高中英语语法习题非谓语动词 18页

非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。定义及构成　　1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：　　（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：　　Theybuiltagarden.　　Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.　　（2）都可以被状语修饰：　　Thesuitfitshimverywell.　　Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.　　（3）都有主动与被动,“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：　　Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.（谓语动词被动语态）　　Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.（动名词的被动式）　　Wehavewrittenthecomposition.（谓语动词的完成时）　　Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.（现在分词的完成式）　　（4）都可以有逻辑主语　　Theystartedtheworkatonce.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）　　Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）　　WeareLeaguemembers.（谓语动词的主语）　　WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.　　（现在分词的逻辑主语）　　2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：　　（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。　　（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。　　（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。　　（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。　　(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。功能及用法　　以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： 时态/语态主动语态被动语态一般时    todo  to  bedone进行时tobedoing完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行时tohavebeendoing　(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.　　否定式：not+(to)do　　（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.　　Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.　　Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.　　（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，　　Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.　　Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.　　（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，　　Iregrettedhavingtoldalie.　　Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.　　Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.　　2．不定式的句法功能：　　（1）作主语：　　Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.　　Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.　　动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：　　Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.　　Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.　　常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+todo。2、Ittakessb.+sometime+todo。3、It+be+形容词+ofsb+todo。4、It+be+形容词+forsb.+todo。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。　　（2）作表语：　　Herjobistocleanthehall.　　Heappearstohavecaughtacold.　　（3）作宾语： 　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：　　MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.　　动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：　　Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.　　HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.　　动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：　　HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.　　（4）作宾语补足语：　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.　　此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：　　Withalotofworktodo,hedidn"tgotothecinema．　　有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：　　Isawhimcrosstheroad.　　Hewasseentocrosstheroad.　　（5）作定语：　　动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：　　①动宾关系：　　Ihaveameetingtoattend.　　注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：　　Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.　　Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.　　Whatdidyouopenitwith?　　如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：　　Hehasnoplacetolive.　　Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.　　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Haveyougotanythingtosend?　　Haveyougotanythingtobesent?　　②说明所修饰名词的内容：　　Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.　　③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： 　　Heisthefirsttogethere.　　（6）作状语：　　①表目的：　　Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.　　Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.　　注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：　　wrong：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.　　right：Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.　　　　②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果)：　　Hearrivedlateonlytofindthetrainhadgone.　　Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.　　③表原因：　　Theywereverysadtohearthenews.　　④表程度：　　It"stoodarkforustoseeanything.　　Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.　　（7）作目的状语：　　Totellyouthetruth,Idon"tlikethewayhetalked.　　（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。　　Ifyoudon"twanttodoit,youdon"tneedto.　　（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。　　Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.　　（二）动名词：　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。　　1．动名词的形式：Ving　　否定式：not+动名词　　（1）一般式：　　Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。　　（2）被动式：　　Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited．　　（3）完成式：　　Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.　　（4）完成被动式：　　HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.　　（5）否定式：not+动名词　　Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.　　（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词　　Hesuggestedourtryingitonceagain. 　　HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.　　2．动名词的句法功能：　　（1）作主语：　　Readingaloudisveryhelpful.　　Collectingstampsisinteresting.　　当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。　　It"snousequarrelling.　　（2）作表语：　　Intheantcity,thequeen"sjobislayingeggs.　　（3）作宾语：　　Theyhaven"tfinishedbuildingthedam.　　Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.　　注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.　　要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：　　enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit，deny,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk,appreciate,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can"tstand,can"thelp,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…（from）,protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike　　（4）作定语：　　Hecan"twalkwithoutawalking-stick.　　Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?　　（5）作同位语：　　Thecave,hishiding-placeissecret.　　Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged．　　（三）现在分词：　　现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。　　1、现在分词的形式：　　否定式：not+现在分词　　（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成　　式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball. 　　（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动　　词之前的被动的动作。　　Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.　　Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.2．现在分词的句法功能：　　（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。　　Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.　　Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor"sfather.　　现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：inthefollowingyears也可用intheyearsthat　　followed;themanspeakingtotheteacher可改为themanwhoisspeakingtotheteacher.　　（2）现在分词作表语：　　Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.　　Thepresentsituationisinspiring.　　be+doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的　　动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。　　（3）作宾语补足语：　　如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：　　see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listento,lookat,leave,catch等。例如：　　Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?　　Hekeptthecarwaitingatthegate.　　（4）现在分词作状语：　　①作时间状语：　　(While)Workinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.　　②作原因状语：　　BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothers.　　③作方式状语，表示伴随：　　Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.　　④作条件状语：　　(If)Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.　　⑤作结果状语：　　Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.　　⑥作目的状语： 　　Hewentswimmingtheotherday.　　⑦作让步状语：　　Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.　　⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：　　Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyhead．　　Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.　　Timepermitting,we"lldoanothertwoexercises.　　有时也可用with(without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式　　Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.　　⑨作独立成分：　　udgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.　　Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecareful.　　（四）过去分词：　　过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则　　要求，要一一记住。　　过去分词的句法功能：　　1．过去分词作定语：　　OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.Thoseselectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.　　注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做　　定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。　　2．过去分词作表语：　　Thewindowisbroken.　　Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.　　注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：　　Thewindowisbroken.（系表）　　Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.（被动）　　有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：　　boiledwaterfallenleavesnewlyarrivedgoodstherisensun　　这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。　　3．过去分词作宾语补足语：　　Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.　　有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：　　Withtheworkdone,theywentouttoplay. 　　4．过去分词作状语：　　Praisedbytheneighbours,hebecametheprideofhisparents.(原因）　　Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.（时间）　　Givenmoretime,I"llbeabletodoitbetter.（条件）　　Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy（让步）　　Filledwithhopesandfears,heenteredthecave.更多练习　　1.______moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.　　A.TogiveB.HavinggivenC.GivenD.Giving　　2.Thefirsttextbooks______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.　　A.tobewrittenB.writtenC.beingwrittenD.havingwritten　　3.Themissingboyswerelastseen______neartheriver.　　A.toplayB.playC.tobeplayingD.playing　　4.______inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.　　A.ToloseB.LostC.HavinglostD.Losing　　5.Whenpassingmehepretended______me.　　A.toseeB.nothavingseenC.tohavenotseenD.nottohaveseen　　6.Thechildreninsisted______thereonfoot.　　A.theygoingB.theywouldgoC.ontheirgoingD.going　　7.Hestillremembers______toShanghaiwhenhewasveryyoung.　　A.takingB.beingtakenC.takenD.havingtaken　　8.______therailwaystation,wehadabreak,only______thetrainhadleft.　　A.Arrivingat;tofindB.Comingto;discoveringthat　　C.Onarrivingat;findingoutD.Hurryingto;tohavefoundout　　9.Withtheboy______theway,wehadnotrouble______theway______toZhongshanPark.　　A.leading;finding;leadingB.tolead;found;toleadC.led;finding;ledD.leading;found;led　　10.______thesepictures,Icouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedayswhenIwasinBeingand______fromthetopofathirty-storeyedbuilding,Beijinglooksmorebeautiful.　　A.Seeing;seenB.Seen;seeingC.Seeing;seeingD.Seen;seen　　11.IcanhardlyimaginePeter______acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.　　A.tohavesailedB.tosailC.sailingD.sail 　　12.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair______againstyourface.　　A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove　　13.______isknowntoall,Chinawillbean______andpowerfulcountryin20or30years’time.　　A.That;advancingB.This;advancedC.As;advancedD.It;advancing　　14.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp______intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.　　A.persuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded　　15.Therewasterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.　　A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed　　16.Pleaseexcusemy______inwithout______.　　A.come;permittedB.coming;permittedC.comimg;beingpermittedD.tocome;beingpermitted　　17.______hisheadhigh,themanagerwalkedintotheroomtoattendthemeeting______then.　　A.Holding;beingheldB.Held;holdingC.Havingheld;heldD.Held;tobeheld　　18.——Didyouhearher______thispopsongthistimetheotherday?　　——Yes,andIheardthissong______inEnglish.　　A.sing;singingB.sung;sungC.sung;singingD.singing;sung　　19.Thequestion______nowatthemeetingisnotthequestion______yesterday.　　A.discussed;discussedB.discussing;haddiscussedC.beingdiscussed;discussedD.discussing;discussing　　20.Withthecooking______,Iwenton______somesewing.　　A.done;todoB.beingdone;doingC.tobedone;doingD.tohavedone;doing　　21.Itisnouse______yourpastmistakes.　　A.regrettingB.regretC.toregretD.regretted　　22.Herhusbanddiedin1980andhadnothing______toher,only______herfivechildren.　　A.left;toleaveB.leaving;leavingC.leaving;leftD.left;leaving　　23.Iamverybusy.Ihaveaverydifficultproblem______.　　