英语语法总编 43页

2005-2006学年度江苏省南通地区石庄中学英语学科高考语法复习资料作者：秦建华226531：江苏省南通如皋市石庄中学e-mail:rgjhq@126.com高考英语语法系列训练（一）名词及主谓一致知识点归纳一、名词(一)、概述：分两种专有名词：Mr.Smith,theYellowRiver,theUrals,LessonOne普通名词：分四种1、个体名词：worker,father,country,book,bird,tree(countablenoun)2、集体名词：people,family,class,team,group,army,committee,police(countablenoun)3、物质名词：iron,paper,snow,air,water,ink,grain,cotton,chalk,oil,gold(uncountablenoun)4、抽象名词：spirit,thopugh,praise,idea,courage,strength,energy,bravery,beauty(uncountablenoun)名词类别的相互转换：(1).个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换Ourschool（学校）isnotfarfrommyhome.个体名词School（放学）isoveratsix.抽象名词Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.个体名词Thetreesarenowinflower（开花）.抽象名词Youth（青春）isbeautiful.抽象名词Heisayouth（年轻人）oftwenty个体名词(2).物质名词与个体名词的相互转换Ironisakindofmetal.铁（物质名词）Pleaselendmeyouriron.熨斗（个体名词）Hebrokeapieceofglass.一块玻璃（物质名词）Hebrokeaglass.（个体名词）Iboughtachickenthismorning.（个体名词）Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken.(物质名词）Ihaveaneggforbreakfast.（个体名词）Eggismyfavoritedish（物质名词）Thereisapineinfrontofthetemple.松树（个体名词）Thesedesksaremadeofpine.松木（物质名词）(3).抽象名词与普通名词的转换A.具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作--I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.--Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,aCf:Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名词）Ihavereceivedwordofhissafearrival.抽象名词Couldwehaveawordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话（普通名词）haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(进步)/makeanearlystart(早点出发)/makeadecisionmakeachangegiveacryofpain(发出痛苦的叫声)giveatryB、表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道实际情况)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速记的知识)aknowledgeofhistory,Englishandmusic（历史、英语和音乐方面的知识）Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertimeCf:TimeismoneyC、抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.WhatpleasantsurpriseCf:ShelookedupinsurprisewhenIshouted.Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.WehavehadsomeunpleasantsurpriseItis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualOtherexamples:Thisvaseisawonderfulwork.(作品)Shehasacollegeeducation.（受到……教育）Hisnewwayofteachingproducedagoodeffect.（功效）Oilhasmanyuses.（用途）Wewillfacemanydifficultiesinthefuture（难点、难题、难处）Youhavebeenagreathelptome.（有益的东西、有帮助的人）（二）、名词的数1、规则变化。①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy—boys,pen—pens。②以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。glass—glasses（box,watch,brush）特例：stomach—stomachs③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby—babies（lady—ladies,fly—flies）④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes,hero—heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio—radios（zoo/photo/piano/kilo—kilos/tobacco—tobaccos）⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife—wives（life/knife/wolf/self—selves/leaf）特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs（roof/chief）gulf—gulfs（belief/cliff）penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)2、不规则变化。①单、复数同形如：means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works（工厂）,cattle。②合成名词的复数tooth-brushesboy-friendspassers-bysisters-in-lawprisoners-of-warmen-serventswomen-doctorsgrown-upsgo-betweens③tooth—teethfoot—feetchild—childrenmouse—micegoose—geeseox—oxen注①有些抽象名词以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。Useyourbrains,please.Haveyoumadepreparationsfortomorrow’smeeting?Manythanksforyourkindness.Nopains,nogains.Aftermanyfailures,theyfinallysucceeded.注②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.注③物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。somecoffee一些咖啡acoffee一杯咖啡threecoffees三杯咖啡somedrink一些饮料adrink一杯饮料threedrinks三杯饮料hishair他的头发afewgreyhairs几根白发glass玻璃aglass一只玻璃杯注④有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：papers报纸，文件考卷manners礼貌、习俗goods货物works工厂43 looks容貌glasses眼镜，杯子greens青菜times时代，次数、倍数sands沙滩，沙地irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗spirits酒精，情绪customs海关letters文学forces军队riches财富wishes祝愿air(空气)airs(气派，架子,姿态)arm(手臂)arms(军火)damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金)compass(指南针)compasses(圆规)water(水)waters(水域)wood(木柴)woods(树林)giveone’sregardstosb.向某人问侯havewordswithsb.同某人吵架inrags衣衫破烂注⑤不可数名词要表示数时要用单位名词apieceofadvice/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/equipment/furniture/informationanarticleofclothing/furnitureabarofsoapabottle/glassofmilk/ink3、名词的所有格Engels’/Engels’sworksDickens’/Dickens’sbookherson-in-law’sphotoJaneandMary’sroom(sharethesameroom)Jane’sandMary’sroom(sharethedifferentroom)atMrGreen’stomyuncle’satthetailor’satthebarber’satthedoctor’s▲用于某些习语中：atarm’slength保持一定距离withinastone’sthrow(离……很近，一箭之遥)outofharm’sway安全的地方▲表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词可加’s表示所有格twoyears’timetoday’snewspaperChina’sindustrythestation’swaitingroom▲双重所有格“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等）SomestudentsofMisterZhang’shavegonetocollege.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时afriendofTom’s汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）afriendofmyfather’sanewfriendofLiMing’sthatbookofLiMing’sthosefriendsofTom’s③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用that/this/these/those+名词（单、复数）ofMary’s/yours/his/hersThatinventionofhersbelongstotheworld.她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。4、名词做定语(1)表示用什么原料stonefigures（石像）/castoroil(蓖麻油)/silkbooks（丝绸书）/papermoney（纸币）/metalpots（金属锅）/plasticsheets（塑料布）/diamondnecklace（钻石项链）/goldmedals（金牌）(2)表示存在或发生的地方countrymusic（乡村音乐）/forestland（森林土层）/postoffice（邮政局）/schooleducation（学校教育）/palaceball（宫庭舞会）/spacesatellites（太空卫星）/tabkecloth（桌布）/streetlights（街灯）/naturepark（天然公园）/governmentoffice（政府机关）(3)表示部分与整体的关系riverbanks(河岸)/cabbageseed(卷心菜种子)/animalbones(动物骨头)/cigaretteends(烟头)/oceanfloor(洋底)/schoolgate(校门口)/overcoatpockets(大衣口袋)/tablelegs(桌脚)/treebranches(树枝)如果谈到某特定的东西时，我们要用of结构来表示thewindowsoftheclassroom(4)表示用途性质coffeecups（咖啡杯）/bookstores（书店）/sportsshoes（运动鞋）/foodfactory（食品工厂）/womenpoliceofficers（女警官）/designoffice（设计工作室）/fruittrees（水果树）/trafficlights（交通灯）/bellrope（铃绳）(5)说明后一名词的内容forestprogrammes（森林规划）/weightproblems（体重问题）/sciencelab（科学实验室）/computerstudies（电脑学习）/weatherreport（天气报）/filmindustry（电影工业）/wildlifeproject（野生动物工程）/ChinaDaily（中国日报）/bodylanguage（体语言）(6)表示泛指的时间名词summerholidays（暑假）/winterweather（冬天的天气）/timezone（时区）/eveningdress（晚礼服）/morningpaper（晨报）/Sundayedition（星期日版）/roosteryearstamp（鸡年邮票）/nightschool（夜校）但表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。如：yesterday’snews（昨天的消息）/anhour’sdrive（开车一小时的路程）注：名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。如：sportsmeet（运动会）/theUnitedStatesgovernment（美国政府）/studentsreading-room（学生阅览室）/goodstrain（货车）/twomendoctors（两个男医生）注意：a-seven-year-oldchild二、主谓一致1.语法一致原则语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语单复数形式上保持一致。（1）.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.（2）.由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。LucyandLilyaretwins注：*若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的复数形式就用单数形式。Thewriterandartisthascome.ThewriterandtheartisthavecomeTheirteacherandfriendisMr.Li.*由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Everystudenteveryteacherisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.(3)主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若方语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Inoticedthatawomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.(4)either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Weeachhaveanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter.注：*在口语中当either或neither后跟有of+复数名词（或代词）作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。43 Neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.*若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.(5)在定语从句里，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.(6)如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。People,police,cattle,militia,poultry等到名词都多用作复数。Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.而有些集体名词如family,class,crow,crowd,committee,population,audience等有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来确定。Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.HisfamilyarewatchingTV.ClassFiveisonthethirdfloor.ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.(7)由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，还有anumberof+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数）。如：Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.(8)如果主语是由akindof,aseriesof(aspecies)等+名词构成，谓语动词通常用单数形式。IsthiskindofbicyclemadeinShanghai?Therearemanykindsofpears.(梨)(9)在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.2.逻辑意义一致原则意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，钽意义为单数）。（1）.What,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.(2).表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式。Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.(3).若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.(4).表数量的短语“oneandahalf”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.=Oneappleandahalfisleftonthetable(5).算式中表示数目字的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.但也可作复数看待，谓语动词用复数形式。Ninetimestwomakeeighteen.(6).一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.(7).trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时（clothes被asuitof修饰）谓语动词用单数。如：Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.但若pair等为复数，谓语也用复数。如：Thetwopairsoftrousersarebroken.(8).“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.三．就近一致原则（1）当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?(2).therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom知识点训练：高考英语语法系列训练（二）冠词、数词知识点归纳1.不用冠词的情况（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。China,America,SmithAirismatter.（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。Thisdictionaryismine.（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。March,MayDay,NationalDay,Children’sDay,Women’sDayHaveyouhadsupper?Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。What’sthis,Father?Wemadehimourchairman.Asknursetoputthechildtobed.ProfessorLi.（5）学科名称、球类、棋类运动名称前不加冠词。Doyoustudyphysics?Helikesplayingfootball/chess.（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。Theyarepeasants/workers.（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。bycar,bybus,bybike,bytrain,byair/water/land但：takeabus,comeinaboat,onthetrain/bus需注意。43 （8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。①名词词组中：husbandandwife,brotherandsister,bodyandsoul,dayandnight,knifeandfork②介词词组中：to(at,from)school,in(to,at,from)university（college）,to（in,into,from）church,to(in,into,outof)prison(hospital,bed),to(at,from,outof)work,to(in,from)town,at(from)home,to(at)sea,atnight(noon,midnight),bycar(bus,bicycle,plane),onfootin(to)class,注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。inhospital住院（因病）inthehospital在医院（工作、参观等）infrontof在前面，指某物体之外inthefrontof在前部，指某物之内incharge负责，主管outofquestion没问题inthecharge由……负责outofthequestion不可能（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。Childassheis,sheknowsalotofFrench.尽管他还是个孩子……（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。Theyounggirlhasturnedwriter.=Theyounggirlhasbecomeawriter.（11）在单数名词+after+同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。Shedidexperimentafterexperiment.一个又一个实验类似的还有：shopaftershop,mistakeaftermistake（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。①“most+形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。Oh,it’smostbeautiful.它太美了②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。Sheisthetallestandfattestgirlinourschool.③当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。Themarketinthecountryisbusiestinwinter.④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。Awolfinasheep’sskinisourmostdangerousenemy.⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。…whyyoutookasecondarrow注意：下句中“afirst”表示“第一名、冠军”。Heisatopstudentinourclass,heoftengetsafirstinmaths.出类拔萃的学生……数学上常常得第一（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。Nosuchthinghaseverhappenedinthisvillage.这样的事情从来没有发生过。（14）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。Conferenceopens.会议召开了。2.定冠词的使用情况（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。①特指或第二次提到。②序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。③用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。（2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。①Shehithimintheface.她打了他的耳光。beatsb.onthenose,takesb.bythearm,patsb.onthehead②therich,thepoor,thewounded富人，穷人，伤员③theelderofthetwo,hemorebeautifulofthetwo两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个④Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。⑤Hegotpaidbythehour.他是按小时付工钱的。bytheyard/thedozen/themonth/theyear…但：byweight按重量⑥inthe50s/inthe1870s（表示年代）⑦theSmiths/theWhites（表示一家人或夫妇俩）⑧inthewater/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain⑨tellthetruth/ontheotherhand/onthewayhome⑩当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：Sheisfondofmusic.HeisplayingthemusicwrittenbyBeethoven.他在演奏贝多芬写的乐曲。Goodadviceisbeyondprice.I’msorrynottohavetakentheadvicehegave.他所给的建议3.不定冠词常用的几种情况（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。I’llreturninadayortwo.一两天（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。Wehavethreemealsaday.每天（3）表示“同一性”相当于“thesame”。Thechildrenareofanage.同龄（4）表示类指，表示“某类”。Hewantstobeadoctor.（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。Ahorseisausefulanimal.（6）表示某一个，相当于“acertain”。AMr.Smithisaskingtoseeyou.有个斯密斯先生（7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：apleasure一件乐事，asurprise一件令人惊讶的事，ajoy一件高兴的事，apity一件遗憾的事，anhonour一个（件）引以为荣的人(事)。（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。Whataheavyrain!多大的雨啊！Whatagoodsupper!Pleasegivemeablackcoffee!请给我一份弄咖啡。4.冠词表类别的常见方式（1）定冠词+单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。Thecomputerwasinventedin1945.电脑是1954年发明的。TheTVsetwasinventedbyJoanBaird.Thehorseisausefulanimal.（2）不定冠词+单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。Apenisatoolforwriting.Asquarehasfoursides.Ahorseisausefulanimal.注意：man,woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：Manisfightingabattleagainstpollution.Mantriestobetheprotectorofwoman.（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。Horsesareusefulanimals.Riceisakindoffood.5.冠词位置问题（1）不定冠词+副词+形容词+名词。Thisisaveryinterestingstory.（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather+不定冠词+形容词+名词。I’veneverseensuchafilm!Halfapoundofpork,please!Whatagoodideaitis!（3）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.令人愉快的一天Ican’tfinishthetaskinsoshortatime.如此短的时间Thisseemsnottoolongadistance.不太远的距离43 Wewonderhowdifficultaproblemheworkedout.一个难题Heisbraveenoughahuntertokillthebear.十分勇敢的猎手（4）定冠词位置。①half、twice、threetimes+the+名词Hepaidtwicethepriceforit.两倍的价格Theirhouseisthreetimesthesizeofyours.三倍大②all、both、double+the+名词Boththeblindmenweremistaken.两个盲人Allthestudentsinourclassareeagertoknowthesecret.所有学生Iofferedhimdoubletheamount,buthestillrefused.两倍的量数词重点聚焦1、序号表示法（1）单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。如：No.1第一号（2）事物名词的序号表达法有什所不同：①对于一些小序号可有序数词也可用基数词表达，形式分别为：the+序数词+名词；名词+基数词。如：第一次世界大战可以表示为theFirstWorldWar或WorldWarI。②对于一些大序号我们通常只用一种表达法，即名词+数词。如：501号房间表示为Room501,538路公共汽车表示为Bus538。③可用a/the+number+基数词+名词。如：aNo.5bus一辆五路公共汽车，theNo.8bus那辆8路公共汽车。2、倍数的表达方式一般情况下我们用以下三种倍数表达方式：（1）倍数用在as+形容词/副词（原级）+名词+as结构之前。如：Theyhavethreetimesasmanycowsaswedo.他们拥有的奶牛是我们的三倍多。（2）倍数放在形容词或副词的比较级之前或by+倍数用在比较级之后。如：Thisropeisfourtimeslongerthanthatone.Theyproducedmoreproductsin2001thanthosein2000bytwice.2001年的产品是2000年的两倍（3）倍数用在表示度量名词前，其基本结构为：倍数+the+size/length/weight…+of+表示比较对象的名词，也可用于倍数+what引导的从句中。如：Thisroomisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.Thecollegeistwicewhatitwas5yearsago.这个学院是5年前的两倍Youcan’timaginethatratseat40to50timestheirweight.3、大约数的表示方法（1）用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等数词的复数后加of短语来表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等大约数概念。如：Thelittleboybuysdozensofpencilseveryterm.数打铅笔Thousandsofpeoplediedintheearthquake.数千人EveryyeartensofthousandsofpeoplegotoworkinGuangdongProvince.（2）用、lessthan、under、below、almost、nearly、upto等来表示小于或接近某数目。如：HeisgoodatEnglish,sohecanfinishthepaperinlessthantwohours.不到两个小时（3）用morethan、over、above、beyond、ormore等来表示超过或多于某个数目。如：PekingUniversityhasahistoryofmorethan100years.有100多年的历史（4）用or、orso、about、around、some、moreorless等表示在某一数目左右。如：About50peoplewerepresentatthattime.（5）用to、from…to…、between…and表示介于两数词。如：Hissalaryrisesfrom20dollarsaweekto35dollarsaweek.从每周20美元涨到每周35美元（6）注意事项：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作数词表示确切数量时，不用复数。如：threescore,fivedozen,sevenmillion等。4、分数的表达方式（1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。如：one-third三分之一，three-sevenths七分之三。（2）分子与分母之间加in,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：oneinten十分之一，fiveineight八分之五。（3）分子与分母之间加outof,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：oneoutoften十分之一，fiveoutofeight八分之五。5、百分数的表示法（1）表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可，如：twentypercent百分之二十。（2）分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数＋of+冠词/限定词+名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致，如：Two-thirdsofthemoneywasspentonfood.Aboutseventypercentoftheearthsurfaceiscoveredbywater.6、小数的表示法小数的表示法，小数点前的总值发同其他数词一样，小数点用point,小数点后面的数读成个位数，如：9.65表示为ninepointsixfive。218.39表示为twohundredandeighteenpointthreenine。考点分析考点一：基数词的确指和不确指例1：____________peopleintheworldaresendinginformationbyE-maileveryday.(01年上海春季)A.SeveralmillionB.ManymillionsC.SeveralmillionsD.Manymillion答案为A。解析：本题考查的是million表示确切数量的用法。million前需用数表确切数量，而不用many这类词，但可说manymillionsof（上百万的），故本题中用Severalmillion。考点二：数词与主谓一致关系问题例2.：Thenumberofpeopleinvited__________fifty,butanumberofthem__________absentfordifferentreasons.(NMET96)A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were答案为C。解析：本题考查的是thenumberof+名词与anumberof+名词作主语时谓语的单复数问题。thenumberof是“……的数目”，作主语时谓语动词用单数，而anumberof后接可数名词的复数形式，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，故此题最佳选项为C。考点三：dozen和score的用法例3：Shortlyaftertheaccident,two_________policeweresenttothesporttokeeporder.(NMET92)A.dozensofB.dozensC.dozenD.dozenof答案为C。解析：此题考查的是数词dozen表示确切数量时的用法，dozen表示确切数量时用其单数形式，当dozens的复数后接of时则表示不确切数量，本题答案为C。考点四：序数词与主谓一致关系问题例4：_____ofthelandinthatdistrict____coveredwithtreesandgrass.(2000上海)A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are答案为C。解析：分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词。如果分子大于1，分母旧用序数词的复数形式。land为不可数名词，其2/2也为不可数，应用is考点五：数词表示倍数的问题例5：Papereveryyearis_______theworld’sproductionofvehicles.(1998上海)A.thethreetimesweightofB.threetimestheweightofC.asthreetimesheaveasD.threetimesasheavieras答案为B。解析：把表示倍数的词放在theweightof表示“……重量的几倍”。高考英语语法系列训练（三）形容词、副词知识点归纳一、概述（一）形容词的功能形容词用来作定语（前置和后置）、表语和补足语，形容词短语还可以用来作伴随状语。与the连用表示一类人或物，相当于名词来用Chinaisapowerfulsocialistcountry.强大的社会主义国家Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.重要的Thefilmissointerestingthatitisworthseeingagain.这部电影那么有趣，值得再看一次。Thenoisealmostdrovehimmad.使他发疯了Hewenthome,coldandhungry/fulloffear.又冷又饿/充满了恐惧Therichandthepoorliveverydifferentlives.注意：多个形容词作定语排列的次序43 限定语+数词（序数词/基数词）+描绘性形容词+size（大小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词aheavyblackChinesesteelumbrellatheman’sfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpaitings（二）副词的功能副词作状语，通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子Thisisexactlywhathewanted.副词作表语：MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyasFatherwasawayinFrance.副词作定语Onmywayhome,Isawanoldladysittingunderatreealone.（回家的路上）副词作宾补（副词构成复合宾语的情况较少）IsawMrsGreenoutwithherhusband.我看到MrsGreen出去了注意：副词在句子中位置问题▲几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.▲频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。▲副词作定语，定语后置：Thepersonthereiswaitingforyou.▲enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置▲else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语二、重点和难点1.形容词作定语后置的几种情况（1）形容词短语作定语时alanguagedifficulttomaster一门难以掌握的语言aleaningtowerabout180feethigh大约180英尺的斜塔（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语时amanalive（一个活着的人）。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.我有重要的事情告诉你。2.adj.和adv.的区别和联系①以ly结尾的adj.deadly,friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,silly,lively,brotherly,weekly②有无ly的副词意义、用法有别A.Someonefollowedmeclosebehindme.有人紧跟着我。Everyonefeltthathisremarkshitclosetohome.他的话击中了要害。Comeclosetomeandyou’lllistentomeclearly.Thesetwotopicsarecloselyrelated.这两个课题紧密相连。（close修饰介词短语、closely修饰动词和过去分词）B.Theyburiedthebodyverydeep.（具体）Hiswordsdeeplymovedme.（抽象）类似的词：high/highly,wide/widelyC.Hehardlyworkedhardatmathssohecouldnotpassthemathsexamination.D.Healwaysworkslateintothenight.Haveyoubeentothecinemalately(recently)?E.Themeetingproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.会见在极其友好的气氛中进行。Thepresentworldsituationismostfavorableforthepeople.当前世界形势对人民非常有利。Theyaremostlyvisitingscientists.=Mostofthemarevisitingscientists.③形副相同形式A.意义不一Shesaidwithahalfsmiletome.Wellbegunishalfdone.Thiskindofmaterialfeelsveryhard.Hefoundmodernartveryhardtounderstand.Heisworkinghardatmaths.Ifhewerewell,hewoulddotheworkwell.Beforeallsoundswerestill,hehadbeenthinkingforhours,butstillhecouldn’tdecide.Ican’tgoveryfast.Thedoorwasfastshut.门紧闭着。Hisfatherwasfastasleep.酣睡B.意义基本相同Hegotupsoearlythathecaughttheearlybus.Whatyouneedisasoundsleep.Hisfatherwassoundasleep.