高中英语语法复习12 非谓语动词（一） 8页

语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：tostudy,toplay，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuildtohavebeenbuild2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：Tohelpeachotherisgood.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：Itisgoodtohelpeachother.（2）作表语：Myjobistodrivethemtothepowerstationeveryday. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Ourplanistosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式tosetup…为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）Wearetosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的aretosetup整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：Shewishestobeamusician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure等，如：Iamdeterminedtogiveupsmoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhattodonext?（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：Isawalittlegirlrunacrossthestreet.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：Idon’tthinkitrighttodoitthatway.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：Heisthemantodependon.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：Theoldmanislookingforaquietplacetolive.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：EverymorninghegetsupveryearlytoreadEnglish.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加inorderto或soasto（以便或为了），但应注意inorderto位于句首或句中均可，而soasto不能位于句首，如：ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayinorderto(soasto)improveherEnglish.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：Tomasteraforeignlanguage,onemust workhardatit.②结果状语：Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：Youareoldenoughtotakecareofyourselfnow.3、复合结构不定式：由for+名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest.当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等，如：Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成，如：It’swrongofyounottoattendthemeeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcamein.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：Whatistobedonenexthasn’tbeendecidedyet. 练习、非谓语动词（一）1.----Canyourideahorse?----No,Ineverhadthechance____.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow2.Paulsaid,"Givemeachair_____."A.tositB.sitC.sitonD.tositon3.Irantoofast______whereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.formetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice4.----Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?----Yes,I"llbeverysorry______.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving5.----I"llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.----Good.I"dlike_____metomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyouhelp6.----Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.----That"sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tobenotD.tonotbe7.Becauseofairpollutionbeinggreatlyreduced,thiscityisstill______.A.agoodplacewhichtobelivedinB.livedasagoodplaceC.agoodplacetoliveinD.livinginasagoodplace8.----Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?----______newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.Forselecting 9.----Wheredidhego?----Hewenttoanotherstore______.A.tobuypencilsB.forbuyingpencilsC.buypencilsD.buyingpencils10.----Mybabyhasahearttrouble.----Didthedoctorfinditdifficult______?A.intreatingB.treatingC.fortreatingD.totreat11.----Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?----Yes,and______.A.theyweredifficulttobeansweredB.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswerD.theyhaddifficultyinanswering12.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeatenB.nottoeatC.didn"teatD.tonothaveeaten13.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.goB.togoC.going.D.went14.Thatboxis____.A.tooheavyformetocarryB.tooheavyformetocarryitC.soheavyformetocarryD.veryheavyformetocarry15.Wouldyoube______todomeafavour,please?A.sokindas.B.tookindC.askindasD.enoughkind16.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneededB.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyoneD.oneisneededmuchpractice17.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident______losehisjob. A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto18.LastsummerItookacourseon______.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade19.Thehouseisnotlargeenough____.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forliving20.Nobodylikes______.A.tospeakillofB.tobespokenillofC.speakingillofD.spokenillof21.Iknowhim______agoodfootballplayerwhileincollege.A.tohavebeenB.tobeC.wasD.hadbeen22.Iwassurprised______.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly23.Mr.Whitewasseen______thePalaceMuseum.A.enterB.toenterC.enteredD.toentering24.IsawMary____thehouse.A.openthedoorandgointoB.toopenthedoorandtogointoC.openthedoorandtogointoD.openthedoorandwentinto25.Pauldoesnothingbut_____alldaylong.A.playB.toplayC.playingD.played26.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut______forhimhere. A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD.wait27.Idon"tknowherandIdon"t______.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.towant28.----Gotothetheatrewithme,willyou?----Ishouldlike______,butIdon"thavetime.A.toB.tooC.todoD.togoto29.Toplayfairisasimportantas______.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell30.Itisthegreatesthappinessonearth______.A.lovingandtobelovedB.toloveandbeinglovedC.toloveandtobelovedD.loveandbeloved31._____isbettertolovethan_____.A.That,tobelovedB.That,belovedC.It,belovedD.It,tobeloved32.It"sveryfoolish_____it?A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying33.It______metwohourstofindyournewhouse.A.costB.tookC.spentD.used34.Wedidnotexpectouroffer_____soquickly.A.rejectedB.toreject.C.toberejectedD.rejecting 35.Hetoldher______thereatonce.A.getB.getsC.shouldgetD.toget36.Weallthinkitmostfoolish______thismistake.A.foryoumakingB.ofyoutomakeC.youtomakeD.foryoutomake37.Ireallydon"tknow____.A.toswimB.howtoswimC.toswimhowD.howswim38.----WhatdoyouthinkaboutEnglish?----It"sadifficultlanguage_____.A.speakingB.tobespokenC.tospeakD.spoken