A.toworkB.toworkoutC.tobeworkedoutD.toworkitout　　24.Iwouldappreciate______backthisaffernoon.　　A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling　　25.Climbingmountainswas______,soweallfelt______.　　A.tiring;tiredB.tired;tiringC.tiring;tiringD.tired;tired 　　26.Isawsomevillagers______onthebenchattheendoftheroom.　　A.seatingB.seatC.seatedD.seatedthemselves　　27.Shewasgladtoseeherchildwell______careof.　　A.takeB.tobetakenC.takenD.taking　　28.Itisoneoftheimportantproblems______tomorrow.　　A.tosolveB.tobesolvedC.solvedD.solving　　29.______mapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.　　A.DrawnB.DrawingC.TodrawD.Bedrawing　　30.Thereisariver______aroundourschool.　　A.torunB.runC.runningD.toberunning　　31.Howaboutthetwoofus______awalkdownthegarden?　　A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaken　　32.Iwasfortunatetopickupawallet______onthegroundonthewaybackhome,butunfortunatelyforme,IfoundmycolourTVset.______whenIgothome.　　A.lying;stolenB.laying;stealingC.lay;stolenD.lying;stealing　　33.Whththekind－heartedboy____mewithmywork,I’msureI’llbeabletosparetime___withyourwork.　　A.tohelp;helpyououtB.helping;helpingyouC.helped;tohelpyououtD.tohelp;tohelpyou　　34.Greatlymoveddbyherwords,______.　　A.tearscametohiseyesB.hecouldhardlyholdbackhistears　　C.tearscouldhardlybeheldbackD.hiseyeswerefilledwithtears.　　35.——Ihopethechildrenwon’ttouchthedog.　　——I’vewarnedthem______.　　A.notB.nottoC.nottouchD.notdo　　36.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.　　A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone　　37.When______whyhewalkedinwithoutpermission,hejuststaredatusandsaidnothing.　　A.beenaskedB.askedC.askingD.tobeasked　　38.Themankeptsilentintheroomunless______.　　A.spokentoB.spoketoC.spokenD.tospeak　　39.Hewasoftenlistened______inthenextroom.　　A.singB.sungC.tosingD.totosing　　40.Ratherthan______onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers______abicycle. 　　A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding　　41.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.　　A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto　　42.What’stroublingthemis______enoughexperiencedworkers.　　A.thattheyhavetoB.theyhavenotC.theirnothavingD.nottheirhaving　　43.______histelephonenumber,shehadsomedifficultygettingintouchwithBill.　　A.NotknowingB.KnowingnotC.NothavingknownD.Havingnotknow　　44.Bambooisused______housesinsomeplaces.　　A.tobuildB.tobuildingC.tobebuiltD.beingbuilt　　45.Goon______theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.　　A.todoB.doingC.withD.tobedoing　　46.Thedaywelookedforwardto______.　　A.comeB.comingC.hascomeD.havecome　　47.Whomwouldyourather______thework?　　A.tohavetodoB.tohavedoC.havetodoD.havedo　　48.Doyouthinkitanygood______withhimagain?　　A.totalkB.talkingC.totalkingD.havingtalked　　49.Sometimesnewideashavetobetestedmanytimesbefore______.　　A.acceptingfullyB.beingfullyacceptedC.fullyacceptingD.fullybeingaccepted　　50.Thegovernmentforbids______suchbadbooks.　　A.publishedB.topublishC.publishD.publishing　　非谓语动词专练答案　　1―5CBDBD6―10CBAAA11―15CBCCB16―20CADCA　　21―25ADBCA26―30CCBCC31―35CADBB36―40BBADC　　41―45ACAAA46―50CDABD注意事项　　1．“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to都是介词。　　agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,　　equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto　　2．带to还是不带to　　Ihavenochoicebuttogivein　　Icannotdoanythingbutgivein 　　Isawhimentertheclassroom.　　（但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.）　　3．动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.　　区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。　　It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.（necessary修饰tostudyhard，表示学习努力是有必要的）　　It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.（foolish修饰逻辑主语him）　　与of连用的形容词有：　　good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…　　与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词：  　　possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary，…　　4．后接不定式作宾语的动词有：　　want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.　　需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.　　5.  不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况：若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make，let，have（表示“让、使”）、感官动词see，watch，lookat，observe，notice，hear，listento，feel时，不定式符号to可以省略。这些动词亦可总结为口诀：“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如：　　Let"s（to）go！走吧！　　Hesawthethief（to）stealalady’scellphone.　　注：改为被动句时要把to还原，例如：　　Thethiefwasseentostealalady’scellphone.　　6．不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。　　wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,oughtto,needto,usedto,beableto　　7．不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：　　1）动宾关系：　　Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.　　Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.　　Heislookingforaroomtolive　　Heislookingforaroomtolivein.　　Hehasnomoneyandnoplace 　　tolive(in).　　Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot.　　Thereisnotimetothink(about).　　2）主谓关系：　　Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.　　----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)　　-------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I)　　7．不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：　　1）原因　　Heisluckytogethereontime.　　这种结构中常用的形容词有：　　happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy　　2)目的　　Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.　　3)结果　　Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.　　Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.　　Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.　　8.不定式作补足语　　Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.　　能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有：　　see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice　　注:当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：　　Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.　　二．动名词　　1．There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.　　=It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.　　=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.　　2．It’snousetalkingwithhim.　　It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.　　3．