(Hisfatherwassleepingsoundly)(Theenemywassoundly/thoroughlydefeated.)还有类似的词：alone,far,,late,long,straight,daily3.表语形容词:awake,alone,afraid,alive,alike,asleep,well,ill,contentHewasilllastweekandnowiswellagain.Areyoucontentwithyourpresentsalary?IamcontenttoremainwhereIamnow.我愿意保持现状。注意：有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。Thatisanill(bad)idea.HestudiedEnglishwell.4.合成形容词（1）形容词+名词+ed：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的（2）形容词+形容词：red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的（3）形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的（4）副词+现在分词：hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的（5）副词+过去分词：hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的（6）名词+形容词：life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的（7）名词+现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的（8）名词+过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的（9）数词+名词+ed：four-storeyed4层楼的，three-legged3条腿的（10）数词+名词（名词用单数）：ten-year10年的,two-man两人的5.连系动词+形容词▲Wedon’tcareifahuntingdogsmells_____,butwereallydon’twanthimtosmell______.43 A.well,wellB.bad,badC.well,badlyD.badly,bad我们不在乎猎狗嗅觉灵不灵，但是我们确实不想让它闻起来有臭味。（发出臭味）▲Whathesaidsounds_________.A.nicelyB.pleasantlyC.friendlyD.wonderfully▲Theseorangestaste_______.A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewell(gobad,growloud,feelsoft/hard,provedifficult,keep/remainsilent,turngreen)6.形容词和副词的比较等级（1）原级比较表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构表示双方不相等时，用“notso(as)+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构XiaoWangisastallasXiaoYu.一样高Thisbuildinglooksnotso(as)highasthatone.不一样高MissXuspeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.一样流利（2）差别比较①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.更美②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示。Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.不及……美③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、alot、abit、alittle、still、much、far、yet、byfay等修饰。Heworksevenharderthanbefore.注意：byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the+比较级（主语+谓语），the+比较级（主语+谓语）”的结构（意为“越……越……”）。如：Theharderheworks,thehappierhefeels.他工作越努力，越是感到快乐⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构。如：Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.天气越来越冷了。Thegirlbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。HeissuperiortoMr.Zhanginchemistry.他的化学好于张先生的化学。⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthat(或theone)onthedesk.Aboxmadeofsteelisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.（3）倍数表达①Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.②Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。③Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.(4)最高级的用法。①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。ZhangHuaisthetallestofthethree.Heworks(the)hardestinhisclass.②最高级可被序数词以及much、byfar、nearly、almost、bynomeans、notquite、notreally、nothinglike等词语所修饰。如：Thishatisbyfar/much/nearly/almost/notnearly/bynomeans/notquite/nothinglikethebiggest.③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也没有比较级。④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。Heisthetallest(boy)inhisclass.⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。Ofalltheboyshecame(the)earliest.（5）使用冠词的情况。①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。Heisamostcleveryoungpoliceman.(most=very)Thefilmismostinteresting.(most=very)③表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。whoistheolderofthetwoboys?④在“the+比较级…，the+比较级…”结构中。表示一方随另一方程度而变化（6）由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语。①asmuchas+名词（表量）多达Eachstoneweighsasmuchasfifteentons.Shecouldearnasmuchastendollarsaweek.②asmanyas+名词（表数）多达Ihaveasmanyassixteenreferrencebooks.③asearlyas早在AsearlyasthetwelfthcenturytheEnglishbegantoinvadetheisland.④asfaras远到；就……而知（论）AsfarasIknow（就我所知），hehasbeentherebefore.注意：Wemightgoasfaras(走到)thechurchandback.⑤may(might,could)aswell不妨、不如Thenyoumightaswellstaywithushere.⑥as…ascanbe到了最……的程度，极其Theyareasunreliableastheycanbe.他们极其不可信。⑦as…asonecanHebegantorun,asfastashecould.⑧as…aspossibleJustgetthemtofinishupasquicklyaspossible.（7）特殊形式的比较等级的形容词和副词43 A．同词异行单词比较级最高级cruel~er,more~~est,most~often~er,more~~est,most~strict~er,more~~est,most~friendly~ier,more~~iest,most~farfarther,furtherfartherest,furtherestoldelder,oldereldest,oldestB．异词同形good,well:better,bestbad,ill,badly:worse,worstmany,much:more,most知识点训练I.经典试题回顾1.HespeaksEnglishwellindeed,butofcoursenot_______anativespeaker.(04上海)AasfluentasBmorefluentthanCsofluentlyasDmuchfluentlythan2.Mostpeopleonthisislandarerecreationalfishers,and________,fishingformsanactualpartoftheirleisuretime.（04上海）AaccidentallyBpurposefullyCobviouslyDformally3.Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe_______murderlastnight.（04江苏）AadvisedBattendedCattemptedDadmitted4.Itis________anywonderthathisfrienddoesn’tlikewatchingtelevisionmuch.（04广东）AnoBsuchCnearlyDhardly5.Thehusbandgavehiswife_______everymonthinordertopleaseher.(04重庆)AallhalfhisincomeBhishalfallincomeChalfhisallincomeDallhishalfincome6.______studentsarerequiredtotakepartintheboatrace.(04浙江)ATenstrongyoungChineseBTenChinesestrongyoungCChinesetenyoungstrongDYoungstrongtenChinese7.Thatdoesn’tsoundveryfrightening,Paul,I’veseen______.Whatdidyoulikemostaboutthefilm?(04湖南)8.Therearetwobuildings,_______standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.(04湖北)AthelargerBthelargerofthemCthelargeronethatDthelargerofwhich9.Mr.Smithusedtosmoke______buthehasgivenitup.(04天津)AseriouslyBheavilyCbadlyDhardly10.ItisreportedthattheUnitedStatesuses______energyasthewholeofEurope.(04内蒙海南)AastwiceBtwicemuchCtwicemuchasDtwiceasmuch11.-------Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?--------Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhim_________hebecameoneofthetopstudentsinhisgrade.(03北京春)AafterBunlessCuntilDwhen12.Manypeoplehavehelpedwithcannedfood,however,thefoodbankneeds______forthepoor.(NMET01春季)AmoreBmuchCmanyDmost13.Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando____thanwait.(NMET2001北京内蒙安微春季)A.moreB.otherC.betterD.any14.Iamsurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(an)____trick.X.(NMET01春季北京)A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simple15._____rolesheplayedinthefilm!NowondershehaswonanOscar.(NMET02春季上海)A.HowinterestingB.HowaninterestingC.WhatinterestingD.Whataninteresting16.Themagazineisa(n)_____number.Youcantakeitoutofthereading-room.X(NMET02春季上海)A.backB.pastC.oldD.former17.Itisgoodforelderlypeopletobe_____involvedincommunityservice.(NMET02春季上海)A.honestlyB.patientlyC.eagerlyD.actively18.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_____tocarryallthewayhome.(NMET2003)A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch19.Two-middleagedpassengersfellintothesea._______,neitherofthemcouldswim.(02春季北京)A.InfactB.LuckilyC.UnfortunatelyD.Naturally20.----I’mvery_____withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.(02春季北京)-----Mm,itdoeshavea_____smell.A.pleasant,pleasedB.pleased,pleasedC.pleasant,pleasantD.pleased,pleasantII.巩固练习1.JohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasa______car.A.largeGermanwhiteBlargewhiteGermanC.whitelargeGermanD.Germanlargewhite2.In______Chineseculture,marriagedecisionswereoftenmadebyparentsfortheirchildren.A.TraditionalB.historicC.remoteD.initial3.Somepeoplelikedrinkingcoffee,forithas______effects.A.promotingB.stimulatingC.enhancingD.encouraging4.Whenweplanourvacation,motheroffers______suggestions.A.carefulB.practicalC.effectiveD.acceptable5.Thegreatsuccessofthisprogrammehasbeen______duetothesupportgivenbythelocalbusinessmen.A.ratherB.veryC.quicklyD.largely6.---WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?---______wayasyou,please.A.EachB.EveryC.AnyD.Either7.Thenumberofpeoplepresentattheconcertwas______thanexpected.Thereweremanyticketsleft.A.muchsmallerB.muchmoreC.muchlargerD.manymore8.IgotthestoryfromTomand______peoplewhohadworkedwithhim.A.everyotherB.manyothersC.someotherD.otherthan9.Imustbegettingfat------Ican______domytrousersup.A.fairlyB.hardlyC.nearlyD.seldom10.Marykeptweighingherselftoseehowmuch______shewasgetting.A.heavierB.heavyC.theheavierD.theheaviest11.Therearemany_____computersinthedepartmentstore.A.lastB.laterC.latestD.latter12."HaveyoueverbeentoParis?""Yes,I"ve_____beenthere."A.onceB.everC.almostD.nearly13.Heuseshiscar_____forgoinghunting.A.mostlyB.mostC.almostD.nearly14.Themore____weunite,thestrongerwebecome.A.closeB.closelyC.closedD.closedly15.Hugginsdoestheworkwith_____care.A.bigB.veryC.muchD.great16.TheMississippiRiverislongerthan_____intheU.S.A.A.anyriverB.anyotherriversC.anyotherriverD.alltherivers17.Heissoillthat_____hopeisleft.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few18.____foodisbetterthannone.A.AnyB.LittleC.AlittleD.Every19."Whatdoyouthinkoftheheadmaster"saddress?""Iliked____ofwhathesaid."A.moreB.severalC.manyD.much20."Thiscakeisdelicious.""Well,atleastit"s______theoneIbakedlastweek."A.asworseasB.asbetterthanC.noworsethanD.notbetteras21."Jimseemstolikethiscountry.""Yesheis_____hereashewasathome."A.almostashappyB.ashappyalmostC.asalmosthappyD.almosthappy43 as22.I"msuresheexpectedtobeback_____.A.beforelongnowB.nowlongbeforeC.longbeforenowD.nowbeforelong23.Whichoneiscorrect?A.TherewardisworthyB.ThatworkisworthyofdoingC.ThisquestionisworthytoconsiderD.Thereisnothingworthyofbeingmentioned24.Thestarsare______whenthereisnomoon.A.thebrightestB.brightestC.morebrighterD.muchbright25.Heisthemostfamousmusician_____.A.liveB.aliveC.livingD.lively26.Wedon"tcareifahuntingdogsmells_______,butwereallydon"twanthimtosmell____.A.well,badlyB.well,wellC.badly,badD.bad,bad27.Thesalesmanshowedherseveralbagsandshechose_____oneasshedidn"twanttospendtoomuchmoneyonit.A.thelessexpensiveB.theleastexpensiveC.lessexpensiveD.leastexpensive28.ProfessorWhitehaswrittensomeshortstories,butheis_____knownforhisplays.A.thebestB.moreC.betterD.themost29.Hehadneverspenta______day.A.moreworryB.mostworryingC.moreworryingD.mostworried30."Areyouinterestedinheranswer?""Notatall.Itcouldn"thavebeen_____."A.worseB.betterC.sobadD.theworst31.It"sbelievedthat_____youwork,____resultyou"llget.A.theharder;abetterB.themorehard;themorebetterC.theharder;thebetterD.morehard;morebetter32.TheclimateofShanghaiinsummerisnotsohotas_____.A.NanjingB.ofNanjingC.thatofNanjingD.inNanjin33.Thoughhewasan_____,hewas_____inallkindsof_____.A.action,active,activityB.actor,actively,activityC.actor,active,activitiesD.activity,actor,active34.Itis_____totravelbyairthanbywater.A.muchmoreexcitedB.alotmoreexcitingC.alotmoreexcitedD.muchexciting35.ChinaDailyis_____anewspaper,soitishelpfultousall.A.nomorethanB.notmorethanC.morethanD.lessthan36.Thebookseemstobe_____likeadictionary______agrammar.A.more;thanB.much;thanC.many;ratherthanD.veryinsteadof37.ThisnewtypeofTVsetisverythin,anditis______thanaonehundred-pagebook.A.nothinnerB.nothickerC.notthinnerD.lessthicker38.Theboylooked_____,buthisweakbreathsuggestedhathewasstill_____.A.dying;aliveB.dead;livingC.dead;aliveD.dying;living39.Thewatermelonis_____ofthetwo.A.worsefarB.worstbyfarC.byfartheworseD.farworse40."I"maspoorasyou."Means"_____".A.I"mnotasrichasyouB.I"mnoricherthanyouC.You"rericherthanID.I"mevenpoorer41.Helooked_____andlooked_____atthepoliceman.A.calm,calmB.calmly,calmlyC.calmly,calmD.calm,calmly42.Whichofthefollowingsentenceiswrong?A.Hedidn"tcatchasmanybirdsashehadhopedB.Shelookedafterthechildrenasgentlyaspossible.C.Weoughttorestasmuchaspossible.D.Theyshouldworkhardaspossibleastheycan.43.Theysaidnothing,looking____attheheadmaster.A.sadB.worriedC.excitedD.coldly44Ican"tthankyou_____muchforyourkindness,becausewithoutyourhelpIcan"thavesucceededintheexamination.A.tooB.veryC.quiteD.that45.I"mnotsurewhattimeI"llarrive,maybehalfpastsevenoraquartertoeight._____,I"llbethereasearlyaspossible.A.AnyhowB.HoweverC.ThusD.Therefore46.He"saslowlearner.Thereisnoreason,_____,toexpel(开除)himfromschool.A.thoughB.otherwiseC.somehowD.therefore47.---You"dbetterbe_____aboutwhathappenedinyourfamily.---OfcourseIwillletnooneelseknowit.A.silentB.quietC.calmD.speechless48.---Didyouenjoyyourselfattheparty?---Sorrytosay.Ididn"t.Itwas_____ameetingthanaparty.A.moreofB.ratherlikeC.lessofD.moreorless49.Not_____,theprocessofchoosingnamesvarieswidelyfromculturetoculture.A.obviouslyB.surprisinglyC.particularlyD.normally50.Itisgenerallytruethatthelowerthestockmarketsfall,_____.A.thehigherthegoldpriceraisesB.higherthepriceofgoldrisesC.thehigherthepriceofgoldrisesD.higherthegoldpriceraises高考英语语法系列训练（四）代词知识点归纳代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大的灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1）机械地套用语法规则；2）用汉语思维去分析题意。从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。一.代词的分类单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusYouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词thisthatsuchthesethosesuch相互代词宾格eachotheroneanother所有格eachother’soneanother’s不定代词可数oneeach,many,(a)few,both,another,either.,neither不可数much,(a)little可数不可数anyotherallsome复合不定代词anyoneanybodyanythingsomebodysomethingsomeoneeveryoneeverythingeverybodynobodynothing疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat连接代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat关系代词whowhomwhosewhichthat二.代词的用法1.人称代词1)在句中作主语,用主格;在句中作宾语,则用宾格.如：Sheteachesthemphysics.2)在句中作表语,常用宾格。如：Whoisit?It’sme.43 但有时要用主格.如:ItwasIwhotoldhimthewholestory.在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故I用主格。3)两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时,其顺序是：单数按2,3,1人称排列;复数按1,2,3人称顺序排列.如:you,she,andI;we,youandthey2.物主代词1)形容词性物主代词只能作宾语如:Weloveourmotherland.2)名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语如:Yourcoatisblackwhilemineisred.3.反身代词1)用作宾语,表语或主语和宾语的同位语.HeteacheshimselfJapaneseeveryevening.Sheisnotquiteherselftoday.她今天身体不太舒服.Imyselfcanrepairthebike.2)含有反身代词的惯用语归纳与介词连用byoneself=alone独自foroneself独立;为自己与动词连用beoneself处于正常状态,显得自然enjoyoneself玩得愉快seatoneself坐下dressoneselfin穿着devoteoneselfto专心于献身于helponeselfto自行取用cometooneself苏醒makeoneselfathome不要客气4.指示代词1)this和that是近指,that和those是远指如:Idon’twantthisbook.Iwantthatone.2)有时为了避免重复,常用that/those来代表前面出现过的名词Atthistimeofyear,theweatherhereismuchcolderthanthatinNanjing.3)this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this;但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this,不能用that.此外,还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词,且后面带有of短语修饰Healthisabovewealth;thiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)Theycantaffordit.That/thisistheirproblem.WhatIwantyoutorememberisthis:Englishisofgreatuse.(此句中this不能用that替换)ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofSuzhou.4)such的用法such一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后如：Suchismyanswer.Sucharetheresultsoftheexams.Ihaveneverseensuchbeautifulflowers.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后suchagoodbook。5.相互代词1)在句中可作宾语Theyhelpeachotherandlearnfromeachother.2)加’s后成为所有格,作定语Theyaskedaboutoneanother’slifeandwork.6.不定代词不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别1)one、some与any的用法one可以泛指任何人,还可以在形容词和that,this等词后代替刚才提过的可数名词,其复数形式为ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作主语,同位语和宾语.Some和any通常用作定语,都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词,单数或复数名词,some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句,否定句中如：Oneshouldwashoneselfregularly.ThisfilmisnotasgoodastheoneIsawyesterday.Ihavesomebooks.Haveyouanybooks?Idon’thaveanybooks.注意：some可用于表示邀请或请求的问句中,预期的答案是肯定的,可鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复.如：Couldyouletmehavesomecoffee?(请求)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(邀请)some和any可用作主语和宾语.例如:Somearesinging,othersaredancing.Theydon’tlikeanyofthesefilms.另外,some,any,every,no与one,body,thing构成代词都作单数看待代词it和代词oneit是代词中使用频率最高的一个，它常常指代句中的名词.，one也可指代句中的名词注意it和one有下面三点不同：it=the(或thismyyourhis----)+单数名词one=a(或an)+单数名词it代替特定的单数名词one代替不特定的单数名词it的复数为they(宾格为them)one的复数为ones如：---Doyouwantthisbook?---No,Idon’twantit.---Doyouhaveabike?---No,Idon’t.ButI’llbuyonenextweek.此外,one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指,one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。如：Thisfilmisaninterestingone.Ofallthedresses,thisistheoneIlikebest.1)some(-body,-one,-thing)与any(-body,-one,-thing)some类代词多用于肯定句,any类代词多用于否定句,疑问句和条件句.但是some类代词也可用于疑问句或否定句,any类代词也可用于肯定句Didsomebodyphonemejustnow?刚才有人给我大电话了吧?Youcandoanythingyoulike.注意:any所修饰的名词或复合词any(-body,-one,-thing)用作主语时,后面不能有否定词.如果需要表达否定的意思时,要把any改为相应的完全否定句如：不能说：Anyonecannotdoit应说：Nobodycandoit.2)every类代词every类代词在形式上和语法上虽然是单数,但在意义上是复数.汉语的含义为　＂都＂如：――Iseveryonehere?――No.Mikeisnothere.3)each,every的用法each强调个别，可以充当定语，主语，宾语和同位语．Every强调整体，相当于汉语的＂每个都＂，在句中只作定语．如：Eachofushasadictionary.Wehavetwoboxeseach.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints.each所代表的数可以是两个以上，而every所指的数必须是三个以上．如：Eachofthetwohaswonaprize.Everyboyintheclasslikesfootball.4)none和no的用法no=notany,在句中作定语，修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语Thereisnowaterinthewell.Iknownoneoftheworkers.none43 代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数如：Noneofthegirlsisintheclassroom.5)many和much的用法many和much都表示许多,但是many用来修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词,都可作主语,宾语和定语如：Manyofthestudentslikesports.Thereisnotmuchwaterinthecupmuch有时用作状语如：Helikesplayingfootballverymuch6)few,little;afew,alittle的用法few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义,而afew和alittle表示一些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外,few与afew修饰可数名词,little与alittle修饰不可数名词,它们在句中常用作主语,宾语和定语如：TheoldmanknowsalittleEnglish.FewofthemcanspeakRussian.7)other与another的用法other泛指“另外的”,作定语,常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用,但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容词性物主代词时,则可与单数名词连用.如:otherstudents,allotherbeauty,nootherway,theotherone,anyotherboy,everyotherday,someotherreason等others是other的复数形式,特指“别的人或物”如：Somearesinging,othersaredancing.Heheldabookinonehandandsomelettersintheother.Ihavefivedresses.Twoofthemarenew,theothersareold.theother指“两者中的另一个”,常与one连用,作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的”如：Heheldabookinonehandandsomelettersintheother.theothers是theother的复数形式,特指“全部其余的人或物”如：Ihavefivedresses.Twoofthemarenew,theothersareold.another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”,“再一---”,“另一个”,作代词或形容词如：Ihavetwohandbags.Oneisbig,theotherissmall.Onepersonmaylikefootball,whileanothermayliketabletennis.8)all和both的用法这两个词都表示整体,但both指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物.在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语如：Thatisallfortoday.Allofusaremusiclovers.Welikebothofthestories.注意：all表示“一切,全部事情或情况”时,如用作主语,谓语动词用单数.9)neither和either的用法表示两者中的任何一个．两个词都表示单数，在句中可作主语，宾语和定语如：Neitheroftheanswersisright.---Wouldyoulikemilkorcoffee?---Eitherwilldo.10)noone和none,anyone和anyone及everyone和everyone的用法这三组词中前一个都泛指人，没有限定范围；　而后一个既可指人，又可指物，有一定的范围，可跟of短语，也可不跟．另外，none既可表示可数名词的概念，又可表示不可数名词的概念；而其余的都只能表示可数名词的单数概念。11)部分否定和全部否定both,all,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定如：Allofthemdon’tlikemusic.他们并不都喜欢音乐．要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none，noone，nothing，nowhere，never等词如：Thereisnobodyintheroom12)little,many,much,few可以有比较级和最高级形式13)afew,alittle被quite修饰时意思是“不少,相当多的”,被only修饰时表示“只有一点点,少量的”.few和little可以被修饰表示“极少,几乎没有”7.连接代词所有的疑问代词都可用作连接代词,来引起主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句Idon’tknowwhatshehasdone.8.关系代词关系代词whowhomwhosethatwhich是用来引起定语从句的,并在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语或定语Heisnolongerthemanthathewas.9.限定词的顺序the/hisfirsttwobooks,threeotherfilms,twomorechairs,thelast/past/recent/next/few/fiveyears,many/afew/threemorecopies,anothertendesks,allthe/yourlightbooks,all/boththesepictures,halfhislecture,allotherexerciseseveralhundredguests,suchatallman,no/some/all/few/other/onesuch----10.it的用法1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情.如:Thisbikeisnotmine.It’sPeter’s.2)用以代替提示代词this,that如：---Whatisthis?---It’sapen.---Whosebookisthat?---It’sMike’s.3)起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物如：---Whoisknockingatthedoor?---It’sme.---Whoismakingsuchanoise.---Itmustbethechildren.4)指环境情况等如：Itwasveryquietatthemoment.5)指时间,季节,天气,气候等如：---Whattimeisit?---Itiseighto’clock.Itoftenrainsinsummer.6)指距离如：Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.Itisalongwaytothefactory.7)作形式主语当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语如：Itisnoteasytofinishtheworkintwodays.Itisnotagoodhabittostayuplate.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.Itisapitythatyoudidn’treadthebook..8)作形式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前如：Ithinkitnousearguingwithhim.IfounditveryinterestingtostudyEnglish.Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject.9)用于强调结构要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语,状语,宾语),可以把it当作先行词.这种句子的结构是“Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”.如果强调的部分是人,可用whowhom代替that如：Imetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.此句各部分被强调后句型如下：ItwasIwho/thatmetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.Itwasanoldfriendwho/that/whomImetintheparkyesterday.ItwasintheparkthatImetanoldfriendyesterday.ItwasyesterdaythatImetanoldfriendinthepark.强调谓语动词可用do,does或did加动词原形,主要用于祈使句以及一般现在时,一般过去时的肯定句中如：Dobequiet.HedoeslikeEnglish.43 Theydidplayfootballeverydaywhentheywerestudyinginthemiddleschool.知识点训练I.