师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案3、名词，限定词和代词 17页

Lecture3Nouns,DeterminersandPronounsDifficultandimportantpoints:numberandgenitivecaseofnouns,usageofdeterminers,problemsofpronounconcord3.1ClassificationofnounsandfunctionofnounphrasesClassificationofnouns(discussion)Nounscanbeclassifiedaccordingtowordformation,lexicalmeaningandgrammaticalfonru1)simple,compoundandderivativenounsAccordingtowordformation,nounscanbedividedinto:simplenoun:containsonlyonefreemorpheme(man,chair,land,faith)compoundnoun:composedoftwoormoremorphemes(armchair,familand,seaside,roommate)derivativenoun:comesfromaverb,anadjectiveorasimplenounwithaffix(arrangement,greatness,patriotism)2)ProperandcommonnounsAccordingtolexicalmeaning,nounsfallintotwomajorcategories:Propernoun:usedforaparticularperson,placeorthing,andspeltwithacapitalinitialletter(Smith,America,TheNewYorkTimes)Commonnoun:anamecommontoaclassofpeople,thingsorabstractideas・Commonnounscanbefurtherclassifiedintoindividual,collective,material,andabstractnouns.(boy,family,water,honesty)Note名词是表示人或物的名称的词，可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词由表示某一类人或物的个体的个体名词、表示由若干个体组成的集合体的集体名词、表示无法分为个体的实物的物质名词、以及表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的抽象名词组成；专有名词则是个人、地方、机构、组织等所专有的名称。个体名词都是可数名词，物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词通常不可以计数，从而是不可数名词。集体名词有的可数，有的不可数。女Uafamily,twofamilies;但.不可以说afurniture,severalfurniture.3)CountandnoncountnounsAccordingtogrammaticalform,nounscanbedividedintotwoclasses:Countnoun(countablenoun):hasapluralandcancollocatewithnumbersandwithsuchdeterminers asa(n),many,few,these,those,several,etc.(acar,twocars,manycars,severalcars).Noncountnoun(uncountablenoun):cannotgowiththeabove-mentionedwords,(bread,furniture,merchandise)Functionofnounphrases(discussion)Ashasbeenpointedout,thenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead・11isthenounheadthatdeterminesthewaythenounphraseisorganized・Thenounphrasecanfunctionasalltheelementsinasentenceexceptthepredicateverb:Childrenatplayseldomrememberwhattimeitis.(subject)Thatwasanattractivelittleblackchair.(subjectcomplement)InthehallIsawsomeextremelyvaluablepictures.(object)Theyelectedhimchairmanoftheboard,(objectcomplement)Mr.Brown,directorofthecoalmine,shouldberesponsiblefortheaccident,(appositive)Teachersshouldbeconcernedaboutthestudents"moralculture,(prepositionalcomplementation)Hereturnedlastnight,(adverbial)Aphotoistakeneachtimethisbuttonispushed,(conjunction)1.2NumberformsofnounsNumberisagrammaticaldistinctionwhichdetermineswhetheranounordeterminerissingularorplural.RegularandirregularpluralTheprinciplesforregularpluralofnouns1)一般情况下,加・s。2)以s,x,z,ch,sh,tch结尾的词,力ll-esoe.g.buses,boxes,buzzes,coaches,brushes,switchesNote:词尾ch时,读［t］时，加・es；读［k］时，只加・s。如stomachs3）以o结尾的词，o前面为辅音字母吋加-es,o前面为元音字母吋加-s。e.g.negroes,heroes, tomatoes,potatoes,但乐器等名称只加如photos,pianos;studios,bamboosradios,zoos;而有的加・es或・s均可e.g.buffalo（e）s,cargo（e）s,mosquito（e）s,volcano（e）s；4）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i,再加・es。