There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…　　在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:　　trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime 　　注意以下几个问题：　　1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，　　forgettodo…忘记要做某事　　forgetdoing…忘记做过了某事　　remembertodo…记住要做某事　　rememberdoing…记着曾做过某事　　meantodo…打算要做某事　　meandoing…意味着做了某事　　regrettodo…（do指代有限的几个词，如say、tell）很抱歉要告诉你…　　regretdoing…后悔做过某事　　can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事　　can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事　　trytodo…尽力去做某事　　trydoing试着做某事　　learntodo…学着去做某事　　learndoing…学会做某事　　stoptodo…停下来去做（另一件事）　　stopdoing…停止做某事　　goontodo…接着做（另外一件事）　　goondoing…继续做某事　　usedtodo…过去做某事　　beusedtodoing…习惯做某事　　2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别　　动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义　　现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义　　如：asleepingcar=acarforsleeping　　arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning　　前者是动名词，后者是现在分词　　又如：drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy　　3．动名词的逻辑主语：　　动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。　　例如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.　　4．动名词的语态和时态　　5．动名词主动形式表被动的情况：　　needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing　　例如：Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。　　6．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词： 　　admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,　　三．分词　　1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.　　这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。　　2.Thisisamovingfilm.　　这是一部动人的电影。　　3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.　　秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。　　4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.　　如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。　　Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.　　当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。　　应注意的几个问题：　　1．现在分词与过去分词的区别　　DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?　　=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?　　Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.　　=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.　　ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.　　2．分词作表语　　Thenewssoundsencouraging.　　Theygotveryexcited.　　1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：　　Thenewsisinteresting.（表示主语的性质特征）　　Heisinterestedinthenews.（表示主语的心理状态）　　doing作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。　　2）表语与被动式的区别：　　TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.（强调动作）　　Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.（强调状态）　　3）常作表语的过去分词： 　　amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done　　3．现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别　　Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语)　　Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时)　　Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词)　　能回答how-question的是现在分词，能回答what-question的动名词，即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。　　例如：Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging.　　Whatisyourjob?Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.　　4．注意的四种结构：　　havesomethingtodo有某事要做　　havesomethingdone使某事被做　　havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事　　havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着　　5．需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：　　seat,prepare,hide,dress　　如：Iseatedmyselfonthechair.　　Iwasseatedonthechair.　　6．分词做状语与不定式的区别：　　分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。　　Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.（时间）　　BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.（原因）　　Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.（条件）　　Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.（伴随）　　Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的)　　Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.（结果）　　7．分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别　　arunninghorse现在分词=ahorsethatisrunning　　afallenleaf过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallen　　awalkingstick动名词=astickforwalking　　somethingtodo不定式=somethingthatIshoulddo　　8．不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：　　Ihaveaproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting.(将来)　　ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.（正在进行） 　　Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.（过去）　　9．分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：　　分词与句子主语的逻辑关系　　Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误)　　Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.（正确）　　Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系；seen与city是动宾关系　　练习　　I.单项选择　　1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.　　A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting　　2.______manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.　　A.HavingbeingtoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.Hewastold　　D.Havingtold　　3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.　　A.tohaverestedB.testingC.torestD.rest　　4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead.　　A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying　　5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult.　　A.tomakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tonotmake　　6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912.　　A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying　　7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.　　----Well,nowIregret____________that.　　A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone　　8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.　　A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added　　9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.　　A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived　　10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________.　　A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard 　　11.Robertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin.　　tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying　　II.用动词的正确形式填空　　1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening.　　2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard.　　3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.　　4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.　　5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden.　　答案：　　I　　1.A2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.D11.A　　II　　1.tobetaken;2.tolearn;3.opened;4.todo;5.taking