经典试题回顾：1.Thereatthedoorstoodagirlaboutthesameheight_____.（04春季北京）A.asmeB.asmineC.withmineD.withme2.Someofthestampsbelongtome,whiletherestare______.（04春季上海）A.himandherB.hisandhersC.hisandherD.himandhers3.Ilike_______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(2004全国一卷)A.thisB.thatC.itD.one4.That"sanunpleasantthingtosayaboutyourfatherafter______he"sdoneforyou.(04吉林)A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.that5.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade_____fromsomewoodwehad.（04内蒙）A.itB.oneC.himselfD.another6.TheForeignMinistersaid,“_______ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.”（04北京）A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis7.There’s_____cookingoilleftinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget_____?（04北京）A.little;someB.little;anyC.alittle;someD.alittle;any8.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.（04北京）A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What9.IgotthestoryfromTomand________peoplewhohadworkedwithhim.（04天津）A.everyotherB.manyothersC.someotherD.otherthan10.Itiseasytodotherepair._______youneedisahammerandsomenails.（04天津）A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything11Playingtricksonothersis_____weshouldneverdo.（04湖南）A.anythingB.somethingC.everythingD.nothing12.Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor______.（04浙江）A.noneB.eitherC.anyD.each13.—WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?—_________wayasyouplease.（04福建）A．EachB．EveryC．AnyD．Either14.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,butunfortunately________couldn’tsparemeevenoneminute.（04重庆）A.theyB.oneC.whoD.it15.—Oneweek’stimehasbeenwasted.—Ican’tbelievewedidallthatworkfor_____.（04重庆）A.somethingB.nothingC.everythingD.anything16.Shedoesn’tknowanyonehere.Shehasgot______totalkto.（04广东）A.anyoneB.someoneC.everyoneD.noone17.Ihadtobuy_________thesebooksbecauseIdidn’tknowwhichonewasthebest.（04上海）A.bothB.noneC.neitherD.all18.Ihavedonemuchofthework.Couldyoupleasefinish______intwodays?（04辽宁）A．therestB．theotherC．anotherD．theothers19.Iwillneverknowwhatwasonhismindatthetime,norwill________.（04江苏）A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.nooneD.nooneelse20.-----Thereiscoffeeandtea;Youcanhave______.-----Thanks.（03全国）A.eitherB.eachC.oneD.it21.-----Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.-----Why_____?Johnissittingtheredoingnothing.（03全国）A.himB.heC.ID.me22.Shanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwehavedecidedtostayfor___twoweeks.（03上海）A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s23.Equippedwithmodernfacilities,today’slibrariesdiffergreatlyfrom_____.（03春季上海）A.thoseofthepastB.thepastC.whichofthepastD.thesepast24.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.(02NMET)A.thatB.oneC.itD.what25.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut______needalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.（01NMET）A.theyB.itC.oneD.which26.Bothteamswereinhardtraining;_______waswillingtolosethegame.（01上海）A.eitherB.neitherCanother.Dtheother.27.Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours,______canitbe?（01春季北京）A.whatelseB.whoelseC.whichelse’sD.whoelse’s28.SomeofthewheatisfromCanada.Whatabout______?（01春季上海）A.anotherB.theotherC.othersD.therestII.巩固练习1.Hercompositionisbetterthan_______A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.anyoneelse’sD.anyone’selse2.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but______didn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it3.Does_______matterifhecan’tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it4.Idon’tthink_______possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it5.Ihate______whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthfulloffood.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them6.------IsyourcameralikeBill’sandAnn’s?-----No,butitisalmostthesameas_______.A.herB.yoursC.themD.their7.Kateandhersisterwentonholidaywithacousinof_______.A.theirB.theirsC.herD.hers8.SarahhasreadalotofstoriesbyAmericanwriters.Nowshewouldliketoread_____storiesbywritersfrom_______countries.A.some;anyB.other;someC.some;otherD.other;other9.I’dbeenexpecting_______lettersthewholemorning,butthereweren’t______forme.A.some;anyB.many;afewC.some;oneD.afew;one10.------Whenshallwemeetagain?-----Makeit_______dayyoulike;itisallthesametome.A.oneB.anyC.anotherD.some11.Itisimpossibleforso______workerstodoso_______workinasingleday.A.few;muchB.few;manyC.little;muchD.little;many12.-----Wouldyoulikesomewine?------Yes.Just__________.A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.littlebit13.MarylearnedChineseforabouttwoyears,______is,from1993to1995.A.thisB.thatC.itD.she14.Ican’tfindmyumbrella________.A.whereB.whereverC.anywhereD.somewhere15.Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith_______A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing16.Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave_________.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one17.-------Whatdoyouthinkofthecake?-------It’snice.I’dliketohave________.A.someotherB.anotherC.othersD.other18-------Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet?------No,I’llfinishitin________tenminutes.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.less43 19.Youngpeoplemaygrowquicklyinsomewaysandmoreslowlyin_______.A.theotherB.someotherC.othersD.theseothers20.Theywerealltired,but________ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither21.Somepeoplewouldratherridebicyclesasbicycleridinghas_____ofthetroubleoftakingbuses.A.nothingB.noneC.someD.neither22.Don’tallspeakatonce!_________,please.A.EachatonetimeB.OnebyonetimeC.OneforeachtimeD.Oneatatime23.------CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?------I’mafraid_______dayispossible.A.eitherB.neitherC.someD.any24.Turner’smothertoldhimnottogothereanymorebuthehad______ofit.A.noneB.nothingC.someD.not25.Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.Ican’tremember_______.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that26.------Arethenewrulesworking?------Yes._______booksarestolen.A.FewB.MoreC.SomeD.None27.Fewpleasurescanequal_______ofacooldrinkonahotday.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those28.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,________personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which29.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroom,you’llhavetopay_______$15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each30.-------Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?--------Didn’twejusthave_________?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this31.Etheryouortheheadmaster_______theprizestothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.A.handsoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout32.SocialcustomsofAmericaaremorelike_______ofEnglandthanofanyothercountryA.thoseB.whatC.whichD.that33.------Lookatthatgirlatthestage.Sheisalreadyfifty.------You’rejoking.Shedoesn’tlook______.A.soB.itC.thatD.theone34.-----Didyoupassthefinalexam?-----No,I’mafraidI’llhaveahardtime,______isoftenthecase.A.itB.asC.thatD.what35.Theheadmasterasked______studentstobestrictwithourselvesineverything.A.usB.hisC.theD.our36.Thereis______doubtthathewillsucceedingettingthenewjob.A.someB.anyC.alittleD.no37.-------ShallItalktohiminEnglishorFrench?--------Doasyou,please.Hecanspeak______ofthem.A.oneB.bothC.neitherD.any38.Allthesebooksarenotsecond-hand,______ofthemarenew.A.allB.moreC.someD.each39.-------MayIhelpyouwithsomegloves,sir?-------Yes,I’dliketotryonthoseblue________.A.oneB.onesC.twoD.pair40._____Tom_____Mary_____youmorehelpeventhoughtheywereverybusy.A.Neither;nor;cangiveB.Either;or;oughttogiveC.Notonly;butalso;maygiveD.Both;and;mighthavegiven41.------Ishecontenttoacceptourofferedprice?-----Yes.Hecaresmoreaboutquality,moneyis_____tohim.A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something42.-------Thediseasehesuffersisnoteasytocure.-------Iknow,butishe_______better?A.muchBrather.C.anyD.little43.Suddenlysheheardaterriblenoiseand_____broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that44.Mr.Liisagoodman.Hethinksmoreofothersthan______A.heB.himC.hisD.himself45.-----Doyoureallytrusthim?------Whodoyouthink_____trust,ifnot______?A.Ican;heB.canI;himC.Ican;himD.canI;he46.Thechildsmiledwhen_____saw_____mother.A.he;herB.she;hisC.it;itsD.it;it’s47.Correctthemistakesineachlineif_______.A.soB.noC.anyD.some48..------Hello,whois____speaking?------______isTomspeaking.A.it;ItB.that;ThatC.that;ThisD.it;he49.____wholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelight.A.AnyoneB.YouC.ThatD.Those50._______oughttobenotroublebecauseheknewtheanswers.A.ItB.ThereC.HeD.That高考英语语法系列训练（五）介词连词知识点归纳一.介词的分类1.简单介词（如at,by,for,from,in,with,to,on）2.复合介词（如into,onto,within,outside）3.双重介词（如atabout,frombehind,fromamong,untilafter）4.短语介词（如infrontof,inspiteof,bymeansof,inadditionto等）；有的介词可兼作连词（如after,until等）二.介词的作用介词往往跟后面的宾语一起构成介词短语，在句中可充当以下成分：1.定语如Theboysinbluevestsarethestudentsofourschool.2.状语如CanyouwriteinEnglish?(方式状语)3.表语如Japanistotheeastofourcountry4.宾语补足语如Makeyourselfathome.（三）连词的分类和作用连词分为并列连词，又称为对等连词和从属连词两大类。1.常用并列连词：and,both…and,aswellas,or,either…or,nor,neither…nor,for,therefore,so,however,yet,still(然后，可是),but,notonly…butalso2.并列连词用来连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词等前后形式相同、语法作用一致的两个部分。前后两部分关系是对等的。3.常用从属连词：when,while,as,since,because,if,once,that,whether,until(till),unless,than,though(although),before,after,asif(asthough),aslongas(solongas),assoonas,evenif(eventhough),so…that,sothat,inorderthat,(hardly)…when,nowthat,(nosooner)…than,nomatter+疑问词，incase.4.从属连词通常用来连接主句和从句（包括省略句形式）。所连接的从句有三类：名词性从句；形容词性从句（即定语从句）和副词性从句（即状语从句）。有人称主从句为子母句，它们之间是从属的或依附的关系。（有关的从属连词的具体用法参见相关的从句部分。）注意：要灵活使用各类连词，即使是同一连词，也应认真分析。例如"that"可引导三类从句。(1)引导名词性从句(that无词义)；(2)引导状语从句（用于口语，=sothat，意为"以便"）如Hehurriedthathemightnotbelateforthelecture.(3)引导定语从句（that充当句子成分）。5.特殊连接词：某些特定的名词词组、介词短语或副词可作连词使用。例如下列词或词组可引导时间状语从句：themoment,theinstant,theminute(day,week,year),thefirst(second)time,thelasttime,bythetime,everytime,eachtime43 ,anytime,fromthetime,immediately,instantly等。IvisitedhimthedayIreturnedtomyhometown.Themachinewillstartinstantlyyoupresstheredbutton.四.常考易混的几种情况1.at,in,on和by表示时间1)at①表示时间的一点，时刻等atsunrise,atdaybreak,atdawn,atnoon,atdusk,atmidnight②较短暂的一段时间，某个重大节日等atnight,atmidsummer,atChristmas,atNewYear,attheSpringFestival2)in①用于某个较长时间（如年，月，星期，世纪，朝代，泛指的上、下午、傍晚等）②在一段时间之后Fatherwillbebackinaweek.3)on①具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日、某个星期几等Webegantoworkonourarrival.②某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上Ontheeveofvictory（胜利前夕）③准时，按时ontime4)by①不迟于，在（某时）前Hemusthavefinisheditbynow②在…间，在…时候Weworkbydayandsleepbynight.2.besides,except,but,exceptfor,exceptthat/when…1)besides表示"除了…以外，还有"，但用于否定句时，与except,but同义Wehavenootherbooksbesides(=except)these.2)except表示"（某人或某物）除外"TheyallwenttoseethefilmexceptJohn.3)but意为"除了"，与except同义。Except强调被排除的部分，but则强调整句的内容，常修饰否定意义的代词或疑问代词。Shecoulddonothingbutwaitforthenextbus.WhowouldplayalldaybutJack?4)exceptfor表示除去整体中的一部分，有"除了因为……（withtheexceptionof）"的意思，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.5)当except用于句首时，后面往往也要加上for.Exceptforthis,everythingisinorder.=Everythingisinorderexceptthis.6)连接从句时except后要用适当连词Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersareabitlonger.Hedoesmorningexercisesexceptwhenitisraining.3.in,to和on的表示方位1)in表示"在…之内"FujianliesinthesouthofChina.2)to表示在某范围之外的地方.FujianliestothesouthofZhejiangProvince.3)on表示"毗邻""接壤"MonglialiesonthenorthofChina.4.表示方向的to,for和toward(s)1)在"来往行动"类的动词之后表示方向时，常用to.如go,come,walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take2)表示"起程、出发、离开"类的动词之后，常用for。3)如果动词之后有"from…to…"这样的短语，即使第(2)类动词，也不用for。如AnewshipsetofffromEnglandtoAmericaonitsfirsttrip.4)表示"朝…方向"时，to和towards同义，常可互换。只是toward(s)仅仅表示方向，不表示到达，而to不仅表示方向，还表示到达。如：AllroadsleadtoRome.Itwillstopthesandfrommovingtowardstherichfarmlandinthesouth.注意：towards还有“快要到、快接近”的意思，紧跟在后面的名词前常不用冠词。5.介词的省略1)表示时间时，用在next,last,this,these,yesterday,tomorrow,one,any,every,each,some和all等词之前的at,on,in通常都省略。如：thisevening,yesterdaymorning,oneday,everyweek2)在某些名词词组前，可省，也可不省。如(at)thefollowingweekend,(on)thatday,(in)theyearbeforelast3)表示时间的for的省略，要看具体情况①以all开头的名词短语，表示延续的时间，for须省略Istayedwithherallthemorning.②表示一段时间的短语之前，for可省，也可不省We"rebeenhere(for)threeweeks.③否定句中for不能省。Ihaven"tseenhimfortenyears.④时间状语位于句首，不能省for.Forthewholesummer,thecollegestudentworkedasashop-assistant.五.介词与某些词类的搭配某些词类对介词有不同要求，即要求有固定的介词与其搭配，构成固定用法。1.名词与介词的固定搭配1)常与to连用的名词：attention,key,answer,visit,apology,devotion,contribution,introduction如：thekeytothetest,businessvisitstoAmerica,theintroductiontothebook2)常与in连用的名词：interest,satisfaction,expert如anexpertinswimming3)常与on连用的名词：mercy,congratulation如havemercyonsb4)其它常用"名、介"搭配：prizefor,respectfor,victoryover,strugglewith5)注意：汉语中表达"…的"，在英语中要用多个介词，应区别不同含久。如：afriendofmine我的一个朋友（of表示"属于"）aticketfortonight一张今晚的票（for表示"给…用"）astoryaboutLeiFeng雷锋的故事(about表示"关于")akeytothedoor这扇门的钥匙(to表示"对于")alectureonAmericanhistory一场关于美国历史的演讲（on表示"论述"）2.形容词与介词的固定搭配1)常与at连用的形容词:angry,good,bad,clever,terrified,surprised2)常与of连用的形容词：afraid,sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain3)常与with连用的形容词：angry,strict,careful,busy,popular4)常与in连用的形容词：weak,strict,rich,interested,successful5)常与to连用的形容词：next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,near,similar,due6)常与for连用的形容词：sorry,good,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry7)常与from连用的形容词：far,different,free,safe,absent,tired8)常与about连用的形容词：sorry,worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain说明：使用时要注意用一形容词与不同介词搭配的不同含义。如：Hewasangryatlosingit.（表"生气"的原因）Don"tbeangrywithhim.（表"生气"的对象）Heisgoodatmaths.(表"擅长于")Heisgoodtome.（表"对某人友好"）Itisgoodforhim.(表"对他有益")知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1.Ireadaboutitinsomebookoranother,doesitmatter_______itwas?（01京蒙皖春季）AwhereBwhatChowDwhich2.Perseveranceisakindofquality------andthat’s______ittakestodoanythingwell.（02上海）AwhatBthatCwhichDwhy3.Jasminewasholidayingwithherfamilyinawildlifepark______shewasbittenonthelegbyalion.（04上海）AwhenBwhileCsinceDonce4.Hegottothestationearly,______missinghistrain.（04江苏）AincaseofBinsteadofCforfearofDinsearchof5.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtookthesailorninemonths,_______thesailingtimewas226days.（04广西）AofwhichBduringwhichCfromwhichDforwhich6.Themotherdidn’tknow______toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewadout.(NMET2002)AwhoBwhenChowDwhat7.------Scientistssayitmaybefiveorsixyears______itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.（04福建）43 AsinceBafterCbeforeDwhen8.IthinkFatherwouldliketoknow______I’vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhimaquicknote.（04湖南）AwhichBwhyCwhatDhow9.Youshouldtrytogetagoodnight’ssleep_____muchworkyouhavetodo.（04湖北）AhoweverBnomatterCalthoughDwhatever10.Wecannotfigureout______quiteanumberofinsects,birds,andanimalsaredyingout.（04北京）AthatBasCwhyDwhen11.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.（04四川、吉林）AwhereBwhichCwhenDthat12.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,______,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.(NMET2000)A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what13.TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname______itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.(NMET2000)A.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough14.----DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?（NMET2001春季）----Yes,Igaveittoher______IsawherA.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once15.MarieCuriemadelittlenotice______thehonorsthatweregiventoherlateryears.(02春季上海)A.ofB.onC.aboutD.from16.Inordertomakeourcitygreen,_________.(02春季上海)A.itisnecessarytoplantmoretrees.B.manymoretreesneedtoplantC.ourcityneedsmoretrees.D.wemustplantmoretrees17.It_______longbeforewe______theresultoftheexperiment.(02春季上海)A.willnotbe,willknowB.is,willknowC.willnotbe,knowD.is,know18.Americanseat______vegetablesperpersontodayastheydidin1910(02春季上海)A.morethattwiceB.astwiceasmanyC.twiceasmanyasD.morethantwiceasmany19.---Youaresolucky.---Whatdoyoumean______that?A.forB.inC.ofD.by20.Inordertochangeattitudes______employingwomen,thegovernmentisbringinginnewlaws.(02春季北京)AaboutBofCtowardsDonII.巩固练习1.Theaccidentisreportedtohaveoccurred______ThefirstSundayinFebruary.AatBonCinDto2.Parentsshouldtakeseriouslytheirchildren’srequestsforsunglass_____eyeprotectionisnecessaryinsunnyweather.AbecauseBthoughCunlessDif3.Themaninsisted______ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.AfindBtofindConfindingDinfinding4.Ifeelthatoneofmymainduties_____ateacheristohelpthestudentstobecomebetterlearners.AforBbyCasDwith5.---IthinkGeorgedoesn’treallycareforTVplays.---Right,______hestillwatchestheprogram.AandBbutCorDso6.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied______hisworksunfinished.AforBwithCfromDof7.Itwaswithgreatjoy______hereceivedthenewsthathislostdaughterhadbeenfound.AbecauseBwhichCsinceDthat8.Standoverthere______you’llbeabletoseeitbetter.AorBwhileCbutDand9.Itwasevening______wereachedthelittletownofWinchester.AthatBuntilCsinceDbefore10.Amoderncityhasbeensetupin______wasawastelandtenyearsago.AwhatBwhichCthatDwhere11.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars______roadconditionsneed______.Athat;tobeimprovedBwhich;tobeimprovedCwhere;improvingDwhen;improving12.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.AItBAsCThatDWhat13.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework______myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.AsinceBwhileCwhenDas14.______youcallmetosayyou’renotcoming,I’llseeyouatthetheatre.AThoughBWhereCUntilDUnless15.Rosesneedspecialcare______thattheycanlivethroughwinter.AbecauseBsothatCevenifDas16.Thetrees______frontofthehallare_____thechargeofLaoWang.A.at,inB.in,byC.in,inD.from,in17._____thestudentslikesthepaintings.Whichiswrong?A.TheteacheraswellasB.NobodybutC.TheteachertogetherwithD.Allexcept18.WearegoingtothebookstoreinJohn’scar.Youcancomewithus______youcanmeetustherelater.AbutBandCorDthen19.Go______thegateandyouwillfindtheentrance_____thepark_____theotherside.A.through,to,onB.along,of,onC.down,to,atD.up,of,by20.Let"swalkover______thesunontheothersideofthestreet.A.inB.toC.underD.by21.Hisbest-knownworkthatis______allpraisecanbeseeninthemuseum.A.withoutB.beyondC.withD.within22.Childrenarelikelytoget_____ifnoonecaresabouttheirgrowth.A.outofhandB.awayfromthehandC.outofthehandD.awayfromhand23.Myuncleisgood_____me,butheisstrict_____metooandalwaystellsmetoestrict_____mystudy.A.for,with,atB.to,with,inC.for,in,withD.at,with,at24.Atthattimetheywereshort______money,thatis,theywere______needofmoney.A.with,atB.by,withC.for,forD.of,in25.Theyare_____thesamesize,though_______differentcolors.A.of,withB.to,inC.of,inD.in,in26.Thelecturewillbeheld______nextSundayafternoon,thatistosay,_______October13,______1996.A.on,on,inB.on,in,/C.on,in,inD./,on,/27.Lookback______thepastandlookforward______thefuture,wearefull_____confidence.A.to,to,ofB.upon,to,ofC.on,up,withD.into,up,with28._____thehelp______myclassmates,Imadeprogress_____allsubjects______physics.A.Under,from,in,exceptB.With,from,on,exceptC.Under,of,in,exceptforD.With,of,in,except29.He"sweak_____Englishgrammarbutstrong______rememberingnewwords.A.in,inB.at,atC.at,onD.in,at30.Iknowsheisslow_____understanding,butyouhavetobepatient______her.A.at,onB.on,atC.in,aboutD.at,with31.Givemeonemoreminute______I"llhavefinished.A.soB.untilC.whenD.and32.Don"tstandbythegate,______youcomein______yougoouttoplay.A.either,orB.neither,norC.not,butD.notonly,butalso33.Wasit_______hewasillthathedidn"tgothere?A.asB.whyC.becauseD.for34.Smokingdoesgreatharmtoourhealth._______issmokingallowedinpublicplaces.A.AtnotimeB.InnotimeC.AtatimeD.Atalltimes35.Don"ttrusthim.Heis_____sometricks.A.outofB.uptoC.awayfromD.outfrom43 36.Thehouseisbeautifulandcomfortable______itsdistancefromthemainroad.A.besidesB.butC.exceptD.exceptfor37.HerfluencyinEnglishgivesheranadvantage______othergirlsforthejob.A.aboveB.overC.thanD.with38.Yourideas_____mine.A.fitforB.fitinC.fitwithD.fitinwith39.TheTVsetwasrepairedbutnotquite______theowner"ssatisfaction.A.atB.forC.ofD.to40.Oneshouldspeakclearlyanditisthesame______writing.A.suchasB.withC.inD.as41.Hetakesgreatdelight_______painting.A.inB.forC.atD.of42.Comeandseemewhenever________.A.youareconvenientB.youwillbeconvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenienttoyou43.MichaelCruise,_____helpWhimperclimbedtheMatterhorn,wasoneofthefirstoftheprofessionalguides.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.withwhose44.Theresidents,______hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCrass.A.alltheirhomeB.allwhosehomesC.allofwhosehouseD.alloftheirfamilies45.Governmentcannotoperateeffectively______itisfreefromsuchinterference(干涉).A.solongasB.sothatC.unlessD.because46.WheneverImethim,_____wasfairlyfrequent,_______Ilikedhissweetandhopefulsmile.A.that,thatB.which,/C.it,thatD.it,so47.Itis_____youdealwithdifficultiesthatshows______youarereallylike.A.what,whatB.how,thatC.which,howD.how,what48.Wheneverthegovernmentincreasespublicservices,_____becausemoreworkersareneededtocarryouttheservices.A.employmenttoriseB.employmentrisesC.whichrisesemploymentD.theriseofemployment49.Watchingchildren,particularly_______theydon’tknowyou’redoingso,isreallyapleasure.A.asB.whenC.whileD.since50.NotthatJohndoesn’twanttohelpyou,________it’sbeyondhispower.butthatB.forthatC.andthatD.sothat高考英语语法系列训练（六）情态动词与虚拟语气知识要点归纳情态动词和虚拟语气在历年的高考中均为基础题中重点和难点项目。