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  • 2022-06-17 15:39:01 发布

初中英语语法:形容词和副词.pptx

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形容词和副词 一、定义说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态,常用来修饰名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。形容词abeautifulcastleShelookssohappy. 1.作定语Therearemany_colourful_flowersinthepark.Theboyisold_enoughtogotoschool.Hehassomething_interestingtotellhismother.放在被修饰的名词前,不定代词或副词后。二、用法及位置注意:基数词可与名词(用连字符相连)构成复合形容词,用作定语。如:a5yearoldgirl,five-minutewalk 2.作表语Motherlookedhappywhenshereceivedourpresents.一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式。如:glad,happy,pleasedsorry,sad,sureready,afraid,ableeasy,difficult+todosth.be放在系动词之后。系动词有:look,feel,taste,smell,sound等。 常见形容词有good/bad,rich/poor,young/old,deaf/blind,black/white,living/dead等。4.“the+形容词”表示一类人或物。Thepoordon"thavetheirownhouses.3.作宾语补足语Youmustkeepyoureyesclosed_whenyoudoeyeexercise.放在宾语之后。 5.☆常见形容词词尾:-n...的人-y充满...的,多...的-en...材质的-al有...属性的-ern...方位的-able可能的,可以的-ful...的-less无...的Indian,Americanrainy,snowywoodenpersonal,naturaleastern,southernconfortablehelpful,usefulcareless,endlessanythingelse? (1)有些形容词只能用作表语,不能作定语。这类形容词主要有afraid,alone,asleep,alive,awake,ill等。(2)有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如:friendly,lively,silly,lovely等。注意: (3)以ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物,以ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人。如:interesting(有趣的),interested(感兴趣的)exciting(令人兴奋的),excited(兴奋的)(4)常见形容词的近义词归类。large—big,glad—happy/pleased,clever—bright,dear—expensive,broken—wornout,hard—difficult,fine—well,ill—sick,nice—kind/fine/good/beautiful,alone—lonely 1.Mumhasboughtalotof__________foodfromthesupermarketnearby.(freeze)2.Iwon"tdobusinesswithsucha(n)__________man.(honest)3.Themanwasstill__________whenhewassenttothehospital.(life)4.HewenttoCanadaseveralyearsago.Nowheisa__________citizen.(Canada)5.Drinkingtoomuchfruitjuicecanbe________tochildren’steeth.(harm)6.Wehavevery______________weatherhere,especiallyinthewinter.(change)7.Weshouldsave_____________expenses.(necessary)8.Someparentschoose____________presentsfortheirchildren.(education)词性变换frozendishonestaliveCanadianharmfulchangeableunnecessaryeducational 副词是用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词,主要修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。一、定义副词Horsesrunfast.Henevergoestoschoolearly. (1)时间副词。如:now,often,usually,always,early,then,soon,before,ago等。(2)地点副词。如:here,there,out,above,below,outside,up,down等。(3)方式副词。如:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,quietly等。(4)频度副词:如:always,often,frequently,seldom,never,sometimes二、分类 (5)程度副词。如:very,much,still,almost,quite,so,too等。(6)疑问副词。如:how,when,why,where等(用于特殊疑问句句首)。(7)关系副词。如:when,where,why(放在引导的定语从句句首)。(8)连接副词。如:how,where,why,whether等(放在名词性从句句首,主要是宾语从句)。 副词修饰动词作状语,位于动词后;修饰形容词作状语,位于形容词前;修饰副词作状语位于另一副词前。例如:Hewalkedquietlyintohisbedroom.Youhaveaverynicewatch.Youaredrivingtoofast.三、用法及位置 位置(1)频度副词,如always,often,sometimes,usually等通常放在动词之前。但在句子里如果有助动词或情态动词,则要放在它们之后。如果有系动词be,也要放在系动词之后。Heusuallyhaslunchinthefactory.Theboyisoftenlateforclass. (2)enough作形容词修饰名词时,一般放在所修饰的词之前;作副词修饰形容词或副词时,应放在所修饰的词之后。Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythebook.He"stallenoughtogetthebookdown. (3)时间副词和地点副词的位置一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中,则把地点副词放在时间副词的前面,也可把时间副词放在句首。