师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案8被动语态ii 9页

Lecture8PassiveVoice(II)Thislectureisconcernedwiththeusesofpassivesentencesandtheexpressionofpassivemeanings・8.1UsesofpassivesentencesInthissectionwearegoingtodealwithcaseswherethepassiveisusedandtworelatedtypesofpassivesentences・Caseswherethepassiveisused1)Thepassiveisusedwhenwearemoreinterestedintheeventitselfthanintheagent,e.g.Hundredsofpassengerswerekilledinthecrash.2)Thepassiveisusedwhentheagentisunknownorwhenwewishtomakeastatementsoundimpersonalperhapsoutofmodestyortactfulness.e.g.Thisbookwaspublishedinthe16thcentury.3)Thepassiveisusedandtheagentwith“by”isexpressedwhenwewishtostressthedoeroftheaction,e.g.Whoinventedthetelephone?〜ItwasinventedbyGrahamBell.4)ThepassiveisusedWhenthedoeroftheactiontakesquitealongmodifier,e.g.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligencyarebeingdevelopedandperfectednow・被动语态使用的场合：一•动作的执行者很明显,不必指出,如：Therubbishhasn"tbeencollected；二.不知道或忘了谁是动作的执行者，如：Theministerwasmurdered；三.主语是"人们、大家、有人"等,如:Heissuspectedofreceivingstolengoods；四.用于突出动作的承受者或结果,如：Anewpubliclibraryisbeingbuilt；五.用在科技文章屮表示客观性和科学性，女口：Priceisdeterminedbytheinteractionoftwosetsofinfluences,thoseofdemandandsupply.六.有时为了心理学上的原因而选择使用被动态动词，说话人可能想表示他对自己所宣布的令人不愉快的事情不负责任，如：Employer:Overtimeratesarebeingreduced/willhavetobereduced.(雇主：加班工资将调低/将必须调低。)；TworelatedtypesofpassivesentencesThereisakindofactivesentencewhichmaybetransformedintotwopossiblepassiveforms.. e.g.Peoplebelievethatheisill.—Itisbelievedthatheisill.(typeI)fHeisbelievedtobeill.(typeII)Thefollowingpossibilitiesshouldbenoted:1)Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisawill-formorthepresentprogressivedenotingfuturity,theinfinitiveintypeIIgenerallytakestheprogressiveform.e.g.Itisthoughtthathewillcome.Itisthoughtthathewillbecoming.Itisthoughtthatheiscoming.fHeisthoughttobecoming.Itisexpectedthathewillcome.〜Heisexpectedtocome.(expect,theinfinitiveusuallytakesthesimpleforminsteadoftheprogressive.)2)Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthesimplepresentdenotingpresenthabitualaction,theinfinitivetakesthesimpleform.e.g.Itisthoughtthathedrivesbadly.—Heisthoughttodrivebadly.Ifthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthepresentprogressivedenotingapresenthappening,theinfinitivetakestheprogressivefonn.e.g.Itisbelievedthatheisworkinghard.—Heisbelievedtobeworkinghard・3)Whenthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthesimplepastorthepresentperfectivedenotingpasttime,theinfinitivetakestheperfectiveform.Ifthepredicatorofthethat-clauseisthepastprogressive,theinfinitivetakestheperfectiveprogressivefonri.e.g.Itisbelievedthathecame・Itisbelievedthathehascome.—Heisbelievedtohavecome・Itisreportedthathewasdrivingcarelessly.—Heisreportedtohavebeendrivingcarelessly・ItisreportedthattheBritishdestroyerhasbeensunk・—TheBritishdestroyerisreportedtohavebeensunk・ NoteAcknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,expect,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,understand,andsupposecontainedinthefirstclauseapplytotheaboveprinciples.But"besupposedto"usuallyconveysanideaadutyandisthereforeequivalentto"should"insomecases.