从高考题看，情态动词所表达的不同含义以及情态动词+havedone表示对过去情况的态度、看法是考查的重点。从高考题考查的虚拟语气的考点看，三种与事实相反的条件句和主句的基本结构是考查的重点，而用其它手段替代条件句、以及表示错综时间的虚拟语气是考查的难点。一.情态动词(一)基本用法1.can和could的用法1)表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许如：Mancannotlivewithoutair．---CanIgonow?---Yes，youcan．注意：could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can(即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)如：---Couldlcometoseeyoutomorrowmorning7---Yes，youcan.(否定答语可用No，I"mafraidnot．)2)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度．(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)如：Canthisbetrue?Howcanyoubesorude!ThiscannotbedonebyMary.3)表示（从理论上讲）可能性，“有时可能，有时会”如：Evenexperiencedteacherscanmakemistakes.Ourhouseisonthetopofthehill.Itcanbeverycoldinthewinter.2.may和might的用法1)表示许可。在表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn"t，表示"不可以"、"禁止"、"阻止"之意如：Youmaydrivethecar．---Mightluseyourpen?---No，youmustn"t.用MayI．．．征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用CanI．．．征询对方意见更为常见。2)用于祈使句中表示祝愿如：Mayyousucceed!3.must和haveto的用法1)表示必须、必要。如：Youmustcometoschoolintime．回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn"t，而要用needn"t或don"thaveto--MustwehandinourEnglishexercisebooks?--Yes，youmust．(NO，youdon"thaveto.)2)haveto的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但must与haveto有下列几点不同：①must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而haveto则往往强调客观需要如：Thefilmisnotinteresting．Ireallymustgonow．IhadtoworkwhenIwasyourage．②must只有一种形式，have则涉及人称、时态等方面的变化形式③二者的否定意义大不相同。如：Youmustn"tgo．(带有很强的语气)表示"禁止、不允许"Youdon"thavetogo．=Youneedn’tgo.(表示"不必")④询问对方的意见时应用must，如：Mustlcleanalltheroom?4.dare和need的用法1)need表示"需要"或"必须"，作情态动词，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must，haveto，oughtto或should代替。如：Youneedn"tbuythebook．--Needlfinishtheworktoday?一Yes，youmust．2)dare作情态动词，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：HowdareyousayI"munfair?HedarenotspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd，darehe?3)dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面既可接带to的不定式，也可接或不to的不定式。如：Idaretoswimacrossthisriver．Hedoesnotdare(to)answer．Don"tyoudare(to)touchitIwonderedhowhedare(to)saythat．Heneedstofinishitthisevening.5.shall和should的用法1)shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：Whatshallwedothisevening?2)shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示,也是高考热点如：Shallwebeginourlesson?Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?Shallhecomeinorstayoutside?3)shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁,也是高考热点如：Youshallfailifyoudon"tworkharder．(警告)Heshallhavethebookwhenlfinishreading．(允诺)Heshallbepunished．(威胁)4)should表示劝告、建议、命令时也可用Oughtto。但oughtto语气重，含有"按道理应该……"之意，43 用should时表示自己的主观看法，如要反映客观情况或涉及法律、义务和规定时一般用oughtto。在疑问句中,通常用should代替oughtto。如：Youshouldgotoclassrightaway.Shouldlopenthewindow?should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种特殊用法，也是高考热点：①情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。如：Ishouldthinkitwouldbebettertotryagain.我倒是认为最好再试一试。Youaremistaken，Ishouldsay.依我看，你是搞错了。Ishouldadviseyounottodothat.我倒是劝你别这样做。Thisissomethinglshouldhavelikedtoaskyou.这是我本来想问你的。②should还可以用在if引导的条件从句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于"万一"的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句却不一定用虚拟语气。如：Askhertoringmeupifyoushouldseeher.你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind，pleaseletusknow.万一你改变主意，请通知我们。Shouldl(IfIshould)befreetomorrow，Iwillcome.万一我明天有时间，我就来。③Why／How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为"竟会"如：Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?你今天怎么来得这么晚?--WhereisBettyliving?贝蒂住在哪里?--Howlshouldknow?我怎么会知道呢?ldon"tknowwhyyoushouldthinkthatldidit.我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。6.will和would的用法1)表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：Wouldyoupassmethebook?2)表示意志、愿望和决心如：Iwillneverdothatagain.Theyaskedasifwewoulddothatagain.3)用"willbe"和"will+have+过去分词"的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：Thiswillbethebookyouwant．Hewillhavearrivedbynow。4)would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比usedto正式，并没有"现已无此习惯"的含义。带would的句子不宜用在故事开头如：Thewoundwouldnotheal(愈合)．Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek．Inwintermorningshewouldsitatthegatewaitingforhisson.5)表示料想或猜想如：Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome．Ithoughthewouldhavetoldyoua11aboutit．7.Oughtto的用法1)oughtto表示应该。如：Yououghttotakecareofhim．2)表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：Hemustbehomebynow。(断定他已到家)Heoughttobehomebynow．(不十分肯定)Thisiswheretheoilmustbe．(比较直率)Thisiswheretheoiloughttobe．(比较含蓄)8.can和may表示可能性我们在谈某事发生的可能性时，可以用can，may,can通常在表达一种可能性时是指"理论上的可能性"，并不牵涉是否真的会发生。如：Accidentscanhappenonsuchrainydays．can通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性，要表示某事发生的实际可能性时，我们用could，may或might。如：Willyouanswerthephone?Itmaybeyourmother．can也不能表达某事将会发生的可能性，而要用may或might表示。如：Wemaygoclimbingthissummer．(不能说Wecangoclimbingthissummer．)(二)情态动词十havedone（考查重点）1.can／could+havedone用于疑问句或否定句时，表示对过去情况的推测。Couldhavedone也可用于肯定句，表示"可能已经……"的意思；此外，它还可表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为"本来可以(可能)……"Youcouldhavedonebetter，butyoudidn"ttryyourbest．IsawMr．Zhangjustnow．Hecouldn"thavegonetoBeijing．2.may／might+havedone一般只用于肯定句或否定句，不用于疑问句，表示对过去情况不肯定的推测，意为"也许已经(没有)……"。mighthavedone还可用来表示"本来可能……，"但实际上没发生的事如：Hemay(might)havegonehome．Hemaynothavefinishedthework．Youshouldnothaveclimbedthathill．Youmighthavekilledyourself．另外，might+havedone还可以表达"本来应该或可以做但没有做某事"之意，含有轻微的责备口吻。如：Youmighthavegivenhimmorehelp，thoughyouwerebusy．3.must+havedone只用于肯定句，表示对过去情况肯定的推测，意为"想必，一定做了某事"。如：Itmusthaverainedlastnight，fortheroadwasquitemuddy·注意：如果要表示对过去情况否定的推测，不能用mustn"t，要用can"thavedone或couldn"thavedone来表示："不可能做了某事"。如：Hecan"thavebeentoBeijing，forheknowstoolittleaboutit．4.needn"t+havedone通常用于否定句或疑问句中，表示不必须做的事情却做了。如：Youneedn"thavetoldherthenews,forIhadtoldherearlier．注意：didn"tneedtodo表示"没必要做而实际上也没有做某事"。如：Ididn"tneedtocleanthewindows．Mysisterdidit．5.should／oughttohavedone表示"应该做的事情没做"，shouldn"t／oughtnottohavedone表示"不应该做的事情却做了"。如：Youshouldhavecometothemeetingearlier．6.Hadbetter+havedone用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为"当时最好做了某事"。其否定式hadbetternot十havedone表达相反的含义；如：Youhadbetterhavestartedearlier．7.Wouldrather十havedone表示"当时宁愿做了某事"，wouldrathernothavedone表达相反含义，两者都含有"后悔"之意。如：Iwouldratherhaverefusedhisoffer．Iraisedobjectionsatthemeeting,butnow1wouldrathernothavedonethat.(三)情态动词表示对当前情况推测的用法某些情态动词+be+adj．／n．／doing表示对现在情况的推测。must用于肯定句，表示"一定在……，谁是……"；may／might用于肯定句或否定句．表示"也许是(在)……"或"也许不是(在)……"或"也许不是(在)……"；can／could用于否定句或疑问句，表示"不可能是(在)……"或"可能是(在)……吗"。Youcan"tbeserious．Ihearwaterrunning．Hemustbehavingabath.(四)易用错的情态动词1.could／would／might用于疑问句往往表示说话者的委婉语气，而非表示过去时Wouldyoulendmeahand?--Couldluseyourdictionary?一Yes，youcan．--Mightluseyourpen?--No，youmustn"t.2．can与beableto：can表示有能力做某事，beableto表示通过努力、克服困难做成某事如：Althoughhislegwashurt,hewasabletoswimtothebank.3．can"t和mustn"t；can"t多表示"没能力""或否定的推测，也可表示"不可以，不允许"等含义，而mustn"t表达"禁止，不允许"含义时更常用，而且语气更强如：Mancan"tlivewithoutair．Hecan"tbethatfoolish.Studentsmustn"tsmoke．二.虚拟语气(一)三种基本情况的谓语动词形式所述情况从句主句与现在事实相反If+主语+动词过去式(be动词用were)主语十would/could/might/should+动词原形与过去事实相反If+主语+动词过去完成式主语+would／could／might／should十have+过去分词与将来事实相反①If+主语+动词过去式②If十主语十wereto十动词原形,主语十would／could／might／should+动词原形③If+主语+should+动词原形，需要注意以下几点：1.be动词在表示与现在事实相反的从句中一般用were。在非正式情况下，第一、第三人称后偶尔也用was。如：Ifhewereyou，hewouldgoatonce.43 2.主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would，could以及might可以用于各种人称.3.在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中，只能用should，而不能用would，could和might等如：Ifitshouldraintomorrow，wewouldnotgocamping．(shouldrain也可以用rained，weretorain代替)4.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为"错综时间条件句"动词的形式要分别根据它所表示的不同时间作相应的调整如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow．(二)含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来替代条件句.1.用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with，without，butfor等如：Wecouldn"thavesucceededwithoutyourhelp(=ifwehadn"tgotyourhelp)．Butfortherain(=Ifithadn"tbeenfortherain)，wewouldhavefinishedthework．2.用不定式短语来替代条件句。如：Itwouldbeonlypartlyrighttodoitinthisway(=ifwedoitinthisway．)3.用定语从句代替条件句。如：Anationwhichstoppedworkingwouldbedeadinafortnight(=Ifanationstoppedworking,itwouldbedeadinafortnight.4.用一个副词或连词but/otherwise/ord等表示虚拟条件和真实情况交织在一句中如：Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday，or(=Ifhehadn"ttelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday)Iwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.Theremighthavebeenaterribleaccident,buthebrakedthecarbeforeitwastoolate=ifhehadn’tbrakedthecarbeforeitwastoolate..5.用分词短语或独立主格结构来替代条件句如：Everythingtakenintoconsideration(=Ifeverythinghadbeentakenintoconsideration)，theywouldhaveraisedtheiroutputquickly．(三)常用虚拟语气的句型在下列句型中，常用"should+动词原形"且should可以省略1.在动词demand，order，require，insist，suggest等后that引导的宾语从句中如：Thedoctorsuggested／insistedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays．注意：当suggest作"暗示、表明""讲，insist作"坚持说"讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，后边that从句不用虚拟语气。如：Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything．Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasangry．2.在名词advice，order，suggestion，request等后边that引导的同位语从句，或这些名词作主语时后面that引导的表语从句中如：Weallagreedtohissuggestion(that)we(should)giveuptheplan．Myideaisthathe(should)acceptthejob．3.在Itis十形容词(necessary，natural，strange，etc．)十that从句中。如：It"snecessary／important／natural)thatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.4.在Itis／wasapity(ashame，nowonder，etc．)十that从句中。如：Itwasapity／ashame／nowonderthatourteamshouldlosethegame．当然上面3、4两类的that从句中也可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。如：Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday·Itisapitythatyoucan"tdance.(四)Itis(high／about)time(that)．．．句式中常用动词的过去式。此句型表示"该……"，用来表示提议。如：Itishightimewestartedout．(五)用动词的过去式表示与现在事实(或将来事实)相反，用动词的过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的句型。1.asif(though)引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中。如：Helooksasif／thoughhewereanartist．2.Wouldrather后的宾语从句中。如：I"dratheryoudidn"tgothere．3.Ifonly引导的感叹句中，“要是┅┅就好了”。如：IfonlyIwereabird．(我要是只鸟就好了。)(六)省略if的情况如果从句中含有系动词、情态动词或助词时，可省略if把从句中的were，had或should提到其主语前形成倒装结构。如：WereIyou，Iwouldn"tdothat．Hadyoucomeearlier，youwouldhaveseenhim．·Shoulditraintomorrow，1wouldstayathome．(七)虚拟语气表示委婉语气的句型would，could等词也常被用来表示委婉语气。如：Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptolate.Wouldyoubesokindastoshowmetheway?知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1.Oh,I"mnotfeelingwellinthestomach.I____somuchfriedchickenjustnow.(02春季上海)A.shouldn"teatB.mustn"thaveeatenC.shouldn"thaveeatenD.mustn"teat2.HowIwisheveryfamily____alargehousewithabeautifulgarden.(02春季上海)A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad3.--Ihearyou"vegotasetofvaluableAustraliancoins.____Ihavealook?--Yes,certainly.(02春季上海)A.DoB.MayC.ShallD.Should4--Iheardtheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.--It____truebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.（02北京）A.maynotbeB.won"tbeC.couldn"tbeD.mustn"tbe5.Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidates____remainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.A.canB.willC.mayD.shall(02上海)6.Aleft-luggageofficeisaplacewherebags______beleftforashorttime,especiallyatarailwaystation.(NMET03)A.shouldB.canC.mustD.will7.How____yousaythatyoureallyunderstandthewholestoryifyouhavecoveredonlypartofthearticle?A.canB.mustC.needD.may(03上海卷)8.—Isn"tthatAnn"shusbandoverthere?—No,it_______behim-I"msurehedoesn"twearglasses.(04河南/北、安徽、江西)A.can"tB.mustnotC.won"tD.maynot9.You______betired.You"veonlybeenworkingforanhour.(04四川、吉林、黑龙江、云南）A.mustnotB.won"tC.can"tD.maynot10.Ioftenseelightsinthatemptyhouse.DoyouthinkI_____reportittothepolice?（04内蒙、海南）A.shouldB.mayC.willD.can11.Mr.White_____at8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’t’showup.（04内蒙、海南）A.shouldhavearrivedB.shouldarriveC.shouldhavehadarrivedD.shouldbearriving12.—Whoisthegirlstandingoverthere? —Well,ifyou______know,hernameisMabel.（04天津）A.mayB.canC.mustD.shall13.—Excuseme.IsthistherightwaytotheSummerPalace?—Sorry,Iamnotsure.Butit_______be.（04湖北）A．mightB．willC．mustD．can14.----Excuseme,butIwanttouseyourcomputertotypeareport.----You______havemycomputerifyoudon"ttakecareofit.(04湖南）A.shan"tB.mightnotC.needn"tD.shouldn"t15.I____payTracyavisit,butIamnotsurewhetherIwillhavetimethisSunday.(04浙江)A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could16.—Goforapicnicthisweekend,OK?—_______.Ilovegettingclosetonature.(04福建)A．Icouldn’tagreemoreB．I’mafraidnotC．IbelievenotD．Idon’tthinkso17.—I’lltellMaryabouthernewjobtomorrow.43 —You________herlastweek.(04福建)A．oughttotellB．wouldhavetoldC．musttellD．shouldhavetold18.“Theinterest______bedividedintofiveparts,accordingtotheagreementmadebybothsides,”declaredthejudge.(04重庆)A.mayB.shouldC.mustD.shall19.Childrenunder12yearsofageinthatcountry________beunderadultsupervisionwheninapubliclibrary.(04上海)A.mustB.mayC.canD.need20.—Mum,I’vebeenstudyingEnglishsince8o’clock.______IgooutandplaywithTomforawhile?—No,I’mafraidnot.Besides,it’srainingoutsidenow.(04辽宁)A．Can’tB．Wouldn’tC．MaynotD．Won’t21.---Idon"tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.---You_______.I"mnotaskingyouforit.(04江苏)A.mustn"tB.maynotC.can"tD.needn’tII.巩固练习:1.---Youdidn"tinviteJohntotheparty?---_____him,too?AMustIinviteBMustIhaveinvitedCShouldIinviteDShouldIhaveinvited2.Nighthasfallen,wehavetostayhereforthenight,____?Adon"tweBhasn"titCmustn"tweDdoesn"tit3.--Wouldyoupleasenotthrowyourshoesonthefloor?--IamsorryI__doitagain.Aneedn"tBcan"tCwouldn"tDwon"t4.Itriedtocallonyoulastweekbutyourdogsimply____notletmecomethroughthegateAcouldBwouldCmightDshould5.---Amanisaskingtoseeyou._____hecomein?----Lethimin.A.MustB.ShallC.WillD.Dare6.She____terriblytiredlastnight.Shehadbeenworkingwithoutabreakforovertenhours.AmaybeBhadbeenCusedtobeDmusthavebeen7.Dotellmewhatyou"dlikeforyourbirthday,dear,______?AwillyouBdoyouCdon"tyouDcan"tyou8.--Doyouregretpayingfivedollarsforthebook?--No,I_____twiceasmuchforit.AwouldgladlyhavepaidBhadgladlypaid9.–Don’tforgettowritetomewhenyougethome.--_____.AImustBIshouldCIwon’tDIwill10.We____lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.AmusthavestudiedBmightstudyCshouldhavestudiedDwouldstudy11.Theywouldhaveboughtthathouse,whichstoodatthefootofthehill,____atthattime.A.thoughtheyhadn"thadenoughmoneyB.otherwisetheyhadn"tenoughmoneyC.iftheyhadenoughmoneyD.buttheydidn"thaveenoughmoney12.Asittunedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we____soformally.A.needn"tdressupB.couldn"thavedressedupC.didn"tneeddressupD.needn"thavedressedup13.--MightIwatchTVaftersupper?-Yes,you____AmayBmustCmightDcan14.Ifyoulistentome,you____havesomecandies,Tommy.A.areabletoB.shallC.mustD.need15.YoumusthavebeentoLondonformanytimes,_____you?Amustn"tBdidn"tChaven"tDmaynot16.--Whatdoyouthinkofit?--Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit____donesoon.A.isB.istobeC.beD.tobe17.--Alice,whydidn"tyoucomeyesterday?--I____,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.AhadBwouldCwasgoingtoDdid18.Inthesummervacationwe____oftentakeawalkalongtheriver.AmightBcouldCwouldDshould19.----WhydoesSaraknowsomuchaboutAngkorWat?----She_____havebeenthere,or…AmustBoughtn"ttoCmayDcan"t20.Thelinewasbusy.Someone_____thetelephone.AmayhaveusedBmusthavebeenusingCmaybeusingDmustbeusing21.Hewaslateforclasstoday.Butfortheheavyfog,he____anhourearlier.AcouldcomeBcouldhavecomeCweretocomeDshouldcome22.I"msureyou"drathershestayedinFrance,_____?Awouldn"tyouBdidn"tyouCshouldn"tyouDcouldn"tyou23.Michael____beapoliceman,forhe"smuchtooshort.Aneedn"tBcan"tCshouldDmay24.____Ihadtime,Iwouldhaverunroundthatlakeagain.AIfBUnlessCHadDWhen25.Ifyoureallywantyourselftobeingoodhealth,you____always____somuch.Amustn"t;besmokingBneedn"t;smokeCwon"t;besmokingDcan"t;smoke26.It"sstrangethattheboy____withoutsayinggood-byetotheteacher.AmusthaveleftBhaveleftCcanhaveleftDmayhaveleft27.Hewastakenawaybythepolice.He____forathief.AmustmistakeBmustbemistakenCmusthavebeenmistakenDmusthavemistaken28.I____opera,butnowI"mgettinginterested.AwasusedtolikeBdidn"tusetolikeCusedtolikeDwasusedtoliking29.She"salreadyanhourlate,What_____toher?AcanhavehappenedBmayhappenCshouldhavehappenedDmayhavehappened30.Whenafriendofminegavemeaticketforthegame,I____go.Acouldn"thelpBcan"tbutCcouldn"thelpbutDjusthaveto31.Withoutelectricity,humanlife_____quitedifferenttoday.AisBwillbeCwouldhavebeenDwouldbe32.Yesterday,Janewalkedawayfromthediscussion.Otherwise,she____somethingshewouldregretlater.AhadsaidBsaidCmightsayDmighthavesaid33.____itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangPuBridge.AWereBShouldCWouldDWill34.Jane"spalefacesuggestedthatshe____ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe____amedicalexamination.Abe;shouldhaveBwas;haveCshouldbe;hadDwas;has35.Ileftveryearlylastnight,butIwishI____soearly.Adidn"tleaveBhadn"tleftChaven"tleftDcouldn"tleave36.Thetwostrangerstalkedasifthey____friendsforyears.AshouldbeBwouldbeChavebeenDhadbeen37.Jimwouldrather_____now,butwemustgotowork.Athatwedon"tleaveBwenotleaveCwedidn"tleaveDournotleaving38.Ididn"tcalltomakemyfriendattendthemeeting,butI____AshouldhaveBmayhaveCmusthaveDshallhave39.Itwasrequiredthateachstudent____enoughfoodonthetrip.AbringBbroughtCwouldbringDhadbetterbring40.Kunarcantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhe____me43 how.AteachesBwillteachChastaughtDwouldteach41.Ifyouchildren_____doasItellyou,you____gototheparty.Awon"t;shan"tBdon"t;won"tCwon"t;shouldn"tDdon"t;hadbetternot高考英语语法系列训练（七）动词的时态和语态知识要点归纳英语共有十六种时态，下面将常用时态的主要用法归纳如下：1.一般现在时的基本用法1)表示经常或习惯性的动作.2)表示人的能力、职业、特征等.3)表示客观存在4)表说明时刻　　2.一般现在时的特殊用法1)一般现在时表“现在”时可与现在进行时交替使用，如a.Heiswearingatallhatandcarriesanumbrella.b.Theboyislookingathiminastonishmentandsaysnothing.2)表完成的动作Now,look,Iopenthedoor.（表示范性动作）也可表示宣布或声明要做什么NowRadioBeijingpresentsMusicfromChina.TodaywebegintostudyLesson8.还用在下列感叹句中a.Theregoesthebell!b.Herehecomes!3)表过去a.Icometoapologize.（come在此表“我现在已在此”这一事实）b.Whatwindblowsyouhere?c.Whydoyoucomesolate?★这种表过去的一般现在时可以和why,how,where,what连用，但不可与when连用4)表将来a.HereIgiveyousomemoreexamples.（说话时，动作尚未开始，但即将开始）b.Whydon’tyoutrythebaker’sshoponWellsStreet?5)表预定的行为一般现在时要表将来的但已事先安排好的动作。这种安排很固定，不容轻易改变，多用于转移动词，如go,come,arrive,leave,start,sail等，往往后接时间状语。a.Thetrainleavesat9:00p.m.b.TheBrownsarriveat7thisevening.c.Whendoyoustart?3.一般过去时1)表过去的动作①Iwroteacompositionyesterday.②Ireadabooklastweek.2)表死者的动作与状态---Whoisthemaninthepicture?（问者不知其人已死，故用is）---Hewasmyfather.（答者用was，表明其父已死）3)表现在、将来与过去的将来①Ididn’tknowyouwerehere.（were实际上指现在）②Didyouwantanythingelse?（表委婉客气）③Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.（委婉）④IntheyearstocomeitwillbeagreatthingforamantosaythatIdiedherelikeahero.（died在此表未来）⑤Hetoldmethatschoolopenedthefollowingmorning.（opened表过去的将来）4)表过去的过去表“过去的过去”时，如不是强调先后、因果等关系，常要用一般过去时，这种一般过去时可用于从句中①Isawwhathewrote.（wrote在此表过去的过去，用于宾语从句中）②Didyoufindthepenyoulost.（lost表过去的过去，用在定语从句中）③IwasrecoveredsoonerthanIexpected.（expected表过去的过去，用在比较状语从句中）★在口语中，表意愿的动词mean等的过去式相当于过去完成时hadmeantImeanttogototheconcert,butIwasbusy.★英语里的“过去的过去”有时亦可用一般过去时表示Iwastoldthatshehadlivedheresinceherhusbanddied.(died在此表示“过去的过去”)5)表示在过去时间内经常或习惯性动作或状态。①Whenwewerechildren,wealwayshadalotofquestionstoask.②Sheliketositunderthetreereadingsomethinginthosedays.4.一般将来时1)表示将要发生的动作或情况①Whenwillyoubeabletogiveusananswer?②Weshallhaveaparentmeetingnextweek.2)表示将来时间内经常发生的动作，如　　Nextyeartheywillcleanthehallonceaweek.3)有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作①Cropswilldiewithoutwater.②Birdswillalwaysflytothesouthwhentheweatherturnscold.4)口语中常用“begoingto+不定式”来表示打算，准备要做的事或根据迹象推断要发生的事They’regoingtoseeafilmthisafternoon.（准备）ThereisgoingtobeapartythisSaturdayevening.（打算）Ithinkitisgoingtorain.（推断）5)“beabouttodo”可表示即将进行的动作，注意：通常不与将来时间状语连用Theyareabouttoleave.5.现在进行时1)表示说话当时正在进行的动作，强调动作的过程---Whatareyoudoingnow?---I’mstudyingEnglish.2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然说话当时该动作不一定发生①Wearebuildingsocialism.②Mr.SmithisinLondonnow.Heisattendinganimportantmeeting.3)少数表示瞬间动作的动词可用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作①Thetrainisarriving.火车马上就进站了。②Hesaid,“I’mdying.”他说：“我快要死了。”4)在以here，there引起的句子里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时Herecomethebus（thebusiscoming）汽车来了5)与频度副词aways,constantly,forever等连用表示经常性的动作，具有强烈的情感Sheisalwaysthinkingofherworkandstudy。6.现在完成时1)表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成2)表示过去发生的动作对现在的结果和影响Ihaveseenthefilmmanytimes.（表结果：对内容很熟悉）3)现在完成时可以表示过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，也可能还要继续延续下去，此时常与for短语，since短语或由其引导的从句连用如：①ShehasbeenheresincelastSaturday.②She’sbeenillfor3days.③ShehastaughtussinceIcametothisschool.4)表重复动作现在完成时，常可表过去重复的动作。常与always,often,manytimes,everyday连用①Myfatherhasalwaysgonetoworkbybike.我父亲一向骑车上班。②EverytimeIhavesaidathinglikethat,I’vebeensorryforhavingsaidit.5)现在完成时用于时间状语从句现在完成时和一般现在时一样，也可用在when,before,after,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句中，强调动作的完成或结果。