e.g.universities5）以f或fe结尾的词，变f/fe为v,再加-es。calffcalves,half—halves,knife〜knives,leaf〜leaves,lifeflives,loaffloaves,self—selves,shelf〜shelves,thief—thieves,wifewives,wolf〜wolves;6）以ff或f结尾的词，加・s。e.g.belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,roof—roofs,safesafes,handkerchieffhandkerchiefs；prooffproofs;cliff—cliffs卜列这些词加・s或-es均"J：wharf（码头）fwharves/wharfs；hoof（蹄）一hooves/hoofs；scarf（围巾）fscarves/scarfs；dwarf（矮子）〜dwarfs/dwarvesFormsofirregularplural:1）Forsomenouns,theirsingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform.e.g.deer,fish,Japanese,aircraft:2）Irregularpluralalsoincludesomewordsofforeignorigin,borrowedfromGreek,LatinorFrench・Thepluralformsoftheseborrowedwordsareknownas"foreignplurals"".e.g.basisfbasescrisis—crisescriterionfcriteriastratum—strataalumnus—alumnidatum—data3）Someborrowedwordshavetwopluralforms:aforeignpluralandanEnglishplural.e.g.medium—media/mediumsindex—indices/indexesformula—formulae/formulascurriculum—curricula/curriculums1)Forsomecompoundnouns,theirpluralnumberisformedbychangingthemainpart.If,ontheotherhand,add-sattheendofthenoun.e.g.brother-in-law—brothers-in-lawlooker-onlookers-onpasser-by—passers-bytake-off-^take-offsfilm-goer-^film-goersgrown-up—grown-ups Numberfonnsofthecollective,material,abstractandpropernoun(P62-65)3.3PartitivesPartitives,alsocalledunitnouns,arecommonlyusedtodenoteapartofawholeorthequantityofanundifferentiatedmass.Bothcountandnoncountnounscanenterpartitiveconstructions.Withpluralcountnouns,partitiveconstructionscandenotetheideaof"agroup笃“apack二etc.withnoncountnouns,suchconstructionscanachievecountability・Partitivesfallintothefollowingcategories:GeneralpartitivesWithnoncountnounstheexpressionofquantitycanbeachievedbymeansofcertaingeneralpartitives,particularlypiece,bit,article,anditem,followedbyanof-phrase・e・g・apieceofadvice,abitoftrouble,anitemofnews,anarticleoffurniture,severalpiecesofbread,threeitemsofnewsPartitivesrelatedtotheshapeofthingsTherearepartitivesthataresemanticallyrelatedtotheshapeofthingsandwhosepowerofcollocationis,therefore,quitelimited・e.g・acakeofsoapabarofchocolatetwoearsofcorntenheadsofcattle/cabbagePartitivesrelatedtovolume(表示容积)Athirdclassofpartitivesarethosethataresemanticallyrelatedtovolume,andallofwhicharecommonnouns.Theycanfreelycollocatewithrelatednoncountnouns・e.g.abottleofink/oiltwobowlsofriceseveralpailsofwateraglassofbeerPartitivesrelatedtothestateofactionTheuseofthesepartitivesislimitedtocertainsetphrases.e.g.afitofanger/coughing/laughter/fever apealofapplause/laughter/thunderaflashofhope/light/lightningadisplayofcourage/force/power/skill/fireworksPartitivesdenotingpairs,groups,flocks,etc.Thesepartitivescommonlyoccurwithpluralcountnouns.e.g.apairofshoes/scissors/trousersaflockofbirds/chickens/sheep/goatsaherdofelephants/cattleaswarmofbees/flies/animals/peopleatroupeofactorsagangofhooligans/criminalsapackofhounds/cards/thievesabenchofjudges3.3Genitivenouns（名词属格）Casedenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinasentence.属格和of•属格(・sgenitiveandofgenitive)两种属格表示的意义1)possessivegenitive所有关系：thetrunkofanelephant(相当于Anelephanthasatrunk.)2)Subjectivegenitive主谓关系：thegovernment"sdecision;thearrivalofourforeignguests3)objectivegenitive动宾关系：thedeclarationofindependence;theoccupationoftheIsland 1)genitiveoforigin事物的来源:myaunt"sletter;thelawsofNewton(相当于thelawsadvancedbyNewton);thewinesofFrance2)descriptivegenitive事物的类别：adoctor"sdegree(相当于adoctoraldegree);women"smagazines(相当于magazinesforwomen)3)appositivegenitive同位关系：(hecityofNewYork(相当于NewYorkisacity.);thepleasureofmeetingyou(相当于Meetingyouisapleasure・4)genitiveoftime,distance,measure,value,etc.：—10days1absence/anabsenceof10days(相当于Theabsencelasted10days.)~partsoftheproblem(相当于Theproblemisdivisibleintoparts.)-"s属格的使用：1)主要用于表示有生命的名词之后，如women"sclothes,thehorse"smouth等。2)用于国家、城市、社团及一些地理名称之如thegovernment"splan,Europe"sfuture等。3）用于交通工具等,如theship"sbell,thecar"sengine等。4）用于表示吋间、距离、价值、长度和重量的名词之后，如amoment"sthought,sevenhours*walk,sixdollars*worth,twotons"weight,today,sglobalization（当今的全球化）,等。5）常用于一些习惯用语或表示天体或拟人化的名词之后，如inmymiixTseye（在想像中，在心目中）,inlife"sstruggle,theearth*sgravity（地球的引力）,fortune,ssmile/cruelty（命运的微笑）等。6）用于表示科技、文化、艺术等名词之后，如：literature*scontributiontomankind文学对作业成绩的贡献 BeijingOpera*sartisticappeal京剧的艺术魅力thefilm"svalue影丿"的价值themagazine?scover杂志的封而mediaJsreceivers传媒的受众Independentgenitive（独立属格）不带名词中心词-rs属格后的名词有以下情况可以省略：1）被修饰名词在句中己出现过，例如：・・Hiscarisfasterthanhisfather"s（car）.2）被修饰名词表示某人的家，例如：■-Thedoctor"s（house）isontheothersideofthestreet.3）被修饰名词表示教堂、学校等公共建筑物，例如：—JoelivesnearSt.Paufs（Cathedral）inLondon.4）被修饰名词表示某家店铺，例如：—Pickledvegetablesareavailableatthegrocer"s.Note并列词组的格，不同的构成示不同的含义：BeijingandShanghai，shousingproblem(共有的问题)TheytrytofindwhatdifferencebetweenDaborah，sandEllen,scamcordersis•(各自的摄影机)of-属格的使用：主要用丁•表示无生命的名词，如theeventsofthedecade,thedoorofthehut等。双重属格(Doublegenitive)Anindependentgenitivecansometimesbeusedasprepositionalcomplementation(traditionallyknownasprepositional“object").Theprepositionalphrase(of-phrase)thattakesanindependentgenitiveascomplementationiscalledaudoublegenitive.兼有两种属格结构的 后置修饰语叫做双重属格。它的结构是：不定冠词或表示数量的词+名词+of+名词"S属格双重属格用来表示的所有关系是人，不是物。e.g.一a/anyfriendofmine(=one/anyofmyfriends)-somedaughtersofMrsGreen"s(=someofMrsGreen"sdaughters)—twonovelsofDickens"(=twoofDickens"novels)上面的例子说明，双重属格可用a,any,some及数词等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the,如不能说气hedaughtersofMrsGreen"s"。双重属格还常用this,that,these,those修饰of短语前面的名词，以表示爱憎褒贬等情感。e.g・—thisideaofyoursthatbad-temperofhermother"s—thatremarkofDavid"sthosesmallfeetofthebaby,s宝宝的小脚丫-theseshoesofmysistefs—thosedirtyhandsofPeter"s3.3Determiners(限定词)Wordsthatprecedeanypremodifyingadjectivesinanounphraseandwhichdenotesuchreferentialmeaningsasspecificreference,genericreference,definitequantityorindefinitequantityarereferredtoasdeterminers・Determiners,asaclassofwords,include:articles,possessivedeterminers,genitivenouns,demonstrativedeterminers,relativedeterminers,interrogativedeterminers,indefinitedeterminers,cardinalandordinalnumerals,fractionalandmultiplicativenumerals,andotherquantifiers.