艮卩：不定式纟吉构用在know,presume,report,say,think,understand,believe,consider,claim,assume,acknowledge,estimate,feel,find等动词Z后时，Peoplesay/know/think/consider等词+thatheis-这类句子有如下两种被动形式，其中第二种用不定式的结构比较简单。Itissaid/known/thought/consideredetc.thatheis…Heissaid/known/thought/consideredetc.tobe...例如：Peopleconsiderthatheisagreatartist.—Itisconsideredthatheisagreatartist.—Heisconsideredtobeagreatartist.Peoplesaidthathewasjealousofher.〜Itwassaidthathewasjealousofher.fHewassaidtobejealousofhe匚若句中表示的内容发生在谓语动作之前，则使用不定式的完成式：PeopleknowthatMikeescapedfromtheprison.〜ItisknownthatMikeescapedfromtheprison.fMikeisknowntohaveescapedfromtheprison.8.2PassiveconstructionsandpassivemeaningsThissectionisconcernedwithpassiveconstructionsandpassivemeanings.ContrastbetweenEnglishandChinesepassivesItis-edparticiplethat•••..ThetwotypesofpassivesentencesdiscussedintheprecedingsectionhavetheircounterpartsintheChineselanguage.TheChineseapproximationstotypeIarefoundinsuchexpressionsas“据说”，“据估计”，etc,andthosetotypeIIinsuch patternsas“据说是……”，“……据估计有”.（对所说的事没有十足的把握或客观反映某一事物时，为了把话说得谨慎些，可用此句型）e.g.Itissaidthattheworkersallregardedhimwithsympathy・（据说）Mr.Panissaidtobeasmuggler（走私者）.InChinesethereisakindofsubjectlesssentence,which,inEnglish,ismostprobablyexpressedbyapassivesentence・e.g.Anotheruniversityhasbeenfoundedinthiscity•（城里又办起了一所大学。）InChinesetherearesentencesinwhichpassivemeaningsareexpressedbyactiveconstructions.ThisphenomenonisalsofoundinEnglish.e.g.Thiskindofmaterialsellswell.（这料子容易销售。）Sometimes,however,wherepassivemeaningsareexpressedbyactiveconstructionsinChinese,theymustbeexpressedbypassivesentencesinEnglish.e.g.Yourletterhasbeenreceived.Note某些动词的主动语态常常具有被动含义，如act,blow,cook,close,cut,feel,grow,lock,measure,open,peel,read,sell,show,shut,taste,wash,wear,write等。e.g.Yourpenwritesquitesmoothly.你的笔写起来很流畅。Thebeefcutstender.这块牛肉切起來很嫩。Commemorativestampssellwellinthemarket.纪念邮票在市场上很畅销。Ripeorangespeeleasily.熟了的橘子好剥皮。What"sshowingatthecinemathisweek?这星期电影院放映什么片子？ThedoorwonJtopen/shut.What,swrongwithit?这门打不开（关不上）。这门出什么毛病了？Theshirtironseasily.这件衬衫好熨平。Thesofameasures20feetlong<这个沙发20英尺长。某些动词的被动语态表示主动意义： Theyaresupposedtomeetatthegateat8:00sharp.Ifyoutrusttheman,youwillcertainlybetakenin.Thisbookisintendedforbeginners.只用被动语态的某些动词短语有：betakenin,besupposedtodosth.,beintendedforsth./sb.todosth.ActiveconstructionsexpressingpassivemeaningsThereareverbsthatcanbeeithertransitiveorintransitiveandwhichcanbeactiveinformbutpassiveinmeaning.Thefollowingtwopointsmaybenoted.Thefirstofthese,whichoccurschieflyinthepresentprogressive,isfoundinsomeofthedailyexpressionsandprofessionaljargonsknownasremnantsofOldEnglish・Verbsusedinthiswaycanalsobemadepassive・e.g.Thehouseisbuilding.c.f.Thehouseisbeingbuilt.Thebookisprinting・Thebookisbeingprinted・Thedinneriscooking・Thedinnerisbeingcooked・Thesecondtypeoccurringfrequentlyinthesimplepresentisonlyfoundwhenthesubjectisrepresentedashavingcertaininherentqualitieswhichpromote,hamper,orpreventtherealizationoftheideaexpressedbythepredicateverb・e.g.Tomatoesbruiseeasily・Nylondriesquickly.MyvoicedoesrTtcarrywell.Thedoorwon"tlook.Bythesideoftheactiveconstructionsunderdiscussionthereexistcorrespondingpassives,buttheyhaveademonstrablydifferentmeaning.c.f.Hisnovelsdon"tsell.