①Whenhehasfinishedhisletters,heusuallytakesthemtothepostofficehimself.（强调完成）②Whentheyhavebeenfrightened,cowsmayrefusetogivemilk.（强调结果）7.过去进行时1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段中正在进行的动作①Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?②Atthattimehewasservinginthearmy.2)某些瞬间动词（如go,come,leave,arrive,start,die等）的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来即将发生的动43 如：Theytoldmethattheywerearrivingatseventhenextmorning.8.一般过去将来时1)常用于宾语从句中，其主句的谓语为过去时态2)有时并不出现宾语从句，但是需要提供过去时的语境。如Hetoldmenottoworry.Thecomradeswouldsurelytakegoodcareofme.3)一般过去将来时还可以用来表示过去的“愿望”或倾向，多用于否定句（可译为“不会”、“不肯”、“不可能”）①Weknowhewouldneverpermitsuchathing.②Itwasraininghard,butnoneofuswouldstopworking.4)表过去的经常性动作（只用would+动词原形）Wheneverhehadtime,hewouldhelpme.9.过去完成时1)表示在过去某一时间以前已发生的动作或情况（多与by,before等表示过去的时间状语连用，表示过去的过去）2)过去完成时可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态，一直延续到过去的另一时间。（常与for或since构成的时间状语连用，表示过去的延续）如：Shesaidshehadnotheardfromhimsincelastyear.3)表示在过去某一动作以前已发生的动作或情况（表动作的先后）Thelecturehadalreadystartedwhenwegottothehall.4)如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，虽只用一般过去时，特别是在包含由after,before,assoonas等连词的复合句中，但是如果用了过去完成时，也是可以的Assoonashe(had)arrived,hegaveusaphonecall.10.现在完成进行时1)表示在现在往前的一段时间里一直在进行的动作，这动作可能在进行，也可能停止一会儿①Ihavebeensittinghereallafternoon.②Wehavejustbeentalkingaboutyou.2)表示现在以前的这段时间反复发生的事情。Wehavebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.最近我们常常见面。11.其他时态1)过去完成进行时表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作2)将来进行时表示a.将来某时刻正在进行的动作；b.在口语中常用来表示预计即将发生或安排要做的事3)将来完成时表示将来某时会业已发生的事情4)过去将来进行时，表示从过去某时看将来某时将正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作5)过去将来完成表示从过去某时看将来某时会业已完成的动作6)将来完成进行时表示将来某时以前一直在进行的动作7)过去将来完成进行时表示从过去某时看来未来的某时以前会一直在进行的动作★运用动词时态要注意的几个问题1.在时间和条件等状语从句中用其它时态来取代将来时态1)用一般现在时来表示一般将来时2)用一般过去时表示过去将来时3)用一般现在进行时来表示将来进行时4)用现在完成时来表示将来完成时5)用过去完成时来表示过去将来完成时2.主从句时态的呼应1)当主句的谓语为过去时态，其从句中的谓语就要用相应的过去时态①从句谓语和主句谓语的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时②主句谓语动作发生在前，从句的动作发生在后，从句须用过去将来时③从句的动作发生在前，主句的动作发生以后，从句中须用过去完成时④从句谓语的动作发生在前，主句的动作发生在后，但从句中有表示具体的过去时间状语，从句中仍用一般过去时。如果表示的时间不具体，则仍要用过去完成时Shesaidshehadneverseensuchabeautifulbirdbefore.（before表示的时间不具体所以用过去完成时）2)不用进行时态调整的情况①如果从句说的是一种普遍真理，虽然主句谓语为过去时态，从句仍然用一般现在时Longago,peopledidn’tknowtheearthmovesroundthesun.②当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会时，可保持原来时态Didhesaythatthetrainleavesat5:30?③口语中，如果强调这个动作和状态依然如此时，也可以不作时态调整Hesaidhewillbeallrightinafewdays.Shetoldmethatshehasn’tmissedasingleclasssincehecame.3)需要遵循时态一致的从句有①宾语从句②主语从句③表语从句④同位语从句⑤作表语用的sorry,afraid,glad,worried,sure,certain,uncertain等形容词后的从句3.瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用1)英语中的go,come,stop,leave,reach,arrive,finish,kill,die,break,receive,join,marry,graduate等等，此类动词称为“非延续动词”或“瞬间动词”。这些动词的完成时态不肯定或不能和表示一段时间的状语（如for…,since,during…while…等）连用如不能说Ihavereceivedherletterforthreemonths.此时可以换一种表达方式①Ireceivedherletterthreemonthsago.②It’sthreemonthssinceIreceivedherletter.2)但瞬间动词的完成时态的否定式可以和表示延续的时间状语连用，这时它已经不是表示动作，而是表示一种状态的延续。Ihaven’treceivedherletterforthreemonths.我有3个月没收到她的信了。（没有收到信是一种状态，可以延续。）4.注意某些固定句型要求一定的时态1)was/weredoingsth.when…didsth.（正在做某事，这时突然……——前面的分句用过去进行时，后一分句用一般过去时）Iwasreadingabookwhenthebellrang.2)was/wereabouttodosthwhen…didsth.正要做某事，这时突然……Shewasabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain.3)表示做事做了第几次或是共几次，要用完成时①It’sthesecondtimethatIhaveseenher.②Wehavebeentheremanytimes.★如果句中有比较明确的时间状语则服从时间状语的要求，如：LastyearIsawhimmanytimes.4)Itis/hasbeen…since…（自从……以来。since之前用一般现代时，如果since之前用一般过去时或过去完成时since之后用过去完成时）It’s/hasbeentwoweekssinceIcamehere.Shesaiditwasfivehourssinceshehadfinishedherwork.5)hardly…when（刚……就，when前用过去完成时，when后用一般过去时）Wehadhardlygotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.6)nosooner…than（刚……就，than前用过去完成时，than后用一般过去时）Ihadnosoonercomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.7)hope,think,expect,suppose,mean,want,plan,intend等用过去完成时表示“未曾实现的愿望”Ihadhopedtocatchthe9:30train,butfounditwasgone.★使用被动语态要注意的几个问题1.否定词not的位置1)在第一个助动词之后，如：Hishomeworkhasnotbeenfinished.2)如句中有情态动词，就把not放在情态动词之后，如：Itneednotbedoneatonce.2.被动语态中的bysb.与withsth.ThispictureisbeingpaintedbyTom.这幅画正在由汤姆画着。Thehallisfilledwithsmoke.（用某种材料）大厅充满着烟味。3.宾补是不带to的不定式时，变为被动式要加上“to”Theysawtheboyfallfromthetree.Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.★有时同一个句子用不同短语含义不同。如：Hewaskilledbyastone.他被石头砸死了。——可能是山上滚下来的石头。Hewaskilledwithastone.他被石头砸死了。——可能是别人用石头砸的。4.不能用被动语态的动词1)系动词不用被动语态2)have（无论当“有”讲，还是当其他动词讲，都不用被动）3)表示状态的equal,fit,hold（容纳）join（参加），mean（意味着），last（持续），cost（花费），wish（希望），belong43 to（属于）等。4)当及物动词leave,enter,reach等的宾语表示地点、处所或组织时，不用被动语态。5)当动词和宾语已组成一个不可分割的成语时，不用被动语态，如keepone’sword,makeupone’smind,speakone’smind,doone’sbest,loseheart,keepwatch,makeaface等6)动词let一般不用被动式，看需要，可改为allow等意思相同的动词。7)有些动词有时意思上是被动，形式上却要用主动的。（这时主语通常是“物”）如a.Thiskindofclothwasheswell.这种布很耐洗。b.Yourpenwritesquitesmoothly.你的笔写起来很流畅。此类动词还有read,wear,lock,shut等，用来说明事物的特点5.被动语态与系表结构1)两者形式相似，但含义不同。如ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.（被动语态）Thisbookiswellwritten.（系表结构，表示主语的特点或所处状态）2)get+过去分词是系表结构，不是被动语态。知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1---Howareyoutoday?---Oh,I____asillasIdonowforalongtime.(NMET2000)A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt2.SalesofCDshavegreatlyincreasedsincetheearly1990s,whenpeople_____toenjoytheadvantagesofthisnewtechnology.(04江苏)A.beginB.beganC.havebegunD.hadbegun3.Morepatients___________inhospitalthisyearthanlastyear.(04江苏)A.treatedB.havetreatedC.hadbeentreatedD.havebeentreated4.---Sorry,Joe.Ididn’tmeanto…---Don’tcallme“Joe”.IamMrParkertoyou,and____youforgetit.(NMET2003)A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t5.Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness____.(NMET2003)A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown6Let"skeeptothepointorwe_______anydecisions.（04河南/北、山东/西、安徽、江西）A.willneverreachB.haveneverreachedC.neverreachD.neverreached7Mymindwasn"tonwhathewassayingsoI"mafraidI______halfofit.（04河南/北、山东/西、安徽、江西）A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed8.—GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?—No,I______.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?（04湖北）A.wasnotinvitedB.havenotbeeninvitedC.hadn’tbeeninvitedD.didn’tinvite9—HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?—Ihavenoidea.He______itthismorning.（04四川、吉林）A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingD.haddone10.I______younottomovemydictionary--nowIcan"tfindit.（04四川、吉林）A.askedB.askC.wasaskingD.hadasked11.Accordingtotheartdealer,thepainting______togoforatleastamilliondollars.（04四川、吉林）A.isexpectedB.expectsC.expectedD.isexpecting12．—Thewindowisdirty.—Iknow.It_____forweeks.（04内蒙、海南）A.hasn’tcleanedB.didn’tcleanC.wasn’tcleanedD.hasn’tbeencleaned13.－What’sthatterriblenoise?－Theneighbors_______foraparty.（04北京）A.havepreparedB.arepreparingC.prepareD.willprepare14.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_____goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.（04北京）A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider15.ThemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheBeijingOlympics_____by2006.（04北京）A.hasbeencompletedB.hascompletedC.willhavebeencompletedD.willhavecompleted16.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,___visitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.（04北京）A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe17.—WhatwereyoudoingwhenTonyphonedyou?(04年天津) —Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand_______totakeashower.A.hadstartedB.startedC.havestartedD.wasstarting18.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhe______hersomewhere.（04湖北）A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseen19.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou______advertisementsshowinghappyfamilies(04湖南)A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen20.----IhearJanehasgonetotheHolyIslandforherholiday.(04湖南)----Oh,hownice!Doyouknowwhenshe______?A.wasleavingB.hadleftC.hasleftD.left21.Thediscussion____alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.(04浙江)A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.hascomeD.came22.Becausetheshop_____,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.(04浙江)A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown23.—YouwereoutwhenIdroppedinatyourhouse.—Oh,I_______forafriendfromEnglandattheairport.(04福建)AwaswaitingBhadwaitedCamwaitingDhavewaited24.Shehassetanewrecord,thatis,thesalesofherlatestbook________50million.(04福建)AhavereachedBhasreachedCarereachingDhadreached25Thecrazyfans______patientlyfortwohours,andtheywouldwaittillthemoviestararrived.(04重庆)A.werewaitingB.hadbeenwaitingC.hadwaitedD.wouldwait26.She_______herhairstyleinherhometownbeforeshecametoChongqingforabetterjob.(04重庆)A.wouldchangeB.haschangedC.changedD.waschanging27.Alltheemployeesexceptthemanager______toworkonlineathome.(04广东)A.encouragesB.encourageC.isencouragedD.areencouraged28Thefirstuseofatomicweaponswasin1945andtheirpower_____increasedenormouslyeversince.(04上海)A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.hadbeen29Thenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseasewillbereducedgreatlyifpeople_______toeatmorefruitandvegetables.(04上海)A.persuadeB.willpersuadeC.bepersuadedD.arepersuaded30.ItissaidinthebookthatThomasEdison(1847-1931)___theworldleadinginventorforsixtyyears.(04辽宁)AwouldbeBhasbeenChadbeenDwasII.巩固练习：1.Thepeopleintownareveryhappybecauseanewhospital_______inayear.A.hasbeenbuiltB.isgoingtobebuiltC.wasbuiltD.willbuild2.—You’veagreedtogo.Sowhyaren’tyougettingready?─ButI______thatyou_____metostartatonce.A.don’trealize;wantB.hadn’trealized;wantedC.haven’trealize;wantD.didn’trealize;wanted3.Don’tbetoorudetoyourteacher.Neverinhislife_____inthatway.A.hashespokentoB.hehasspokentoC.hashebeenspokentoD.hehasspokento4.Englishwordsarenotalwaysspelled________.A.thewaytheysoundB.thewaywhichtheysoundC.thewaythatsoundsD.astheyaresounded5.—John,whydidyoutellJimmysecret?—You_____me,Ididn’tdothatinfact.A.mustmisunderstandB.mustbeunderstandingC.can’thaveunderstoodD.areabletounderstand6.Ididtellmyfriendswhat_____tothemaftertherecordingwasoverand______themwhetheritshouldbedestroyed.A.happened;askingB.hadhappened;askedC.hashappened;didaskD.wouldhappen;hadasked7.Aftertheflood,nohouseinthevillage________.A.leftstandingB.waslefttostandC.remainedstandingD.wasremainedstanding8.—Whyhaven’tyoustartedpaintingthewall?—I______doingitinabetterway.A.havebeenconsideringB.consideredC.haveconsideredD.hadconsidered9─Willyouattendthemeetingtobeheldthisafternoon?—ButI______anythingaboutthat.43 A.hadn’ttoldB.haven’tbeentoldC.wasn’ttoldD.won’ttell10.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverallmylife_______sohappy.A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.hadIfeltD.Ihadfelt11.I____tohelpyoutodohomeworkbutIcouldn’tspareanytime.I______acompositionlastnightandI’llfinishittoday.A.wanted;wroteB.hadwanted;waswritingC.havewanted;wroteD.wanted;havebeenwriting12.—Sheisverytired.—Sosheis.she________lettersallday.A.istypingB.wastypingC.hastypeD.hasbeentyping13.—DidHenrypaintthewholehousehimself?—He______becausehedoesn’tliketoclimbaladder.A.hadn’tpainteditB.haditpaintedC.hadpainteditD.paintedit14.—Haveyouhadagoodevening?—Well,I_______thisfilmonTelevisionbutit’srubbishsoIthinkI’llturnitoffnow.A.watchedB.waswatchingC.havebeenwatchingD.hadbeenwatching15.ThereportersaidthattheUFO______easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel16.Asanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplechoosetoleavetheirhometownstoworkinbiggercitiesorgoabroad,manyelderly_____aloneathometotakecareofthemselves.A.havecomeB.wentC.areleftD.arestayed17.Peter,_____thewindowquickly.______thewindblows!A.willshut;whatB.isshutting;HowC.shuts;whatD.shut;How18.Oh,Ithinkwe’reabitlate,Iftheconcert’salreadystarted,we______togoin.Aaren’tallowedBwon’tallowCwon’tbeallowedDdon’tallow19.Thepeople______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenly_______inthehospital.A.searchedfor;appearedB.weresearching;wasappearingC.weresearchingfor;wasappearedD.weresearchingfor;appeared20.Thehouse______forhalfanhourbeforethefiremancame.A.hadbeenonfireB.hadcaughtfireC.hadfiredD.hadbeensetfireto21.—Howwouldyoutellhimthenews?—I_____tosendhimatelegram.A.decidedB.woulddecideC.havedecidedD.amdeciding22.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_____sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange23.Thebook_________soeagerlythatit_________onthefirstday.A.received;wassoldoutB.received;soldoutC.wasreceived;soldoutD.wasreceived;wassoldout24..---We__________thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek.---I’msorry.I______tofixitthisweek,butI’vebeentoobusy.A.hadexpected;hadintendedB.areexpecting;hadintendedC.expecting;intndedD.expect;intend25.China’sfirstman—madesatellite,the“Dong—fanghongI”________andlaunchedonApril24,1970,_______Chinathefifthcountryintheworldwithsuchcapacity(能力).A.successfullydeveloped;andmadeB.wassuccessfullydeveloped;makingC.wassuccessfullydeveloped;madeD.developedsuccessfully;making26.I’dgotothemarketandbuysomefishandvegetablesincasemyfriend_____forsupperthisevening.A.wouldcomeB.comeC.comesD.came27.Hundredsofjobs____ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose28.I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.I_____mymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken29.Anewcinema______here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt30.—You’redrinkingtoomuch.—Onlyathome.Noone_____mebutyou.A.isseeingB.hadseenC.seesD.saw31.Thewaterwillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures_______.A.willbetakenB.aretakenC.weretakenD.hadbeentaken32.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoon_____tohisoldways.A.returnedB.returnsC.wasreturningD.hadreturned33.Thiskindofcloth_______welland______long.A.washes;islastedB.iswashed;lastedC.washes;lastsD.iswashing;lasting34.—I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.I_____hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe35.—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI______here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming36.—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!—Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______.AI’mnotnoticingBIwasn’tnoticingCIhaven’tnoticedDIdon’tnotice37.We________toknowwhatyouaredoing.A.aredeadB.aredyingC.havebeendyingD.willdie38—Where_____therecorder?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_____itrighthere.Butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereyouputting;haveput39WhenIwasatcollege,I______threeforeignlanguages,butI______allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;havespoken40.Tom_____intothehousewhennoone_________.A.slipped;waslookingB.wasslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipped;looked41.Helen_____herkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband______home.A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome42.Hiseyesshonebrightlywhenhefinallyreceivedthemagazinehe_________.A.hadbeenlongexpectedB.hadlongexpectedC.haslongexpectedD.waslongexpected43.He’llbeanastronautbythetimehe______thirty.A.isB.willbeC.hadbeenD.isgoingtobe44.—Oh,it’syou!I_______you.—I’vejusthadmyhaircut,andI’mwearingnewglasses.A.didn’trecognizeB.hadn’trecognizedC.haven’trecognizedD.don’trecognize45.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguests_______whenhe_______attheparty.Aleft;hadarrivedBhadleft;hadarrivedChadleft;arrivedDleft;arrived46.Allthepreparationsforthetask_____andwe’rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted高考英语语法系列训练（八）非谓语动词知识要点归纳非谓语动词包括不定式，动词的-ing形式（现在分词和动名词）和过去分词1、基本形式的变化：不定式：一般式:tobuild/tobebuilt完成式:tohavebuilt/tohavebeenbuilt进行式:tobebuildingV-ing形式：一般式：making,beingmade完成式：havingmade,havingbeenmade不及物动词没有被动式所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语现在分词NoYesNoYesYesYes43 动名词YesYesYesNoYesNo不定式YesYesYesYesYesYes过去分词NoYesNoYesYesYes3.在使用时，要注意以下问题：1)不定式符号to的省略①感官动词和使役动词用作主动语态时，其后用作宾语补足语的不定式符号to要省略，但是用作被动语态时，要恢复不定式符号to，如：makesb.dosth.→bemadetodosth.seesb.dosth.→beseentodosth.Listentosbdosth→belistenedtotodosth②动词get,leave等词接近使役动词，但它们后面要带to如：I"llgethimtotryitagain.我要叫他再试一次。HowcouldIleavehimtosufferwithastranger?我怎么能让他到一家陌生人家去受苦呢③介词but,except可跟动词不定式作宾语（主要用于否定句）。当它们前面的主要动词是do时，后面的不定式符号to要省略如：Theenemyhadnochoicebuttogivein.Theycoulddonothingbutgivein.2)不要混淆介词to与不定式符号to:有的词语如lookforwardto,beusedto,stickto,objectto,admitto,devoteto,leadto中的to是介词，后面不能接动词原形3)want,need,require三个动词都有相同的意思表示“需要”，也有相同的用法Thedoorwantsrepairing.=Thedoorwantstoberepaired.Thatmachineneedsoiling.=Thatmachineneedstobeoiled.Thebabyrequireslookingafter.=Thebabyrequirestobelookedafter.4)不定式作定语要注意的几种情况：①不定式作定语多是后置定语。②如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应该有介词。Sheisanicepersontoworkwith.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Givemeapieceofpapertowriteon.③当句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的不定式用主动语态表示被动意义。Ihavealettertowrite.Givemesomethingtoeat.当征求对方意见是否有事需要说话者去做时，作定语的不定式要用被动语态，如：Haveyoualettertobetyped?试比较：Doyouhaveanythingtotaketothetown?（自己带）Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentothetown?（别人带）*存在句中，作定语的不定式用主动和被动都可以。Thereisnothingtodo./Thereisnothingtobedone.5)有些动词后面跟不定式和动名词意义不同，如：rememberdoing记得做过某事,remembertodo记住去做某事；forgetdoing忘记做过某事了,forgettodo忘了去做某事;regretdoing后悔做过某事,regrettodo很遗憾地去做某事;meandoing意味着做某事,meantodo打算做某事;trydoing试着做某事,trytodo努力做某事;stopdoing停止做某事,stoptodo停下来去做某事;goondoing接着做原来的事情,goontodo接着去做另一件事等。6)现在分词的完成式不可以用作定语，只能作状语7)分词的否定式not要放在分词的前面。Notknowingwhattodo,hecametotheteacherforhelp.8)在动名词的复合结构中，如果出现否定式，not要放在名词所有格或物主代词的后面。如：Hisnotcomingmadetheteacherangry.9)当分词做状语时，其主语无法与句子的主语取得一致，我们可以使用独立主格结构如：Timepermitting,wewillgototheparktomorrow.Hishomeworkfinished,hewenthome.=Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.10)分词做状语时，其逻辑主语一定要和句子的主语一致比较：Enteringtheroom,hefoundaletteronthetable.Whenheenteredtheroom,aletterwasfoundonthetable.13)非谓语动词作定语时，不同的形式也可以表示不同的时态如：thehousebeingbuiltnowthehousebuiltlastyearthehousetobebuiltnextyear知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾1.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.(NMET2000)A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout2.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,____itthemostpopularsportsintheworld.(NMET2000)A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake3.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor,____“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”(NMET2001)A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading4.____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(NMET2001)A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered5.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen,butI’mgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.(04辽宁)A．tobeheardB．tobehearingC．tohearD．tohaveheard6.bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.(04辽宁)A．AttractingB．AttractedC.TobeattractedD．Havingattracted7.AccordingtoarecentU.S.survey,childrenspendupto25hoursaweek_________TV.(04上海)A.towatchB.towatchingC.watchingD.watch8.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.(04上海)A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt9.Thedisc,digitally______inthestudio,soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight.(04上海)A.recordedB.recordingC.toberecordedD.havingrecorded10.—Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn’tit?—Yes,_________morewordsandexpressionsandyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.(04上海)A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Known11.Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe________murderlastnight.(04江苏)A.advisedB.attendedC.attemptedD.admitted12.Theoldman,____________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江苏)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked13.Helenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.(04广西)A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard14.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_____inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.(04广西)A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed15.______theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.(04广东)A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted16.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04广东)A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget17.Theyseeyouassomethingofaworrier,problemswhichdon’texistandcrossingbridgeslongbeforeyoucometothem.(04重庆)A.settlingB.discoveringC.seeingD.designing18.Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawsgetparents.(04重庆)A.worriedB.toworryC.worryingD.worry19.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建)A．totellB．tobetoldC．tellingD．told20.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建)A．passB．topassC．passedD．passing21.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.(04浙江)A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown43 22.Youweresillynot____yourcar.(04湖南)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked23.withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.(04湖北)A．CompareB．WhencomparingC．ComparingD．Whencompared24.Don’tleavethewaterwhileyoubrushyourteeth.