限定词是对名词词组中心词起特指或泛指、定量或不定量等限定作用的一类词。限定词包括冠词、不定代词、指示代词、名词或代词所有格、数词与某些形容词性的物主代词。限定词与限定词的搭配关系(refertoSTp95-97)Theheadofanounphraselimitsthechoiceofdeterminers,andwhenmorethanonedetermineroccursinthenounphrase,thereistheproblemofwordorderbetweendeterminers.Theirnormalorderis"predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer(s)55限定词按其不同的搭配,位置可分为前、中和后位三类，在句子中的顺序为前位、中位和后位。 ★predeterminers前位限定词有:all,both,half；倍数词double,twice,threetimes等；分数词one-third,two-fifths等。★centraldeterminers中位限定词有：定冠词和不定冠词a/an,the；指示代词this,that,these,those；物主代词my,your,etc.John"s；不定数量词(代词)some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,much；带ever的wh■词what(ever),which(ever)和whoever;疑问代词和关系代词what,which,whose等。★postdeterminers后位限定词有：基数词one,two；序数词和"一般序数词”first,second,last,next,other,another,additionalfurther;数量词(a)little,(a)few,fewer,several,many,more,most,much,least,less,plentyof,alotof,agreatdeal/quantity/amountof,anumberof,bags/loads/heaps/of等。◎跨类限定词：such,what和many.※一个名词中心词前不能并用两个前位限定词或两个屮位限定词，如：不能说mythatbook,而是thatbookofmine.但两个后位限定词不受此限，女U:threeothergirls;severalhundredtouristse.g.IseeadvertisementsforajobwithtwicethepayI"mgettingnow.(前屮)Itwasallyourfault.(前中)Johnandsomeotherboyswentswimming.(中后)Halftheothergirlsstartedtogiggle.(中后)Writeoneverytwolines.(中后)He,11stayherealltheselastfewdays.(后后)Notesuch,what,many的用法such作强化语为前位限定词(such二sogreatadegree),这时其后常带屮位限定词a(n)(suchaheavybox,suchalot)；作非强化语为后位限定词(such=ofthesamekind),这时可以接不可数名词(suchfurniture)或复数名词(suchboxes),不能接单数名词(如suchbox),除非其前有后位限定词(onesuchbox)。当such前有中位限定词no或any时，仍为后位限定词,其后可接不可数名词或复数名词；也可接单数名词，但其后不能带a(n),因为中位限定词不能位于后位限定词后。e.g・Nosuchhelphasbeegiventome・Anysuchfactorsshouldbeconsidered.Nosuchathinghaseverhappened(错) Nosuchthinghaseverhappened.(中位限定词a去掉，因为它不能位于后位限定词后)Anysuchacomputerwillmeetmyneed.(错)Anysuchcomputerwillmeetmyneed・many位于名词中心词前或后位限定词前时，为后位限定词(manychairs,manyotherthings)；位于不定冠词前时，为前位限定词(manyachair,manyachild)owhat位于名词中心词前或后位限定词前时，为中位限定词(whatbooks,whatotherbooks),这时为非强化语；位于不定冠词前时，为前位限定词(whatashock,whatafool,whatabigbox),这时为强化语。3.3Pronotins***^Pronounconcordwithevery-,some-,any・compoundsasantecedentWhentheantecedentisacompoundsuchaseveryone,everybody,someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,noone,nobody,thepronounandthecorrespondingdeterminerusuallyfollowtheprincipleofgrammaticalconcordandtakethesingularform.Butininformalstyle,theycanfollowtheprincipleofnotionalconcordandtakethepluralform,especiallywhentheantecedentiseverybodyoreveryone.Notethatwitheverything,something,anythingandnothing,thepronounandcorrespondingdeterminercanonlytakethesingularfonn.Everyone,everybody后面常接复数代词，除非在很正式的文体中和演讲中才用单数，不过它们作主语时总是跟单数谓语动词。而everything,something,anythingandnothing只用单数代词。e.g.Anybodycanattendthemeetingifheisinterested・Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice・Everyonewasclappingtheirhands・Anythingonthetablecanbethrownaway,can"tit?—Haseveryonefinishedtheirdrinks?