(suggestthattheyhavecertaininherentqualitieswhichpreventoradverselyaffecttheirsale.)Hisnovelsarenotsold.(makeamerestatementoffactaboutthem)即：某些动词的进行时常表示被动意义，这类动词有print,boil,cook,fry等。e.g.TheEnglishversionofthisbookisprinting.这本书的英文译本正在印刷中。 Thefishsoupisboiling.鱼汤正在煮着。Theeggsarefryinginthepan.鸡蛋正在锅里煎着。Passiveconstructionsor"linkingverb+complement"constructions・edparticiplescanbeusedeitheraspartofapassiveconstructionorasadjectives(andtheircomparatives)functioningascomplementofalinkingverb・c£一edasadjective-edaspartofapassiveconstructionIam(very)annoyedwithhim.Iwasannoyedbymosquitoesallnight.Iam(very)interestedinchess.Iwasinterestedinwhatyoutoldme.Notethatverycannotmodifythe-edparticipleintheright-handcolumn.Thecommonestlinkingverbsusedintheleft-handcolumnarebeandget,andthecomplementthatfollowscanalsotaketheformofaseeminglyphrasalverb・e・g・Heiseasilyexcited・China"sagricultureisgettingmoreandmoremechanized・Thedoctortoldhimthathewasrundown.Heisboundupinhiswork.Otherlinkingverbsarebecome,feel,seem,look,remain,etc.e.g.Helooks/seems/feelstired・-edparticlesusedasadjectivesmaybefollowedbyprepositionsotherthanby.e.g.HeisbentonmasteringEnglish.Hisshoeswerecakedwithmud.I"mtiredofboiledeggs. We"reallconcernedfor/abouthersafety.Heisengagedinletterwriting・You"11soongetaccustomedtothechangeofclimate.补充：1）Get-型被动态（Get-passive）"get+动词-ed形式“的被动语态形式一般用于口语和非正式的书面语，往往强调动作的结果而非本身，并常用来表示突发性、出乎意料的事情或是用于表示“最后终于”出现的某种事态。如：—Ifsupsettingwhenapersongetspunishedforacrimehedidn"tcommit・-Herdressgottornonanail.（被钉子挂破）—Thepicturegotdamagedwhenweweremoving.-ThisstoryeventuallygottranslatedintoEnglish以上例句屮与get搭配构成被动态的动词均是单词动词，有些比较简单的多词动词（短语动词）也可与之搭配，如：・・Ithinkwecanmakeit（按时赶到）unlesswegetheldup（被耽误）.—Ourpoorolddoggotrunover（被车压夕匕）yesterday.-Billgotthrownoutofcollege（被勒令退学）forfailinghisexams.凡是能用ge（・型被动态的场合一般都能用be・型被动态替代，但是能用be■型被动态的场合却多半不能用get■型被动态，举例如下：—Doyoumindworkingovertime?You"llgetpaid・—Doyoumindworkingovertime?YoiTllbepaid・—Ourhouseisgettingpainted.—Ourhouseisbeingpainted・但下列句子中的be-型被动态却不能改为get-型被动态：-Hewasbornin1949. —ItwaswrittenbyJohn・”get+-ed分词“结构在许多情况下并不是真正的被动态，而是”连系动词get+补语“的结构,例如：—Iamgettingconfused・-Ihavetogetdressedbeforeeighto"clock.—Iamsorrywe"relate.Wegotlost.2)带直接宾语和间接宾语的句子转换为被动语态(ConversionofsentenceswithOdandOiintopassive)带直接宾语和间接宾语的句子转换为被动语态可用直接宾语和I、可接宾语二者之中任何一个作被动语态的主语，但通常用间接宾语。例如：Tom"sfathergavehimamodelplaneonhisbirthday.fTomwasgivenamodelplaneonhisbirthday.fAmodelplanewasgiventoTomonhisbirthday.Theirleaderallowedthemtwodaysformakingthenecessarypreparations.fTheywereallowedtwodaysformakingthenecessarypreparations.fTwodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.Theyhaveofferedherajob・—Shehasbeenofferedajob