Theywentswimmingintheriveryesterday.=Yesterdaytheywentswimmingintheriver. (4)方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在被修饰词之后,修饰及物动词时,放在被修饰的动词之前或宾语之后,如果宾语较长,也可把副词放在动词和宾语之间。Myfatherworkshard.TomspeaksChineseverywell.MrWangwrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends. (5)“及物动词+副词”组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时,该名词放在副词前或后均可,如是代词作宾语,则必须将该词放在副词前。CanItryontheshoes,please?Don"tcutitdown! (6)程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面,放在情态动词和助动词之后。I"mverysadtohearthat.(7)某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接,放在句前。Suddenlyhehadagoodidea. (1)说明人或事物自身的特征、性质和状态时用形容词原级。Thepicturesonthewallarenice.(2)有表示绝对概念的副词very,so,too,enough,quite等修饰时用形容词原级。Themanisverytall.形容词、副词原级用法 (3)表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词原级。①肯定句中的结构:“A...+as+形容词原级+as+B”EnglishisasimportantasChinese.②否定句中的结构:“A...+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B”IamnotsofastasLucy. ③表示“A是B的……倍”时,用“A...+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。(两倍:twice;三倍以上:数字+times)Ourschoolisthreetimesasbigashis.Thistableistwiceaslongasthatone.④“halfas+形容词原级+as”表示“……是……的一半”。Hisapplesarehalfasmanyashissister"s. 1. 规则变化1)一般情况下,单音节或双音节的形容词(或副词)比较级+er,最高级+est如:clever-cleverer-cleverest,few-fewer-fewestsmall-smaller-smallest等。2)以e结尾的词,比较级+r,最高级+st即可。如:nice-nicer-nicest   cute-cuter-cutest    large-larger-largest形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i+er或est。如:easy-easier-easiest,happy-happier-happiest再如:early,busy,heavy,dirty,lazy也如此。4)多音节词和部分双音节词,在其前加more,most少数单音节词也是这样,如: pleased-morepleased-themostpleasedtired-moretired-themosttired5)中读闭音节词双写后面的辅音比较级+er,最高级+est如:big-bigger-biggest,thin-thinner-thinnest 2.不规则变化:good—better—best  well—better—bestbad-worse-worstmany/much—more—mostfar—farther—farthest      (距离远)far—further—furthest     (程度深)old—elder—eldest        (长幼)old—older—oldest        (年龄) 用所给形容词和副词的适当形式填空。1.Bobis _________(young)thanFredbut__________(tall)thanFred.2.Tonyisnotas___________ (tall)asJack.3.Almostallthestudents"facesarethesamebutLiDeminglooks_______(fat)thanbefore.4.Heis__________(clever)boyintheclass.5.AnniesaysSallyisthe________(kind)personintheworld.6.Adictionaryismuch_________(expensive) thanastory-book.7.Heis_______(bad)atmath.Heismuch______(bad)atChineseandheisthe _______(bad)atEnglish.~ertall~terthe~est~estworsemore~bad~erworst (1)表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,其结构为“A...+比较级+than+B”。Theorangesinthisbagarebiggerthanthoseinthatbag.(2)有表示程度的副词alittle,abit,afew,alot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级。ItismuchhotterinGuangdongthanthatinJilin.形容词、副词比较级用法 (3)表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更……”时,用句型“Which/Whois+形容词比较级,AorB?”表示。Whichbookisnewer,thisoneorthatone?(4)表示“几倍于……”时,用“倍数+比较级+than”表示。Herhouseistwicebiggerthanmine.(5)表示“两者之间较……一个(ofthetwo)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。如:Tomisthetallerofthetwoboys. (6)表示“越来越……”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,当形容词是多音节词和部分双音节词时用“moreandmore+形容词原级”。It"sgettingwarmer_and_warmerinspring.Ourschoolisbecomingmore_and_more_beautiful.(7)表示“越……就越……”时,用“the+比较级,the+另一比较级”结构。