-Haseveryonefinishedhisorherdrink?（正式文体中）—Anyonecandoit讦theytry/ifheorshetries（正式文体屮）・ 下列词用作主语或主语的限定词时，代词一般用单数:anybodyeverybodyeveiyonenobodyanyoneeverythingeachonenooneanythingeverykindnothingeachneithereitheronesomebodysomethingsomeonetypesorte.g.—Eachcarmustpassastrictexaminationbeforeitleavesthefactory.・-Eachtreeandbushwassheddingitsleaves・—Aftereverystudenthadturnedinhis/herpaper,theteacherdismissedtheclass.—Neitheroftheboyslearnedhislessons.—Thattypeofstudentisusuallysuccessfulinhiswork.Pronounconcordwithcoordinateconstructionasantecedent（and,or/nor连接的并列的名词作先行词）Whentheantecedentisacoordinateconstruction,thenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdetermineraregenerallydeterminedbythepluralorsingularmeaningofthecoordination.e.g.Myfriendandroommatehasagreedtolendmehisca匚Myfriendandmyroommatehaveagreedtolendmetheircars.or或nor连接两个单数名词时，代词用单数；连接两个复数名词时，代词用复数；连接的名词一个为单数，一个为复数，或者一个是阳性，一个是阴性时，代词与邻近的名词一致。e.g.—Eithertheboyorhistwinsistermusthaveeatenherdinnerhere.—Wefoundthatneitherthepackagenorthelettershadreachedtheirdestination.-DidJohnorTomlosehisself-confidence? —DidJohnorMaryloseherself-confidence?Pronounconcordwithcollectivenounasantecedent（集体名词作先行词）Whentheantecedentisacollectivenoun,thechoiceofthenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdeterminerdependsonthemeaningofthecollectivenouninthecontext.指代集体名词的第三人称代词根据该名词所表达的单、复数意义确定代词的数。e.g・—TheclasswillhaveitsfinalexaminationFriday.—Theclassshouldputontheirraincoatsbeforegoingout.—Myfamilyislarge.Itiscomposedofeightmembers. —Myfamilyarelovingandsupportive.Theyarealwaysreadytohelpme.—Theteamhaswonitsfirstgame.-Theteamarenowonthefloortakingtheirpracticeshotsatthebasket.Pronounconcordwith"pluralnoun/pronoun+each"asantecedentWhenthesubjectofasentenceisaconstructionof"pluralnoun/pronoun+each二thechoiceofthenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdeterminerdependsonthepositionoftheappositiveeach:iftheappositiveoccursbeforetheverb,thefollowingpronounandcorrespondingdeterminertakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,theappositiveappearsaftertheverb,thepronounandcorrespondingdeterminertakethesingukirform.e.g.Theyeachhadtheirproblems・Theyhadeachhisownproblem・指示代词“those+of+人称代词”作先行词由“指示代词those+of+人称代词”构成短语吋，所用代词应与短语中的人称代词保持一致关系。e.g.—Thoseofuswhohaveafamilyhistoryofheartdiseaseshouldmakeourappointmentswithourdoctors—Thoseofyouwhohaveforgottentobringyourhomeworkpleaseraiseyourhands-—Thoseofuswhoworkinthatchemicalplantshouldhaveourlungsx-rayed・Otherproblemsofpronounconcord代词一致的其他问题1）如果并列名词表示的是同一个人，代词用第三人称单数。e.g.一Herlordandmasterwaseatinghislunch・—Therespectedscientistandauthordepartedfromhispreparedspeech・ e.g.Therestofthemenwillreceivetheirpaycheckwhenthenewfundsarrive.3）none作先行词吋，可用单数或复数第三人称代词指代，取决于none本身的含义。e.g.-Noneofthecommitteecouldrefusetosignhisnameonsuchaproposal.—Noneofthemenraisedtheirvoices/hisvoice.4）当数词+表示时间、金钱、距离等概念的复数名词作先行词时，通常用it來指代。e.g・一Threehundredthousanddollarswasfoundbecausethethiefdroppeditwhileescaping.5）单复数同形的名词作先行词时，用第三人称代词根据该名词所表达的单、复数意义选择相应的代词形式。