakethemedicine?" Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.［注］:此处用hadto代替must更好8•此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬，如果当地转述,here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go,如果当天转述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改变。如I：Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisaftemoon.StudentA:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor;Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.(五)直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化1•陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如：l.Hesaid,ThavebeentotheGreatWall."HetoldusthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.2.ShesaidJTamveryhappytohelpyou."Shesaidthatshewasveryhappytohelpyou.1.Hesaid,“Iwillchooseabookformystudents?5Hesaid(that)hewouldchooseabookforhisstudents-2.Hesaid,T"llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday?"Hetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexam・inationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat)此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又女n：Hesaid,“Tmlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic・"Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。Thedoctorsaid,"Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.nThedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.2・直接引语为一般疑问句,也称是否疑问句，间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。1.Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?55Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.2.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren"tyou?”HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.3.Heaskedme,"Doyoulikeplayingfootball?11Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingfootball.4.Heaskedme,"DoyoulikewatchingTV?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedwatchingTV. 1.Heasked,“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?"Heaskedmewhether/ifIwassuremymotherwouldcome・注意：大多数情况下，if和whether在引导宾语从句时可以互换，但后紧跟ornot时，一般只用whethero例如：Sheaskedmewhetherornothecoulddothework.Sheaskedmewhetherhecoulddotheworkornot.3•直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or...,也不用either...or....如:Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?55HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked,"Willyoutakebusortaketrain?59Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4・直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语吋，由相应的连接词who。whonhwhat?whose。how-whemwh/where等,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)來表达，语序改为陈述句语序。女11：1.Heasked，“What"syourname?^^Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.2.Heaskedus?"Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?55Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry・3.Heasked:“Whereareyoutogetoff,John?”HeaskedJohnwherehewastogetoff.4.Mysisteraskedme,"Howdoyouliketheplay?"MysisteraskedmehowIlikedtheplay.5.Tomaskedme,"Whoistheboyoverthere?"Tomaskedmewhotheboyovertherewas.2.Mysisteraskedme,nHowdoyoulikethefilm?"MysisteraskedmehowIlikedthefilm.5•肓接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如1asksb.todo,(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变)，并且在不定式短语屮的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：LHesaid,“Beseated,please.”Heaskedustobeseated.1."Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.^Hesaid.Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting・3/"Nevercomehereagain!“saidtheofficernearby・Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.3."Don"ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,"theteachersaid. Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.3.Thecaptainordered,HBequiet.”Thecaptainorderedustobequiet.4.Hesaid,"Pleasecomehereagaintomorrow.^Heaskedmetogothereagainthenextday.5."Becarefulwiththedog."Hewarnedmetobecarefulwiththedog・注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。Myteacheraskedme,"Don"tlaugh/1Myteacheraskedmenottolaugh.6.有些含有“建议”、“劝告"的祈使句，可用su第esbinsist,offer等动词转述，如：1)Hesaid,“Letshavearest.Hesuggestedourhavingarest.2)Hesaid,"Letmehelpyou."Heofferedtohelpme.7.当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。如：1)"Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?"heasked.Heaskedmetoopenthedoo匚2)“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?nheaskedus.Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.&肓接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：Shesaid,“WhatalovelydayitisLShesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.小结：直接引语变间接引语是口语交际中经常使用的语言变化形式，可根据具体的语言环境,作具体的使用，要灵活运用O掌握好直接引语变间接引语也能促进对宾语从句的学习和运用O