如:The_morewegettogether,the_happierwe"llbe. Testtime1.Areyou____toreachthepictureonthetopoftheblackboard?A.verytallB.sotallC.tootallD.tallenough2.Sheisfeeling______betterthanbefore.A.much,moreB.farC.evenmoreD.more3.IsMrSmith_________theman?A.sostrongasB.morestrongthanC.strongerthanD.muchstrongeras4.Intheexam,the________youare,the_________mistakesyou’llmake.A.carefully,littleB.morecareful,fewerC.morecareful,lessD.morecarefully,fewer (1)表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。Heistheyoungestinourclass.Mary"shandwritingisthebestofthethreegirls.形容词、副词最高级用法 (2)表示在三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时,用“Which/Whois+the+最高级,A,BorC?”结构。Whoistheoldest,Mary,NancyorLily?(3)表示“最……的……之一”时用“oneofthe+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。Thepenisoneofthemostbeautifulpens. (4)形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最……”。TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.(5)形容词最高级前面可以用物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。Tomorrowwillbemybusiestday. (6)形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。LiLeiisthe_tallest_studentinhisclass.=LiLeiistaller_than_________________inhisclass.=LiLeiistaller_than_________________inhisclass.=LiLeiistaller_than______________inhisclass.anyotherstudenttheotherstudentsanyoneelse 特别注意:(1)ing形容词与ed形容词ing形容词表示“令人……的”,表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰或说明事物。如:surprising“令人惊讶的”,exciting“令人兴奋的”,interesting“有趣的”等。ed形容词表示“感到……的”,表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+be+ed形容词+介词”结构。 如:surprised“感到惊讶的”,excited“感到兴奋的”,interested“感兴趣的”等。Weareallexcitedabouttheexcitingnews.(2)在同一范围内比较时,必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。(在不同范围内比较时,主体可以和其中任意一个对象进行比较)。如:Chinaislargerthanany_othercountryinAsia.ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica. Testtime1.--Wherewouldyouliketogoonyoursummerholiday,Mike?--I"dliketogo____________.A.nowhereinterestingB.interestinganywhereC.somewhereinterestingD.interestingsomewhere2.Asweallknow,smokingisbadforus,_______forchildren.A.especially  B.recentlyC.probablyD.nearly3.Ifyoudon"twork______enough,Idon"tthinkyourdreamwillcome________.A.hardly;trulyB.hardly;trueC.hard;trueD.hard;truly4.Hesaidhewouldcometoseeus____thenextafternoon.A.sometimeB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes 5.Jackisgoodatdrawing.Ithinknoonedraws________.A.betterB.bestC.worseD.worst6.It"stoolatetoinviteanymorepeople._____,youknowhowTimhatesparties.A.BesidesB.HoweverC.StillD.Instead7.--Doyouoftengotothegym?--No,_______.Idon"tlikesportsatall.A.alwaysB.neverC.sometimesD.usually8.--DidKatedobestinthefinallyexam?--No,butofallthestudentsshedid____.A.themostcarefulB.morecarefulC.mostcarefullyD.morecarefully 9.Ourfamilyhasboughtacarsowecantravel_____thanbefore.A. mosteasily          B.lesseasily   C.easilyD.moreeasily10.Myfathertoldmeastorylastnight.Itis____oneI"veeverheard.A. thefunniest         B.funniest   C.funnierD.thefunnier11.The_____friendsyouhave,the____youwillbe.A.more,happy         B.many,happy   C.more,happier    D.many,happier12.Whenheheardacryforhelp,heranoutas_______ashecould.A. hardlyB.quicklyC.finally                D.slowly13.ThisplaceisnotbigenoughforLucy"sbirthdayparty.Weshouldfinda_____one.A. bigB.smallC.bigger                D.smaller Thankyou!