(04天津)A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun25.Myadvisorencouraged_______asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.(04北京)A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake26._____inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.(04北京)A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited27.Thesalesmanscoldedthegirlcaught____andleftheroff.(NMET92)A.tohavestolenB.tobestealingC.tostealD.stealing28.Whenflint_______tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.(04四川)A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced29."Wecan"tgooutinthisweather,"saidBob,______outofthewindow.(04四川)A.lookingB.tolookC.lookedD.havinglooked30.Sarah,hurryup.I"mafraidyoucan’thavetimeto______beforetheparty.(河南)A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochangeII.巩固练习1.----Haveyouheardofthebuildings____down?----Yes,it’ssaidthattheyaregoingtomakeroomforthenewones.A.havingpulledB.havingbeenpulledC.pulledD.tobepulled2.Though_____formanytimes,Davidoftendrivesafterdrinking.A.tobewarnedB.havingbeenwarningC.warnedD.beingwarned3.Thebridgewithitsstones_____outrequired_____.A.wearing;beingrebuiltB.tobeworn;rebuildingC.worn;toberebuiltD.beingworn;toberebuilding4.Thecarspeddownacountryroad,____acloudofdustbehindit.A.roseB.risingC.raisedD.raising5.Canyouimaginetheplayer_____somuchinpublic?A.admiringB.admiredC.tobeadmiringD.beingadmired6.Whatisworthy____isworth_____well.A.ofbeingdone;doingB.ofdoing;beingdoneC.tobedone;beingdoneD.todo;tobedoing7.-----Itseemsthatnobodywillanswerthefrontdoor.-----Whynottry_____atthebackdoor?A.toknockB.knockedC.knockingD.andknock8.Ireallyappreciated____methecard,____onmysuccess.A.tosend;tobecongratulatedB.foryoutohavesent;tocongratulateC.yoursending;congratulatedD.yourhavingsent;congratulating9.Iforgot____mybike.Ireallyneedn’thaverunbacktohaveacheck,____thekeyinmypocket.A.locking;carryingB.tolock;andcarriedC.tohavelocked;carriedD.havinglocked;andtocarry10.______atthemeetingencouragedeverybodypresent.A.ThesoldiertobepraisedB.ThesoldierbeingpraisedC.ForpraisedthesoldierD.Forthesoldiertohavepraised11.Excusemefor_____without____.A.mecallingat;beinginvitedB.mydroppingin;beingaskedC.droppingin;invitedD.callingon;havingasked12.Iconsidered_____tothebookinsteadofaskingLiHongforhelpthoughhewasconsidered_____itoutaheadoftime.A.torefer;workingB.torefer;havingworkedC.referring;toworkD.referring;tohaveworked13.There____animportantmeetingnextMonday,thesecretaryhadtoworkovertheweekend.A.willbeB.isgoingtobeC.beingD.tobe14.-----Whodidtheteacherhave____picturesforthewallnewspaperjustnow?------Me.A.todrawB.drawC.drawingD.drawn15.-----Can’tyoustop____?------No,theteacherisexpecting____inmyworkassoonaspossible.A.torest;metoturnB.torest;myturningC.resting;metoturnD.resting;myturning16._____totheparty,Joanwasgreatlyhurt.A.HavingnotbeeninvitedB.NothavingbeeninvitedC.HavingnotinvitedD.Nothavinginvited17.____,theoldmanislivingahappylife.A.TakinggoodcareB.TakengoodcareC.HavingtakengoodcareD.Takengoodcareof18.Walkingdownthestreettheotherday,_____.A.IsawunusualsomethinghappenedB.aterribleaccidenthappenedC.somethingunusualwasseenbymeD.Isawaterribleaccident19.____hermotherhadcome,herfacelitup.A.HearingB.HavingheardC.WhenhearingD.Whensheheard20.Hewassittingthere,____indeepthought.A.loseB.lostC.lossD.losing21.-----ButwhereshouldIsendtheletter?------TheEditorialDepartmentistheplace_____.A.tosenditB.tosendittoC.forsendingitD.tosend22.-----Didyoudrinkanywineattheparty?-----Iwouldlove____much,butIhadastomachachethatday.A.todrinkB.tohavedrunkC.drinkingD.havingdrunk23.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromabroad.Heseems____histripverymuch.A.toenjoyB.tohaveenjoyedC.tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying24.-----Didyougetajob?------No,I____,butit’snouse.A.expectedB.triedtoC.managedtoD.planned25.TogoshoppingonSundaysseemstomymotherarule_____.A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebreakingC.nevertobebrokenD.nevertohavebroken26.Thepatientwaswarned____oilyfoodaftertheoperation.(NMET96)A.toeatB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating27.----Noonehasreturnedthelostwallet.-----No.Butwe_____anydaynow.A.expecttoreturnB.expectitreturningC.expectbeingreturnedD.expectittobereturned28.Atlasttheyfoundahouse_____.A.toleavehisthingswithB.toleavehisthingsinC.leavinghisthingsinD.leavinghisthings29.----Willyougohometomorrowevening?-----No,I’mgoingtoalecture,oratleastI’mplanning____.A.soB.toC.itD.that30.After_____forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.A.havinginterviewedB.interviewedC.beinginterviewedD.interviewing31.Whileseeingthe____movie,mostofthe____childrencriedwithgreatfear.A.frightened;frightenedB.frightened;frighteningC.frightening;frighteningD.frightening;frightened32.Petercan’tattendtheparty____atTom’shouseatpresentbecauseheispreparingforthespeechattheparty_____atMary’shousetomorrow.A.beingheld;tobeheldB.tobeheld;heldC.held;beingheldD.tobeheld;tobeheld33.Withlotsoftreesandflowers____hereandthere,ourschoollooksverybeautiful.A.havingplantedB.plantedC.havebeenplantedD.tobeplanted34.Thequestion____atyesterday’smeetinghasn’tbeenmade___yet.43 A.discussing;knownB.discussed;knownC.beingdiscussed;knowD.tobediscussed;know35.____,itwasn’tabadholiday.A.ConsideringeverythingB.ConsideredeverythingC.ConsideringanythingD.Consideredanything36.Wearecertainthateverythingwillgowellas____.A.tobeplannedB.plannedC.beingplannedD.havingbeenplanned37.ChinaDaily,first____in1980,isverypopularwithstudentsofEnglishinChina.A.publishedB.waspublishedC.havingpublishedD.havingbeenpublished38.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto____theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin39.-----Car17wontherace.----Yes,butitsdrivercamecloseto____.A.havingbeenkilledB.havebeenkilledC.bekilledD.beingkilled40.These____tothoseare25inall.Doyouthinkthat’senough?A.addingB.beingaddedC.addedD.tobeadded41._____moreclearly,theycameupandgotclosetoit.A.SeeingB.SeenC.ToseeD.Tobeseen42.-----Thatwouldmean____muchmoremoney.-----Really?Idon’tmean____anymoremoney.A.wasting;wastingB.towaste;towasteC.towaste;wastingD.wasting;towaste43.-----What’swrong?------Iwanttoknowwhyyoudidn’tdoas____.A.tobetoldB.tellingC.toldD.toldto44.Thewaytheytalked____theproblemseemedimpossible.A.aboutsettlingB.tosettleC.ofsettlingD.abouttosettle45.Iremember_____totheirparty,butI____theinvitationintheoffice.A.beinginvited;haveleftB.inviting;wasleavingC.tobeinvited;haveforgottenD.toinvite;forgot46.Mr.Brownwasmuchdisappointedtoseethatthewashingmachinehehadhad____wentwrongagain.A.torepairB.itrepairedC.repairedD.toberepaired47.Amiddle-agedwomancame____tothebusstoponly____thebushadgone.A.torun;findingB.running;tofindC.andran;foundD.running;finding48.Thetwofarmers____whatappearedtobesmallgunsforcedtheenemyofficertohandinhismap.A.carriedB.werecarryingC.carryingD.hadcarried49.I’mverysorryforwhathashappened;thebadresultoughtto____outtothose____attheverybeginning.A.havebeenpointed;concernedB.havepointed;concernedC.point;concernedD.bepointed;concerning50.Attentionmustbepaidto____thejewelleryshop____.A.prevent;fromrobbedB.preventing;frombeingrobbedC.prevent;fromrobbingD.preventing;beingrobbing高考英语语法系列训练（九）句子的种类知识要点归纳：一、概述按结构分：简单句：☆主+谓☆主+谓+宾☆主+谓+间宾+直接宾☆主+谓+宾+宾补☆主+系+表并列句：1.联合并列连词有and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,both…and,not…nor,whenetc.2.转折并列连词有but,while,nevertheless(然而；不过)3.选择并列连词有or,otherwise,either…or,orelse,whether…or4.因果并列连词有so,for,therefore注意：要正确理解上下文之间所形成的逻辑关系，从而选择恰当的并列连词。一个主句和一个或几个从句构成主从复合句。复合句：主句+从句(名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句)按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句二、解决重点和难点问题：1、反意疑问句1)、陈述句中含有否定词的反意疑问句构成Heseldomhaslunchatschool,___________?A.hasn’theB.hasheC.doesn’theD.doeshe(hardly,never,scarecely,rarely,little,few,nowhere,nothing)但是：Hewasunsuccessful,wasn’the?（否定的前缀）对比：Hewasnotsuccessful,washe?Thosearelittleboys,aren’tthey?2）、对陈述句是否定的反意问句的回答---Hedoesn’tsmokealot,doeshe?---_______.He’sgivenupsmoking.A.Yes,hedoesn’tB.Yes,hedoesC.NohedoesD.No,hedoesn’t3）、陈述句部分是主从复合句的反意问句的构成IfIknewtheanser,Iwouldn’tbeasking,_______?A.didn’tIB.didIC.wouldID.wouldn’tI但是：Idon’tthinkyou’veheardofhimbefore,_______?A.haveyouB.haven’tyouC.doID.don’tyou(Isuppose/believe/expect注意：否定的转移)It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,isn’tit?ItwasinthestreetthatIsawher,wasn’tit?4）、特殊的反意疑问句①Letushavealookatyournewwatch,willyou?Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?Let’sgofishing,shallwe/shan’twe?Dotryasecondtime,won’tyou?注意：(Itis)Betterlatethannever,isn’tit?②Sothat’syourlittletrick,isit?(表示讥讽、感叹)③Yourbikeisoutside,isit?(表示怀疑、请对方加以证实)④You’dbettergonow,hadn’tyou?⑤Youhaveacar,haveyou/don’thaveyou?Youhadbreakfastatsixthismorning,didn’tyou?Hiswifehadthefrontdoorpaintedgreenyesterday,didn’tyou?Theyhadtoleaveearly,didn’tthey?⑥YouusedtoliveinLondon,use(d)n’tyou/didin’tyou?Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,use(d)n’tthere/didin’tthere?Cf:Therewasacinemaherebeforethewar,wasn’tthere?⑦Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn’the?在正式文体中：Weoughttogo,oughtwenot/shouldwenot/shouldn’twe?⑧Weneedtodoit,don’twe?43 Youdaren’tgothere，dareyou?⑨Youmustgohomerightnow,needn’tyou?（有必要）Youmusn’twalkongrass,mustyou?（禁止）Youmustbetired,aren’tyou?（推测）Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn’the?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?⑩I’mlate,aren’tI?注意：Iwishtogohomenow,mayI?(表示愿望)5)、反意问句中的代词问题Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn’the?Everyoneknowstheirjob,don’tthey?Noonewashurt,werethey?Onecan’tbetoocareful,canone/you?2、特殊疑问句---Howsooncanyoufinishthedrawing?---Intwohours.---Howoftendoyougotothecinema？---Everyweekend---Howlongagodidyouseethefilm?----Twoyearsago.---Howlonghaveyoulivedhere?----FortwentyyearsWhydon’tyoucomeearlier?（表示劝告、建议、责备等）3、混和疑问句(特殊疑问词+一般疑问句+陈述句)Whatdidyousayhisnamewas?Whendidhesayhewouldcome?Whatdoyouthinkisthebestfilmoftheyear?Whatdoyouthinkhashappenedtohim?4、感叹句Howbeautifultheflowersare!Whatbeautifulflowers(theyare)!容易犯这样的错误：Howbeautifulflowerstheyare!HowfluentlyhespeaksEnglish!Howthewinblows!Howtimeflies!Whatabeautifulpictureitis!Howbeautifulapictureitis!请特别注意：Whatfun/fineweather/interestingnews!容易犯这样的错误:Whatafun/afineweather/aninterestingnews!5、祈使句对比：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.动动脑筋Usinghishead,hefoundaway.动动脑筋知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1.Excusemeforbreakingin_________Ihavesomenewsforyou.(2002NMET)A.soB.andC.butD.yet2.---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?---I"dliketo,_________I"mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but3.Therearemanykindsofsports,______myfavoriteisswimming.（04辽宁）A.asB.thenC.soD.but4.----Guesswhat!Icameacrossanoldfriendatthepartylastnight.（04辽宁）----______I’msureyouhadawonderfultime.A.Soundsgood!B.Verywell.C.Hownice!D.Allright.5.----Mum,I’vebeenstudyingEnglishsince8o’clock._____IgooutandplaywithTomforawhild?----No,I’mafraidnot.Besides,it’srainingoutsidenow.（04辽宁）A.Can’tB.Wouldn’tC.MaynotD.Won’t6.Bill’saimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal,______?（04上海）A.isn’titB.isitC.isn’tbeD.ishe7.Jasminewasholidayingwithherfamilyinawildlifepark______shewasbittenonthelegbyalion.（04上海）A.whenB.whileC.sinceD.once8.---Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn’tit?（04上海）---Yes,______morewordsandexpressionsandyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Known9.---Youhaven’tlosttheticket,haveyou?（04江苏）---______.Iknowit’snoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment.A.IhopenotB.Yes,IhaveC.IhopesoD.Yes,I’mafraidso10.----Howlongareyoustaying?（04江苏）----Idon’tknow._______.A.That’sOKB.NevermindC.ItdependsD.Itdoesn’tmatter.11.----I’dliketotakeaweek’sholiday.（04广西）----______,we’retoobusy.A.Don’tworryB.Don’tmentionitC.ForgetitD.Pardonme12.Ihopeyoudon’tmindmeasking,_____wheredidyoubuythoseshoes?（04广西）A.soB.andC.yetD.but13.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework______myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.（04广西）A.sinceB.whileC.whenD.as14.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it---you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.（04广东）A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget15.-----DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?（04广东）-----______Ifeelabitcold.A.Ofcoursenot.B.I’dratheryoudidn’t.C.Goahead.D.Whynot?16.----IthinkGeorgedoesn’treallycareforTVplays.（04重庆）----Right,______hestillwatchestheprogram.A.andB.butC.orD.so17.ThereareeighttipsinDrRoger’slectureon---sleep,andoneofthemis:____tobedearlyunlessyouthinkitisnecessary.（04重庆）A.doesn’tgoB.nottogoC.notgoingD.don’tgo18.----Let’sgoandhaveagooddrinktonight.（04重庆）----_____Haveyougotthefirstprizeinthecompetition?A.Whatfor?B.Thanksalot.C.Ye,I’dliketo.D.Whynot?19.----Goforapicnicthisweekend,OK?（04福建）----_____.Ilovegettingclosetonature.A.Icouldn’tagreemoreB.I’mafraidnotC.IbelievenotD.Idon’tthinkso20.----Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.（04浙江）----_____.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.It’suptoyouC.AllrightD.Gladtohearthat21.I’veneverseenanyonerunsofast-----_______Davidgo.（04浙江）A.justwatchB.justtowatchC.justwatchingD.justhavingwatched22.----______fortheglass!（04湖南）----It’sOK.I’mwearingshoes.A.LookoutB.WalkoutC.GooutD.Setout23.—It’sgettinglate.I"mafraidImustbegoingnow.—OK.______.（04河南）A.TakeiteasyB.GoslowlyC.StaylongerD.Seeyou24.—Susan,willyoupleasegoandemptythatdrawer?—_______?（04河南）A.WhatforB.WhatisitC.HowisitD.HowcomeII.巩固练习43 1."Shehasn"ttoldyouaboutit.""_______."A.No,shehasn"tB.Yes,shehasn"tC.No,shedidD.Yes,shedid2.---Don"tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.---_________A.Idon"tB.Iwon"tC.Ican"tD.Ihaven"t3.----Whatdoyouwishtobewhenyoufinishyourstudy?----__________.A.I"llgoabroadB.MathsC.DobusinessD.Ateacher4.----What"sthematterwithyourbrother?----__________.A.AthomeB.HeliesonthebedC.HehasabadcoldD.Heissicktoday5.----______doestheNo.5busrun?---Everytenminutes.A.HowsoonB.HowfastC.HowoftenD.Howlong6.YoumusthavetoldJohnthesecret,________you?A.haven"tB.mustn"tC.needn"tD.didn"t7.Iwishtogohomenow,_________?A.mayIB.doIC.wouldID.don"tI8.----Didyoufinishyourwork?----No,Iwasn"tableto,_________you?A.wereB.don"tC.areD.do9.Thereisnothingwrongwiththecomputer,________?A.isitB.isn"titC.isthereD.isn"tthere10.-----Wouldyoustayhereorgowithme?------________.A.I"dratherstayhereB.Yes,I"dratherstayhereC.No,I"drathergowithyouD.Iwouldn"tratherstay11.----_______istheweatherliketoday?------It"sfine.A.WhatB.WhichC.HowD.Why12._______goodtimewehadintheparklastSunday.A.WhataB.WhatC.HowD.Whatany13.________snakelooks.A.HowterribletheB.HowaterribletheC.WhataterribleD.Whatterrible14.----IwonderifIcoulduseyourphone.------_________.A.IwonderhowB.Idon"twonderC.Sorry,it"soutoforderD.Nowonder,hereitis15.Wemuststartearlytomorrow,_________?A.shallweB.don"tweC.mustweD.needn"twe16.Shemusthavefinishedherhomeworkyesterday,___________?A.didn"tsheB.mustn"tsheC.needn"tsheD.hasn"tshe17.----Willyouhavesomemoremilk?----_______.Ihavehadplenty.A.No,thanksB.Yes,thanksC.No,Idon"tD.Yes,Ido18.----Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?----__________.A.Yes,Idon"tmindB.NotatallC.No,IwouldD.Yes,Iwouldn"t19.----Isn"tyouruncleanengineer?-----_________.A.No,heisn"tB.No,heisC.Yes,heisn"tD.Yes,hedoes20.Everybodyseemsallright,________?A.doesn"titB.don"ttheyC.isn"titD.aren"tthey21.Itoldthemnoteveryonecoulddoit,___________?A.couldn"ttheyB.couldn"theC.didn"tsheD.didn"tI22.Ifeelyouarenotserious,_________?A.don"tIB.doIC.areyouD.aren"tyou23.Tellhimhowtooperatethecomputer,_________?A.willyouB.don"tyouC.doyouD.shan"tyou24.Shemusthavesetoffforhomelastnight,_______she?A.mustn"tB.hasn"tC.didn"tD.hadn"t25.ItisthefirsttimethatJackhasbeenlate,_______?A.hasn"theB.isn"theC.isn"titD.hasn"tit26.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou______advertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.A．willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen27.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,________ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.IthinkwhichisB.whichIthinkitisC.ofwhichIthinkisD.andIthinkit28.Whichhouseisit________youareinterestedin?A.thatB.whereC.whatD.if29.Idon"tthinkIshallgowiththem,________youmayifyouwish.A.unlessB.whetherC.butD.and30.Thechildrenwereenjoyingtheirdinner________astrangerknockedatthedoor.A.thenB.whenC.whileD.as31.Don"tsmokeinthemeeting,_______?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou32.----DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?-----Idon"tknow,_________.A.nordoIcareB.nordon"tIcareC.Idon"tcareneitherD.Idon"tcarealso33._______downtheradio----thebabyisasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC,TurnD.Turned34.----Letmeintroducemyself.I"mAlbert.----_________.A.WhatapleaseB.It"smypleasureC.PleasedtomeetyouD.I"mverypleased35.---Thankyoueversomuchforthebookyousentme.---__________.A.NothanksB.I"mgladyoulikeitC.Pleasedon"tsaysoD.No,it"snotsogood36.----___________.----Thankyou.Icertainlywill.A.HappybirthdaytoyouB.Letmehelpyouwithyourmaths.C.PleaseremembermetoyourmumD.Don"tforgettoposttheletter37.----DoyouthinkIcouldborrowyourdictionary?-----________.A.Yes,youmayborrowB.Yes,youcouldC.Yes,helpyourselfD.Yes,goon38.----Wouldyoudomeafavorandgivemearide?-----___________.A.Yes,that"srightB.NotroubleC.NevermindD.Withpleasure39.-----Doyouthinkit"sgoingtorainovertheweekend?-----__________.A.Idon"tbelieveB.Idon"tbelieveitC.IbelievenotsoD.Ibelievenot40.Hiswifehadthefrontdoorpaintedgreenyesterday,_______she?A.didB.hadC,didn"tD.hadn"t41.IfIknewtheanswer,Iwouldn"tbeasking,_______?A.didn"tIB.didIC.wouldID.wouldn"tI42.MynameisRobert,_______mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort.A.thenB.insteadC.howeverD.but43.-----Now,whereismypurse?----______!We’llbelateforthepicnic.A.TakeyourtimeB.Don’tworryC.ComeonD.Takeiteasy44._____straightonandyou’llseeachurch.Youwon’tmissit.A.GoB.GoingC.IfyougoD.Whengoing45.—Howoftendoyoueatout?—,butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking43 46.Standoverthereyou’llbeabletoseeitbetter.A.orB.whileC.butD.and47.－I’dliketotakeaweek’sholiday.－_____,we’retoobusy.A.Don’tworryB.Don’tmentionitC.ForgetitD.Pardonme48.Ihopeyoudon’tmindmeasking,_____wheredidyoubuythoseshoes?A.soB.andC.yetD.but49.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework_____myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.A.sinceB.whileC.whenD.as50.—CanIlookatthemenuforafewmoreminutesbeforeIdecide?—Ofcourse._______sir.A.MakeyourselfathomeB.EnjoyyourselfC.Itdoesn"tmatterD.Takeyourtime高考英语语法系列训练（十）名词性从句知识要点归纳名词性从句相当于名词，可分别在句中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。从属连词that：在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思，只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略从属连词if,whether：在从句中不充当任何成分，有意义，不可以省略连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略连接副词where,when,why,how：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略一、主语从句１.由从属连词引导的主语从句：①Whetherthecountryshouldbuildanuclearpowerstationissomethingwemustdiscuss.那个国家是否应该建立核电站……②Thatlighttravelsinstraightlineisknowntoall.光以直线传播２.由连接代词引导的主语从句：①Whatweneedismoretime.我们所需要的是……②Whicheverbookyouchoosedoesn’tmattertome.无论你选哪本书……③Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.无论谁来……３.由连接副词引导的主语从句：①Whentheplaneistotakeoffhasn’tbeenannounced.飞机什么时候起飞……②Wherehehasbeenisstillapuzzle.他到过哪儿……③Howmuchwaterisflowingcanbemeasuredeasily.水的流量是多少……4.关于形式主语it①It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……Itislikelythat….很可能②It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…众所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……③It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……可应用于此句型的名词还有fact/shame/honor/question/pity等。④It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhelikesornot.二、表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。Theproblemisthatmillionsofpeopledieofillnessescausedbysmoking.……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病Thequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthegame…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛That’sjustwhatIwant.……我想要的Thisiswhereourproblemlies.……我们的问题所在Thedifficultyishowwecanhelpsmokerskicktheirhabit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……值得注意的是：1.表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as,asif，asthough引导.Thingswerenotastheyseemed.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.好象要下雨了。2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：Thereasonwhy…isthat…(而不用because)It(This,That)isbecause…Thereasonwhyhewasdismissedisthathedidn’tworkhard.他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。Itisbecausethetobaccocompanieswanttoremaininbusiness.三、同位语从句同位语从句一般由that,whether等连词引导，常放在advice,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,problem,question,reason,truth,word,suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。l.Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.登陆月球…….2.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.……什么时候回来3.ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill……Mary也许病了4.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.