e.g.—Althoughfishhavenovocalorgans,theyarestillabletomakenoises.—Theycaughtafishatseaanditweightedover500pounds・***3.3Topicsfordiscussion:1.具有两种不同意义的复数形式（Twoformsofthepluralwithdifferentiatedmeaning）有些名词的复数具有两种不同意思，一个与单数的意思相同，另一个则不同。请说出下列三个词的两种不同词意。arms手臂（复数）；武器customs习惯（复数）；关税minutes分钟（复数）；记录2.aMiSmith,theSmiths,anorangejuice分别表示什么意义？解答：一位名叫史密斯的先生；史密斯夫妇；一瓶橘汁3.HeisafriendofJohnwhomarriedMary.thefriendofJohnwhomarriedMary. afriendofJohn"swhomarriedMary.thefriendofJohrVswhomarriedMary.应该选哪个呢？语法书讲双重属格的P84上有例子说：Heisafriendofmyfather"s=Heisoneofmyfather"sfriends.而Heisafriendofmyfather=Heisfriendlytomyfather.我想这还是有明显区别的，befriendlyto不一定是friend,陌生人也可以对你很友好的。还有就是A和B选项会不会出现歧义呢？比如理解为是JohnmarriedMary?解答：选项D是错的。双重属格的第一个限定词不能是定冠词。选项B也不妥。此句没必要用定冠词。如用则拗口，不符合英语表达习惯。A,C都可能被视为是正确的表达。选C最佳。1.EXERCISE4E13(p.71)Theplaywasproducedbeforealloverthecountry.A.alargeaudienceB.largeaudiencesC.largeaudienceD.thelargeaudienee根据课木屮类似的例子(p.65)tohavetoomuchfamily?为什么不选C?解答：该题主要是为了表达戏剧在全国巡回上演，自然会有多批观众。实质上，选项A本身从表达上讲是很好的搭配。不过，audience虽然是集体名词，但并无抽象用法。C是肯定不行的，，而family在"havetoomuchfamilyn中已经脱离了集体名词的概念，不表示“家,家庭”，而是抽象用法，表示“家庭负担”。6.Ex.5D,No.13“Thehouseofmybrotherandsister-in-lawwasdamagedinthefire”和No.17“Thewivesofthebaseball"splayersoftenseethegames.”(p.82)为什么要把of■词组改成独立属格，本身of词组在这儿好象是正确的，是不是根据书上说“若of介词补足成分为指人的专有名词，而该of词组乂表示所有关系，在这种情况下通常用双重属格”，但因为这两个都是用定冠词the,不能用双重属格，所以用独立属格？解答：理解基本止确。但某些表述欠妥。答案改成"Mybro(herandsistc「inJaw"shouse"和“Thebasebcillplayers"wives”并非独立属格，而是地道的完整的原始的名词属格+名词 中心词构成的名词词组。独立属格是指原本位于名词属格后的名词中心词被省略的现象，详见P78-79o6.one作主语时，相应代词是什么？解答：one作主语时,美式英语中用he,him,his,himself作相应代词,而英式英语则用one,one"s,oneself作相应代词。7.Settlethequestionwithwhoeverwrotethereport,(p.150,Ex.9B,No.20)这里介词后面为什么用主格呢？解答：因为关系代词的格不因主句的形式而变化(即介词后须用宾格)，而根据关系分句中关系词的功能而变化(如作主语则用主格，作宾语则用宾格)。详见P139oe.g.Thesergeantaskedwhoeverdidittostepforward.Theywillpaywhomevertheyfindtheartisttobe.8.95页(Ex.6D),第1题改错“Mrs.Blakehashadfewopportunitytotravel."答案是改成“littleopportunity能否改成afewopportunitiesw?两者有什么区别？解答：首先要弄清opportunity作可数和不可数用法时意义上的差异：[count]:afavorableorgoodoccasionortime(todosomething)(eg.anopportunitytoapologize);[noncount]:asituation,state,orconditionthatisfavorableforattainingorachievingagoal,orthatprovidesagoodpositionorchaneeforsuccess(eg.alandofopportunity)(RandaomHouseWesbster"sDictionaryofAmericanEnglish)o根据以上定义，我认为fewopportunitieslittleopportunity表达上都是正确的，其意义差别较微弱，因为此题意图只是希望保持形式上的一致。而且只能与复数名词搭配(见P85)不过由于原句强调“儿乎没有机会”，用lillle似乎稍微好一点。由于没有很多的上下文，我们难以判断说话人究竟是何意。9.95页(Ex.6D),第5题uIdon"tlikethiskindofapplesv为什么把apples改成apple?(STP45)10.JudgeandCorrecttheerror：A.alleveryyear,bothenoughbooks,halfeitherappleKeys:alltheyear,bothmybooks,halfthatappleB.Themostfarmersarestillusingtheoldmethods. Themostmeatisexpensive・Wemadethemostofouropportunity・Keys:mostfanners,mostmeat・B.Wecompletedtheprojectthelastyear.Key:lastyearC.Hissomefriendsoftencometoseehim.Fmsorrytohavegivenyouthemuchtrouble・Keys:hisseveralfriends,somuchtrouble3.3Homework:DotheexerciseP70879395102127141