……是否同意四、宾语从句宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。1.及物动词后的宾语从句：Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport……任何需要帮助的人……Iwonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请2.介词后的宾语从句：IalwaysthinkofhowIcanimprovemyspokenEnglish.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。Theteacherissatisfiedwithwhatshehassaid.老师对他所说的话很满意。3.某些形容词后的宾语从句：IamsurethatyouwillmakegreaterprogressinEnglishthroughhardwork.……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步Wearesurprisedthathehasleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous…….他没有告别就走了4.非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizingthatitwasjustadifferenceincustom,theforeignersmiledandsaidnothing.43 OnbeingaskedwhetherhehadhadagoodtimeinAustralia,heanswered“Terrible”.5.关于形式宾语itWemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。Ifinditnecessarythatweshouldaskhimforhisadvice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。五、名词性从句重难点1.在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：①Canyoumakesure____thegoldring？（MET90）A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput②Youcan"timagine__whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.（94上海）A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited2.动词doubt用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用that作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用whether或if皆可，而不用that。Doyoudoubtthathewillwin?Idon"tdoubtthatyourpropositioniswrong.HedoubtwhetherIknowit.3.否定转移问题。①将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移Idon"tthinkIknowyou.　我想我并不认识你。　Idon"tbelievehewillcome.　我相信他不回来。Wedon"texpecthewillcometonight,willhe?注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。　Ihopeyouweren"till.我想你没有生病吧。②将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移　Itdoesn"tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。　Itdoesn"tappearthatwe"llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。4.主谓一致问题。Whathewantedtoseewasanendtoallthearmiesoftheworld．WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks．5.语气问题①在含有suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,insist,desire,require,advise等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+动词原形”的结构Isuggestwe(should)setoffatonce.我建议我们应该立刻出发。②在Itis＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested，required等。Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadythisevening．③在表语从句或同位语从句中Thesuggestionthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone．④在Itis（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent____atleastaforeignlanguage．（上海1993）A.mastersB.shouldmasterC.masteredD.willmaster6.What引导名词从句的特殊含义:Whatwasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality．(what为“所……的事”，相当于“thethingthat…；allthat…；everythingthat…”)After________seemedaverylongtime，Iopenedmyeyeandfoundmyselfinbed．（MET"93）A.whatB.whenC.thatD.which(what相当于“thetimethat”，表示“……时间”)Heisnotwhathewasafewyearsago.WhoisitthathasmadeFredwhatheisnow？(what表示“……的人”，相当于“thepersonthat…”)WhatisnowtheNorthSaharaDesertwasonceacivilizedworld．(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“theplacethat…”)Ourincomeisnowdoublewhatitwastenyearsago(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“theamount／numberthat…”)7.不可省略的连词：①介词后的连词不可省略如：BeforeIcamedownstairsIhadpreparedmyselfverycarefullyforwhatImustsay.下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。②引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略如：Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。8.比较：whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：①whether引导主语从句在句首Whethershecomesornotdoesn’tconcernme.她是否来与我无关。②引导表语从句Hisfirstquestionwaswhethershehadarrivedyet.他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。③引导同位语从句Answermyquestionwhetheryouarecoming.回答我你是否来的问题。④whether从句作介词宾语IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.我担心是否伤了她的感情。⑤与ornot连在一起Idon’tknowwhetherornotheisgoingtoJapan.我不知道他是否去日本。大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。例如：Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.谁去，这不重要。Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾1.Bobisnolonger____heusedtobe.(NMET1998)A.thatB.whichC.whoD.what2.---IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.---Isthat_____youhadafewdaysoff？(NMET1999)A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where3._____wewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.(NMET1996)A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where4.AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,_______ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.（04上海）A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how5.Astorygoes______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethanbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.（04上海）A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that6.1havealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward,anditdoesn’tmatter______I’mtalkingto.（04广东）A.whoisitB.whoitisC.itiswhoD.itiswhom7.Parentsaretaughttounderstand______importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.（04广东）A.thatB.howC.suchD.so8.IthinkFatherwouldliketoknow____I"vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhimaquicknote.（04湖南）A.whichB.whyC.whatD.how9.----IhearJanehasgonetotheHolyIslandforherholiday.----Oh,hownice!Doyouknowwhenshe______?（04湖南）A.wasleavingB.hadleftC.hasleftD.left10.Amoderncityhasbeensetupinwasawastelandtenyearsago.（04天津）A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where11.TheForeignMinistersaid,“_______ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.”（04北京）A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis12.Wecannotfigureout_______quiteanumberofinsects,birds,andanimalsaredyingout.（04北京）A.thatB.asC.whyD.when43 13.Ilike_______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.（04河南）A.thisB.thatC.itD.one14.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis_______Idisagree.（04河南）A.whyB.whereC.whatD.how15.Acomputercanonlydo_____youhaveinstructedittodo.(01NMET).A.howBafterCwhatD.whenII.巩固练习1.---Doyouremember______Mskinghurtherleg?---Yes,Ido.Shewashurtbyahandtruck.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.how2.Theylosttheirwayintheforestand____mademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.A.ThatB.thisC.whatD.which3.Nobodyknows____hementionedthatatthemeeting.A.ThatB.whereC.whyD.what4.Hetoldmethenews____theQueenwouldvisitChinathenextmonth.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.what5.---PoorTom!Hewillhavetoworkallthecomingmonthround.---Luckily____thebasketballgamesareheld.A.exceptB.exceptforC.exceptwhenD.exceptthat6.Sometimesweareasked_____wethinkthelikelyresultofanactionwillbe.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whether7.Theyhavenotmadeanydecision____theyaregoingtodotodealwiththewasteandcontrolpollution.A.thatB.whichC.ifD.what8.---Doyouknowhim？---Yes,butIcan’trememberImethimforthefirsttime.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.if9.Thisoldcomputermusthavebeenofgreatusetodidthescientificresearch.A.thoseB.whenC.whoeverD.whomever10.wasknowntoallthatWilliamhadbrokenhispromisehewouldgivehimarise.A.As;whichB.What;thatC.It;thatD.It;which11.---Whocookssupperatyourhome？Yourmother？---Oh！Getshomefirstistocooksupper.A.WhoB.WhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever12.Pleasetellme____youwouldliketohaveyourcoffee---blackorwhite？A.whatB.whereC.whenD.how13.---Irangyouataboutten,buttherewasnoreply.---Oh,thatwasprobably____Iwasseeingthedoctor.A.whenB.whyC.whatD.that14.Thereasonwhyshecouldn’tcometothemeetingwas____.A.becauseshehadnotbeeninvitedB.whichshehadnotbeeninvitedC.thatshehadnotbeeninvitedD.becauseofhernothavingbeeninvited15.Insomecountries,____iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.A.WhichB.thatC.whatD.one16.Fathermadeapromise____Ipassedtheexaminationhewouldbuymeabicycle.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.thatif17.Sheispleasedwith____youhavegivenhimand____youhavetoldhim.A.that;thatB.which;whichC.what;allwhatD.what;allthat18.WhatIwanttoknowis___helikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.If19.Hewantedtomakesure____.A.howwewenttherebybusB.wheredidwegoC.whatdidwegothereD.whenwewentthere20.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If21.Itisn’tquitecertain_____shewilltaketheadviceA.thatB.whatC.whetherD./22.Youhavenoidea____then.A.howworriedIamB.howIwasworriedC.howworriedwasD.howworriedIwas.23.____theywonthegamewas___wehadexpected.A.That;whichB.Whether;thatC.What;thatD.That;what24.____surprisesmemostisthatshedoesn’tevenknow_____thedifferencebetweenthetwolies.A.What;whereB.what,whatC.That;whereD.That;what25.Ireallydon’tmindmuch_____theycametovisitmeornot.A.becauseB.whyC.whenD.whether26.____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what27.Theydecidedtoturnto_____canhelpthemoutofdifficulty.A.whoB.whoeverC.anyoneD.someone28._____surprisedmemostwas_____hewastoolatefortheimportantmeeting,forhewaschairmanofit.A.What;whyB.That;howC.What;howD.That;why29.Thedifficultywenowmeetwithis____wecanpersuadehimtotellthetruth.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.how30.Thereissomethingwrongwithhiswatchandthisis____heislate.A.howB.thatC.whatD.why31.---Haveyoufoundyourbookyet?---No.I’mnotsure____Icouldhaveleftit.A.whetherB.whereC.whenD.why32.Althoughmostofthemhavenodoubt____hewillpasstheexam,Istillthinkthereissomethingabout____hehasreallygoteverythingready.A.whether,thatB.that;whetherC.that;thatD.whether,whether33.---HaveyoufoundJack?---Yes,heis____youtoldhimtogo.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.when34.IaskedherinEnglish____shewas,andshetoldme___shewasanactress.A.who,thatB.who,/C.what,thatD.how,/35.Wethinkitpossible___thelocalgovernmentwillbeabletosolvethehousingproblem.A.forB.thatC.whenD.how36.Nowthereisadanger____thegroundmayfallin(下沉)becauseofthereducingofundergroundwater.A.whetherB.ifC./D.that37.LastSundayhemadeapromise____hewasfreehewouldtakemetotheMuseum.A.ifB.thatC.thatifD.whether38.Doyouhaveanyidea____?A.thatMissSmithwillarrivetodayB.whenwillMissSmitharriveC.howwillMissSmitharriveD.whyhasn’tMissSmitharrived39.Shelikedthedictionarysomuchthatshewouldliketotakeit____itcost.A.whatB.howmuchC.whateverD.howexpensive40.I’vealmostforgotten____.A.howMr.Taylor’slikeB.whatMr.Taylor’sfaceisC.whatMr.TaylorlookslikeD.whichMr.Taylor’sfaceislike41.Thetruevalueoflifeisnotin___,butin____.A.howyouget,thatyougiveB.whichyouget,whatyougiveC.whatdoyouget,whatdoyougiveD.whatyouget,whatyougive42.___madeusveryhappy.A.WhomhewaschosenB.ThathewaschosenC.BecausehewaschosenD.Whyhewaschosen43._____willgoisnotimportant.A.ThatwhoB.WhothatC.whoD.That43 44.____theywillstarthasnotbeendecidedyetA.WhenB.WhoC.ThatD.Which45.____shewillbeinvitedtothepartyisnotknown.A.IfB.WhetherC.WhenD.Whom46._____thatthereisnolifeonthemoon.A.ItiswellknownB.ItwaswellknownC.It’sknowingtousD.Weknowwellit47.___therewasnowindthatday.A.IthappenedthatB.ItseemsC.ItsohappensthatD.Itappears48.Theoldgentlemanneverfailstohelp____isinneedofhishelp.A.whomB.whoC.whoeverD.whomever49.Heisnolonger____twentyyearsago.A.whatwasheB.whathewasC.thatmanD.likewhatwashe50.Itisnot___Iwon’tdoit,____Ican’tdoit.A.what;butthat.B.that;butthatC.because;butwhatD.what;butbecause高考英语语法系列训练（十一）定语从句知识点归纳一．概念1．由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2．关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。二．定语从句的注意点1.which和that用法辨异1)只能用that的情况①当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,few,none,,anything,nothing，everything等时(something后可以用which)②先行词既指人又指物时.Theytalkedaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered.③先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时④先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,any,every,no,all修饰时⑤先行词是疑问词who,what,which时或先行词在由which,who引导的特殊疑问句中时Whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathiminchess?⑥关系词在从句中作表语时.Heisnotthatmanthathewas.（他已不是过去的他了）2)只能用which的情况①引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时②如果句中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that,另一个最好用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.③先行词本身就是that时Ihavethatwhichyougaveme.（我有你给的那个）④介词之后须用which.ThisistheoneofwhichI’mspeaking.这就是我所讲的那个。2.只能用who的情况1)先行词是指人的不定代词one,ones,nobody,everyone,anyone或all时2)先行词是those和people时3)在therebe开头的句中4)先行词指人时后有一个较长的定语或被其他成分隔开时5)在非限制性定语从句中3.as和which用法辨异1)只能用as的情况①as通常与thesame,such,so或as搭配使用②位于句首的定语从句用as引导③as常解释为“正如...的那样”,“正像...”，如：asisknowntoall,asweallknow,as(it)oftenhappens,ashasbeensaidbefore,aswasexpected,asissaidabove,asismentionedabove,asisreportedinthenewspaper等2)只能用which的情况①充当定语从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词是联系动词或被动语态时用as,which都可以，从句的谓语是行为动词时，只用which②接在介词后面时只用which③当从句的谓语是否定形式或接一个复合宾语时，只能用which，不用asHeadmireseveryoneintheclass,whichIfindquitestrange.4.thesame...as和thesame...that的用法辨异.That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.（同类事物）That’sthesametoolthatIusedlastweek.那就是我上周用过的工具。（指原物）5.theway做先行词时，定语从句可由that,inwhich引导或不用引导词。6.介词+which/whom/whoseThisisthebossinwhosecompanyhiseldersisterisworking.7.定语从句和同位语从句之间的区别①定语从句的先行词是名词和代词，定语从句起限制、修饰先行词的作用，而同位语从句的先行词是抽象名词，它解释、说明先行词的具体内容：Thenewsthatourteamhaswonistrue.（同位语从句）Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.(定语从句)②先行词在从句中作成分是定语从句，先行词在从句中不作成分是同位语从句Thenews(that)hetoldmeisexciting.（作宾语可省）ThenewsthathehasbeenelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStatesistrue.（引导同位语从句不可省）8.先行词是reason在从句中作主语，宾语，关系词用which/that/as,作状语用whyThisisthereasonthathetoldmeyesterday.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.9.先行词是地点名词如在从句中作主语，宾语，关系词用which/that/as,作状语用where.Thatisthefactorywhich/thatproduces100,000TVsetsayear.Thatisthefactorywhere/inwhichhisfatheronceworked.10.先行词是“时间名词”如在从句中作主语，宾语，关系词用which/that/as,作状语用when.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespentonthatlonelyisland.I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedtheParty.11.but作为关系词引导定语从句。Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren=Thereisnomotherwhodoesnotloveherchildren12.在下列情况下必须使用非限制性定语从句。①当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。HecaughtSARS,whichthreatenedpeoplealot.TheywillflytoParis,wheretheyplantostaytwoorthreedays.Football,whichisnowplayedinover100countries,isthemostpopulargameintheworld.②当主句内容完整，先行词意义明确时。Hishouse,whichwasfinishedonlylastmonth,wasburntdowntothegroundlastnight.Wewillputofftheoutingtillnextweek,whenwewon’tbesobusy.③当定语从句修饰整个主句时。Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theymovedthefallentree,whichtookthemalongtime.⑤当定语从句修饰主句中的一部分时。Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.⑥当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom”引导时Chinahashundredsofislandsoffitssoutheastcoast,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.Theoldmanhasthreechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudents.知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.(NMET2001)A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where2.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_____personallyIdoubtverymuch.(99’NMET)43 A.itB.thatC.whenD.which3.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.(2000’NMET)A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what4.TheEnglishplay_______mystudentsactedattheNewYear"spartywasagreatsuccess.（04河南）A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich5.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.（04四川）A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that6.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.（04内蒙）A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich7.GeorgeOrwell,_______wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.（04北京）A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname8.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.（04天津）A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which9.Itiseasytodotherepair,youneedisahammerandsomenails.（04天津）A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything10.TherewastimeIhatedtogotoschool.（04湖北）A．a;thatB．a;whenC．the;thatD．the;when11.Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.（04湖北）A．thelargerB．thelargerofthemC．thelargeronethatD．thelargerofwhich12.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.A．thewayB．inthewaythatC．inthewayD．thewaywhich13.Iworkinabusiness_________almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.（04湖南）A.howB.whichC.whereD.that14.Anyway,thatevening,____I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRachel’splace.（04浙江）A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which15.Parentsaretaughttounderstand______importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so16.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_____theycantalkfrequently.（04上海）A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom17Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.（04辽宁）A．ofwhichB．whichofC．ofthemD．ofthat18.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.(2000NMET)A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryoutII.巩固练习：1.Istillremembertheday____Ifirstcametocollege.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.atwhichD.which2.That’sthereason_____hewasn’thereyesterday.A.whyB.whichC.onwhichD.inwhich3.Idon’tthinkthenumberofthepeople____thishappenedisverylarge.A.whomB.whoC.towhomD.ofwhom4.Isawsometreestheleaves_______wereblackwithdisease.A.whereB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.whose5.Achild____parentsaredeadiscalledorphan.A.whichB.hisC.whoseD.with6.Theoldmanhadfoursons,allof_____arefamousscientists.A.themB.whichC.whomD.that7.Everything____canbedonehasbeendone.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.who8.Hementionedthepeopleandthethings____hehadseenandheardinthecountry.A.whichB.whoC.thatD.what9.ThefirstEnglishNovel____IreadwasGoneWiththeWind.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.who10.Heistheonlyman____Icanfindforthework.A.who’sB.whoseC.thatD.which11.Who_____hasseentheTVfilmdoesn’tadmireit?A.thatB.whoC.whichD.as12.Whichisthebetterofthetwobooks____youhaveread?A.whichB.thatC.asD.than13.Myhometownisnolongeranoldsmalltown_____itusedtobe.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.likewhich14.What’sthat____flashedintheskyjustnow?A.itB.whomC.whichD.that15.Anyone_____playswithfirewillgetburnt.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whose16.Thereisayoungmanoutside_____wantstoseeyou.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which17.Wemetasmallboywithbigeyesandblondhairinfrontofafarmhouse_____waswillingtohelpus.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which18.Heiswillingtoanswerasmanyquestions____mayberaised.A.whichB.thatC.asD.they19.Marywaslateforclassagain,____madeherteacherveryangry.A.asB.whichC.thatD.it20.Icalledhimbythewrongname,for_____mistakeIapologized.A.thatB.whichC.asD.whose21.Bettyalwaystellsalie,_____herparentsfindstrangeA.whichB.thatC.asD.it22.____ismentionedabove,thenumberofstudentsinseniorhighschoolsisincreasing.A.WhichB.AsC.ThatD.It23.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone_____familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose24.Heissuchagoodteacher____everystudentinourclasslovesandrespects.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as25.Itwasinthathouse____wasaverybeautifulone____myfatherspenthischildhood.A.which,thatB.that,whichC.which,whichD.that,inwhich26.Thereason____hehadtolookafterhismotherathospitalwasnottheone____hegavetous.A.why,thatB.that,thatC.that,whyD.why,why27.Tom,theonlyoneoftheboyswho____friendlytome,_____verygoodatmathematics.A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,are28.Isthatexhibition____theyvisitedlastSunday?A.whereB.thatC.inwhichD.theone29.Ihavetwobrothers,and_____aredoctors.A.bothofthemB.bothofwhomC.neitherofthemD.eachofwhom30.I’llneverforgetthedays____Ispentonthefarm.A.whenB.thatC.inwhichD.inthat31.Ipickedupacook_____Ithoughtwasskilled.A.heB.whoC.whomD.that32.That’sthereason_____hecan’tsay.A.whyB.thatC.whatD.inwhich33.ShearrivedinNewYorkin1896,_____,sometimelater,hebecameawriter.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which34.Thisisthesecondtime_____youhavemadesuchamistake.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.when35.thereisagreatdealofoxygenaroundus,____wecouldnotlive.A.withoutitB.whichC.withoutwhichD.that36.Whatespeciallyimpresseduswastheway____ourteacherstudiedforeignlanguages.A./B.whichC.bywhichD.what37.I,____yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whoare43 38.Freefilmticketswillbesentto______areinterestedinthefilm.A.whomeverB.whoeverC.whateverD.whichever39.IhavemetMr.Johnsonbefore,oneof____bookshasbeenfilmed.A.whichB.hisC.whoseD.whom40.You’dbettermakeamark_____youhaveanyquestions____youreadabook.A.intheplace,whileB.intheplacewhere,whenC.where,/D.totheplace,where41.Hemadeanotherdiscovery,_____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.IthinkwhichisD.whichIthinkisit42.Thebuildingoverthereisaschool,____isourlibrary.A.oneastofwhichB.totheeastofitC.ontheeastofthatD.eastofwhich43.Thisisjustthecity_______theforeignguestswishtopayavisit_________.A.which…toB.towhich…toC.that…toD.tothat…x44.Thegaledestroyedthehousenearthesea;theglasswindowsof____brokenintopieces.A.itwereB.itwasC.whichwereD.whichwas45.Thebabies_____areveryhealthy.A.afterwhomthenurseslookB.whomthenurseslookafterC.whomthenurseslookD.whomthenurseslookafterthem46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,______hecouldseewhatwasgoingoninsidethehouse.A.onwhichB.atwhichC.throughwhichD.inwhich47.Thebeautifuldress____MissJoneswenttotheballwasborrowedfromafriendofhers.A.inwhichB.wornbyC.wearingwhichD.that48.Nextmonth,______you’llbeinyourhometowniscoming.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which49.Byusingbothearsonecantellthedirection____asoundcomes.A.inwhichB.fromwhichC.withwhichD.towhich50.All____yousaidatthemeeting_____nothingtodowiththeproblem.A.what,haveB.that,hasC.which,haveD.what,has高考英语语法系列训练（十二）状语从句及倒装句知识要点归纳高考英语语法系列训练--------状语从句(教师版)I.状语从句状语从句几乎是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。状语从句是一种副词性从句，通常由一个从属连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导。状语从句可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较9种意义。一、基本用法1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,once,assoonas,nowthat,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,bythetime，themoment,thesecond,theminute,theinstant,everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thelasttime等注意点如下：1)when,while,as引导的时间状语从句as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。①ShecameupasIwascooking.(同时)②WhenIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.我在街上行走时，碰到一位老朋友　　　　　　　　　　　　　when(atorduringthetimethat)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。①Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.(指时间点)②Whenwewereatschool,wewenttothelibraryeveryday.(在一段时间内)③Whenwearrivedthere,thefilmhadalreadybegun.(先后发生)While强调一段时间里，仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，并且有延续意义，该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态；在when表示aperiodoftime时，两者可以互换。①Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhile/whenothersareworking.其他人工作时请不要大声讲话。②Hefellasleepwhile/whenreading.读书时他睡着了。③WhiletheywerewatchingTV,Iwaspreparingmyselfforthecomingexamination.他们在看电视，而我在为即将到来的考试做准备。Strikewhiletheironishot.(不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)as表示主从句动作同时发生，所以常译作＂一边…一边＂。Johnsingsasheworks.Ashishandsdroppedhedroppedwithit,andIlaidhimdown,dead.当When引出的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用as引导的省略句来代替。Whenhewasayoungman(=Asayoungman)hewasfondofhunting.2)before状语从句的重点句型Itwill(not)beaperiodoftimebefore还要……才，要不了多久就……Was(not)过了……才没多久就……①ItwasalongtimebeforeIgottosleep.过了好长时间我才睡着了。②Itwasn’tlongbeforehetoldmeaboutthenews.没多久他就告诉了我那条新闻。③不等……就在---之前：BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.ThetelephonerangoffbeforeIcouldanswerit.我还没来得及接电话，电话就挂断了。④刚……就：Hehardlyenteredtheroombeforeheheardthetelephonering.⑤先……再：Youcanhaveafewdaystothinkaboutitbeforeyoumakeyourdecision.做出决定之前你还有几天时间考虑3)since引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性动词的完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。Itis/hasbeenaperiodoftime延续性动词的过去式自从该动作结束已多长时间延续性动词的完成时态since该动作已延续了多长时间短暂性动词的过去式自从该动作开始已多长时间①HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIwasill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）②HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIhavebeenill.我病了，他一直未来看我。③Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedhere.自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）④Iknowhimverywellsincehehaslivedherenearus.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。⑤It’sthreeyearssinceIwasinthearmy.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）⑥It’sthreeyearssinceIhavebeeninthearmy=It"sthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy.我入伍已三年了。4)如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。notuntil放在句首时主句要倒装。Hedidn’tgobacktohishometownuntilthreeyearslater.=Notuntilthreeyearslaterdidhegobacktohishometown.43 Ididn’trecognizehimuntilhetookoffhisglasses.=NotuntilhetookoffhisglassesdidIrecognizehim.2.原因状语从句由下列连词引导：as,because,since,nowthat,consideringthat,seeingthat(鉴于---)。下面几点值得注意：1)because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just以及否定词not连用。但不可以与so连用。如Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.Hefailedbecausehewascareless.他因粗心而失败了。because引导的从句可以被强调：ItwasbecauseshewantedtostudyabroadthatsheenteredforTOEFL2)since引导的从句语气次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后而推断出的原因，或指人们已知的事实，比as正式一些,常置于句首。as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，一般放在句首。Since/Nowthatnooneisagainstit,let’scarryouttheplan.Sinceeveryonehascome,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都来了，我们开会吧。Asalltheseatswerefull,hestoodthere.所有的座位都满了他只好站那儿。3)for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它也常引导句子表原因，但不是原因状语从句，它是一个并列句。for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，表推测的理由。Thedaywasshort,foritwasDecember.Itmighthaverainedlastnightforthegroundiswet.昨晚可能下雨了，因为地面是湿的。Shemusthavecriedforhereyesarered.她一定哭过了，她眼睛红的。Hecan’thavedonethatforheisnotthatkindofman.他不可能这么做的，因为他不是那种人。3.地点状语从句由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。Youmayfindhimwherehisbrotherlives.Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以去你想要去的任何地方。Anywherehewent,hegotwarmwelcome.无论他走到哪儿，都收到热烈欢迎。Thegirltakesthedollwithhereverywhereshegoes.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。4.结果状语从句由下列连词引导：that，so…that，such…that，sothat等。注意以下几种结构：1).so+adj/adv+that…2).such(a/an+adj)+n+that…3).so+adj+a/an+n+that=sucha/an+adj+n+that…4).somany/much/few/little(少)+n+that…5)such+(adj)+n(u/pl)+thatHespokesofastthatIcouldn’tfollowhim.他说的如此的快，我跟不上他。Itwassuchalovelyday/solovelyadaythatweallwentswimming今天天气如此的好，我们大家都去游泳了。Hegavesuchimportantreasonsthathewasexcused.他给了非常重要的理由，我们都原谅他了。So或such置于句首时，主句常倒装。Itwassuchalovelyday/solovelyadaythatweallwentswimming.　＝Suchalovelydaywasitthatweallwentswimming.Hegavesuchimportantreasonsthathewasexcused.=Suchimportantreasonsdidhegivethathewasexcused.注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。Thisissuchaninteresting/sointerestingafilmthateveryonewantstoseeit.Thisissuchaninteresting/sointerestingafilmaseveryonewantstosee.Thestoneissoheavyaswecan’tlift.That引导的从句常用于口语中。Weturnedtheradioup(so)thateveryoneheardthenews.5.目的状语从句由下列连词引导：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase等。（注：sothat也可用来引导结果状语从句）sothat,inorderthat引导的目的状语从句中常需用情态动词。sothat引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，inorderthat引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。Wesetoutearlysothatwecouldseethesunrise.我们很早出发以便能看到日出Hesenttheletterbyairmailsothatitmightreachthemintime.他空邮这份信的以便他们能按时收到。forfearthat,incase引导的目的状语从句谓语动词要用shoulddo它们本身带有否定意义，相当于sothat--not,inorderthat---notWehidbehindthebushesincase/forfearthatpassers-byshouldseeus.我们躲在丛林中以防过路人看见。PleaseremindmeofitagaintomorrowincaseIforget.明天请再次提醒我以防我忘了。6.条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。由下列连词引导：if,unless,suppose,supposing,providing(that),provided(that),given(that),incase,onconditionthat,aslongas,solongas,sofaras等。(1)Unless=ifnotYouwillfailunlessyoustudyhard.除非努力否则你就要失败。(2)suppose,supposing,providing(that),provided(that),given(that)=ifSupposeIdon’thaveadayoff,whatshallIdo?Giventhathesupportsus,we’llwintheelection.如果他支持我们，我们就会赢得选举。(3)onconditionthat,aslongas,solongas=onlyifAslongasyoudon’tloseheart,youwillsucceed.只要你不灰心，你就会成功。(4)AsfarasIknow,hecheatedintheexam.SofarasIamconcerned,I’minfavourof“mercykilling”.就我个人而言，我支持安乐死。AsfarasI’mconcerned,makingmoneyisnottheonlypurposeoflife.就我个人而言，赚钱并不是生活的唯一目的。7.让步状语从句由下列连词引导：although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,nomatter+疑问词等。注意以下几点：1)although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,still。Heisunhappythoughhehasalotofmoney.Thoughitwasraininghard,yettheydidn’tstopworking.尽管下着大雨，他们仍然在工作。2)as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.=Childas(though)heis,heknowsalot.（注意在child前不要用冠词）Goodasheis,hewon’tbetopofclass.43 ThoughIlikeitverymuch,Iwon’tbuyit.=MuchasIlikeit,Iwon’tbuyit.Tryashewould,hecouldn’tlifttheheavybox.Thoughitisrainingheavily,herushedout.=Heavilyasitisraining,herushedout.1)whether---or(not)引导的从句，提供两个对比的“尽管”情况，含有条件意味。（Whetheryou）believeitornot,itistrue.信不信由你，这是真的。Whetheryoucomehereorwegothere,thetopicofdiscussionwillremainunchanged.不管是你来这儿还是他去那儿，讨论的主题保持不变。2)疑问词+ever＝nomatter+疑问词whateveryousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.Whoeveryouare,youmustshowyourpass.无论你是谁，你都必须出示你的通行证。Wheneveryoucome,youarewelcome.无论你啥时来，都欢迎。8.方式状语从句由下列连词引导：as,asif,asthough,theway等。AtRomewemustdoastheRomans(do).入乡随俗Doitthewayyouweretold(to).教你怎样做就怎样做。HetreatsmeasifIwereastranger.他对待我象陌生人一样。注意以下几点：1)as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。Ididitjustasyoutoldme.=IdiditjustastoldtoHedidn’twinthematchasexpected.他没有像预料的一样赢得比赛。1)asif和asthough引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。Itseemsasifitweregoingtorain.CF:itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.3)连词while和whereas可表示对比。Whereasheisratherlazy,sheisquiteenergetic.注意状语从句中的省略现象1)连接词+过去分词Unlessrepaired,thewashingmachineisnouse.Though_______ormanytimes,Davidoftendrivesafterdrinking.A.tobewarnedB.havingbeenwarningCwarnedD.beingwarned2)连词+现在分词Lookoutwhilecrossingthestreet.3)连词+形容词/其他常见的有ifnecessary、ifpossible、whennecessary、ifany等4)比较状语从句中的省略句。如：Hearrivedhomehalfanhourearlierthan(hehadbeen)expected.II.倒装句倒装句有两种：全部倒装与部分倒装，采用倒装语序有两个原因，一是由于语法结构的需要，称为语法倒装；还有一种是修辞的需要，称为修辞倒装1.语法倒装：有下列几个重点1)在表示祝愿的句中Longliveourbelovedmotherland.Mayyoulivelong!2)在therebe句型（be可换成live,lie,stand等表示状态的动词），是典型的全部倒装。ThereisayoungmanwaitingforyououtsideTherearelotofpeopleinthehall.Therestandsatempleonthetopofthehill.山顶上有一座寺庙。3)在省略了if的虚拟条件状语从句中可把should，had，were提前。IfIweretodoit,Iwoulddoitinanotherway.=WereItodoit,Iwoulddoitinanotherway.IfIhadbeeninformedearlier,Iwouldhavemetherattheairport.=HadIbeeninformedearlier,Iwouldhavemetherattheairport.Ifithadn’tbeenforthepasser-by’squickaction,thegirlwouldhavebeendrowned.=Haditnotbeenforthepasser-by’squickaction,thegirlwouldhavebeendrowned.=Butforthepasser-by’squickaction,thegirlwouldhavebeendrowned2.修辞倒装：主要有下列情况：1)only+状语放在句首时,主句用部分倒装。OnlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimprovethesituationthereOnlybyswimmingcanyougettotheothersideoftheriver.只有通过游泳你才能到达河的彼岸。Onlywhenthewarwasoverwasheabletogoonstudying.只有战争结束时他才能继续学习。注：如only在开头不是修饰状语，则要用正常语序Onlymymotherreallyunderstandsme.（only+主语）2)某些表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时如not,never,little,seldom,nowhere,rarely,hardly,notonly,notuntil,neither---nor,nosooner----than,hardly---when,innotime,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,等SeldomhaveIreadastorysotouching.Innocasewilltheylookonwithfoldedarms.NevershallIforgettheday.我永远都不会忘记那一天。NotonlydoeshelikeEnglish,butalsohelearnsitwell.他不仅喜欢英语，而且学得好。NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.我刚到家，天就下起雨来。3)在so…that,such…that结构中，so,such位于句首以示强调时Soharddidtheworkersdotheirworkthattheyfulfilledtheplanaheadoftime.Insuchdesperateconditionsdidhefindhimselfthathewasreducedtoplayingtheviolininthestreet.4)当so,neither,nor用来避免重复时HehaspassedthedrivingtestandsohaveI.他通过考试了我也如此。Iwon’tgothereagain,nor(andneither)willanyofmyclassmates.我再也去那儿了，我同学也不会去的。Ifyougoskating,sowillI.如果你去溜冰，我也去。Ifyoudon’tgetup,neitherwillI.如果你不起床，我也不。5)当“manya+名词”的短语放在句子开头时Manyatimehavetheybeentothebeautifulpark.Manyadaydidtheyspendinthesmallmountainvillage.3)当一些地点状语或时间状语如here,there,now,then,及某些副词away,up,down,in,out等放在句首时则全部倒装。43 Hereisaletterforyou.Nowcomesyourturn.Outoftheclassroomrushedalittleboy.一个小男孩冲出了教室注意：主语是代词时则句子不倒装。Awayshewent.Outoftheclassroomherushed.他冲出了教室7)在一些生动地描述动作的句子中Followingtheroar,outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.Downjumpedthethieffromthetenthfloor.8)在“主+系+表”结构中，表语由下列结构充当时表语可提前，形成倒装。①Amongitsproductsarefarmmachinesandminingequipment.(介词短语)②Especiallypopularistheprettysinger.(形容词短语)③Belowisadeepvalley.(副词)④Eastofthecityliesanewrailway.(副词短语)⑤Firsttobecompletedwastheseven-storeyteachingbuilding.(不定式短语)⑥Gonearethedayswhenmyheartwasyoungandgay.(过去分词)⑦Lyingonthefloorwasaboyaged15.(现在分词)(8)Presentatthemeetingaredoctors,teachers,andengineersfromalloverthecountry.(形容词)知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾:1.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buttheyhungup______Icouldanswerthephone.(NMET2000)A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before2.TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname________itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.(NMET2000)A.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough3.______canyouexpecttogetapayrise.(NMET2001春季)A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD..Nowthatheworkshard4.Johnshuteverybodyoutofthekitchen_______hecouldpreparehisgrandsurprisefortheparty.(NMET02)A.whichB.whenC.sothatD.asif5.Don’tbeafraidofaskingforhelp____itisneeded.(NMET03)A.unlessB.sinceC.althoughD.when6.Rosesneedspecialcare_____theycanlivethroughwinter.（04全国I）A.becauseB.sothatC.evenifD.as7._____youcallmetosayyou"renotcoming,I"llseeyouatthetheatre.（04全国II）A.ThoughB.WhetherC.UntilD.Unless8.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework_____myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.（04全国III）A.sinceB.whileC.whenD.as9.Jasminewasholidayingwithherfamilyinawildlifepark_____shewasbittenonthelegbyalion.(04上海)A.whenB.whileC.sinceD.once10.Parentsshouldtakeseriouslytheirchildren’srequestsforsunglasses_________eyeprotectionisnecessaryinsunnyweather.(04上海)A.becauseB.thoughC.unlessD.if11.HespeaksEnglishwellindeed,butofcoursenot_____anativespeaker.(04上海)A.asfluentasB.morefluentthanC.sofluentlyasD.muchfluentlythan12.Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurantyoulike.（04重庆）A.wheneverB.whereverC.whateverD.however13.Youshouldtrytogetagoodnight’ssleepmuchworkyouhavetodo.（04湖北）A．howeverB．nomatterC．althoughD．whatever14.Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.（04江苏）A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless15._____modelingbusinessisbynomeanseasytogetinto,thegoodmodelwillalwaysbeindemand.（04浙江）A.WhileB.SinceC.AsD.If16.Weweretoldthatweshouldfollowthemainroadwereachedthecentralrailwaystation.(04辽宁)A．wheneverB．untilC．whileD．wherever17.ItwaseveningwereachedthelittletownofWinchester.（04天津）A.thatB.untilC.sinceD.before18____snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.(04上海)A.NotonlytheybroughtB.NotonlydidtheybringC.NotonlybroughttheyD.Notonlytheydidbring19．—Iwouldneverevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible!（04广西）—_____.A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldIC.SamewithmeD.SodoI20.Ofthemakingofgoodbooksthereisnoend;neither___anyendtotheirinfluenceman’slives.（04广东）A.thereisB.thereareC.isthereD.arethereII.巩固练习：1.Therewas_____trafficthatittookusonlytenminutestogetthere.A.suchlittleB.solittleC.suchalittleD.soalittle2.Nothingmorewasheardofhim______peoplethoughtthathewasdead.A.thatB.sothatC.suchthatD.inorderthat3.Takethismedicineatonce______yourillnesswillgrowserious.A.sothatB.forfearthatC.inorderthatD.forfear4.I’llgetsomebear________Bobshouldcome.A.incaseB.sothatC.inorderthatD.soasto5.Pleaseputthemagazine________itbelongs.A.towhichB.whereC.totheplaceD.inwhich6.--I’vemadeupmymindtogoabroadnextyear.--Well,____youaregoing,soamI.A.aslongasB.ifC.whenD.since7.--Theairisfullofsmokeandpeoplearecoughing.--It’llgetworse______thegovernmentdoessomethingaboutpollution.A.butB.unlessC.besidesD.except8.Itwasalreadyeighto’clock______wegothome.A.untilB.thatC.sinceD.when9.Howlongisit_______Isawyoulast?A.unlessB.whetherC.whenD.since10.Itwas_____hewasill_____hedidn’tgowithus.A.as,whenB.because,whyC.because,thatD.since,that11.Imightgoshoppingthisafternoon._______Igoshopping,I’llbuysomefood.A.AndB.OrC.IfD.When12.Itwasnotlong_____therainstoppedbutitwaslong_____thesuncameout.A.before,afterB.after,beforeC.before,beforeD.after,after13.I’mafraidIwon’thaveanyinfluenceovermy18-year-olddaughter_____hermindismadeup.A.assoonasB.nowC.themomentD.once14.Mymotherisill,andIamtolookafterher______.A.untilshegetswellB.untilshewillgetwellC.untilshegetsgoodD.whensheisgood15.Shewillcomeandseeyouthemomentshe______herwork.A.willfinishB.finishedC.hasfinishedD.hadfinished16._______,I’llgiveyousomeadvice.A.IfyouwouldacceptmeB.WhetheryoulistenmeC.IfyoulistentD.Ifyouwilllistentome17.Itwasnotlong_____hismotherdied.A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.that18.Shehas_____littleschoolingthatshecan’tteach_____littlechildren.A.so…suchB.so…soC.such…suchD.such…so19.Thisissuchaninterestingfilm____everyonewanttosee.A.thatB.whichC.asD.when43 20.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,________thegroundiswet.A.sinceB.forC.becauseD.aslongas21.Takethisbaggageand______youcanfindenoughspace.A.hangitwhichB.hangitinwhichC.hangitwhereverD.hangitwhere22.Hepickedupthephoneandwaited.Itwas_____herecognizedhisfather’svoice______.A.until,didheanswerB.notuntil,thatheansweredC.notuntil,beforeheansweredD.before,thatheanswered23.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehind_____hewent.A.whenB.asC.whileD.since24.Hehasmadeuphismindtodoexperimentsuccessfully.Hewon’tgiveup_____hefails.A.althoughB.thoughC.evenifD.unless25.Itwillbefivehours______wemeetagain.A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since26.Itisnotlong_____hismotherdiedA.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.that27.Itwas______thatwecan’tworkitoutA.suchdifficultproblemB.suchdifficultaproblemC.sodifficultaproblemD.soadifficultproblem28.Itwasnotlong_______hewasbornthathismotherdied.A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.that29._______hewas,hewasreadytocometomyhelpwhenheheardIwasintrouble.A.TiredB.AstiredC.whatevertiredD.Howevertired30.________,hemustfollowtheinstructions.A.NomatterwhoisheB.NomatterwhoheisC.NowhoeverisheD.Whoheis31.---Tomwonthefirstprizeinthecontest.---__________.A.SohedidB.SodidheC.Sohedid,tooD.Sodidhe,too32.________aboutothersthink.A.LittlehecaresB.HelittlecaresC.LittledoeshecareD.Littlecareshe33.Notonly_____toNewYorkbutalso_____thereforatime.A.hashebeen,heworkedB.hashebeen,didheworkC.hehasbeen,didheworkD.hehasgone,didhework34.Neither_____read,nor_____write.A.canhe,canheB.canhe,hecanC.hecan,canheD.hecan,hecan35.Notuntil______thework______tobed.A.didhefinish,hewentB.hefinished,hewentC.hefinished,didhegoD.hefinished,hadhegone36._______Mary’soldgreenjacket.A.WentonB.OnwentC.wentoutD.Onput37.Seeingthepolicemancoming,away______A.theboysranB.rantheboysC.didtheboysrunD.theboysrun38.Hewouldn’thavepassedtheexam_______sohard.A.hadn’theworkedB.ifhedidn’tworkC.shouldn’theworkD.hasn’theworked39.I’dratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm,________.A.neitherhadheB.neitherwouldheC.sohadheD.sowouldhe40.__________,thecropswouldbesaved.A.IfitrainedB.IfrainsC.ShoulditrainD.itshouldrain41.Suchastupidboy______thatIdon’tknowhowtodealwithhim.A.heisB.washeC.isheD.hewas42.Onthewall________twolargeportraitsA.hangsB.hangC.hangedD.hanging43.Such__________.A.werehiswordsB.hiswordswasC.washiswordsD.hiswordswere44.---Hisfatherisaworkerandworksveryhard.---_________.A.SoismineB.SodoesmineC.SoitisthesamewithmeD.Soitiswithmine45.Hedislikesfootball,and__________.A.soishisbrotherB.neitherdoeshisbrotherC.sodoeshisbrotherD.norishisbrother46.Atnotime______beatstudentsinschoolsofChina.A.teacherscan’tB.willteachersC.teacherswillnotD.wouldteachers47.______fromthetenthfloorwhenthepolicemanpointedhisgunathim.A.JumpeddownthemurdererB.DownthemurdererjumpedC.ThemurdererjumpeddownD.Downjumpedthemurderer48.Onlybythen__________.A.didherealizetheimportanceofEnglishB.herealizedtheimportanceofEnglishC.hehadrealizedtheimportanceofEnglishD.hadherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish49..Neithercouldtheorydowithoutpractice,_____withouttheory.A.norpracticecoulddoB.norcouldpracticedoC.orcouldpracticedoD.practicecoulddonor50.Thepalacewasheavilyguarded,becauseinsideitswalls__________.A.wherelivedtheQueenB.livedtheQueenC.therelivedtheQueenD.thatlivedtheQueen高考英语语法系列训练（十三）强调、替代、省略知识要点归纳强调、省略、替代为了表达说话人强烈的感情色彩或达到语法结构的需要，常采用强调。应用中，强调常通过强调结构、语法性倒装、修辞性倒装等来体现。作为修辞手段，省略和替代能使语句简练、紧凑，但往往给学生的理解和选择造成一定的障碍。在近几年的高考题中省略和替代现象时有出现，而且出错率较高，原因是因为大多数考生对省略和替代的规律不明了。请注意下面的说明。一.强调结构为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或状语），常用强调结构：Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…表示强调的it在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。如：LastnightIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.强调主语：ItwasIthat(or:who)sawafilmintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调宾语：ItwasafimlthatIsawintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调地点状语：ItwasintheYouthPalacethatIsawafilmlastnight.强调时间状语：ItwaslastnightthatIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用Itis…that(who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用Itwas…that(who)…另外，还要注意下面几点。1)在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致ItisIwhoamateacher.2)即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数如：Itistheywhooftenhelpmewithmylessons.3)在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why或how，而用that如：Itwasbecausehermotherwasillthatshedidn"tgowithus.4)在强调not…until结构中由until短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型Itis(was)notuntil...that...。that从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。如：Myfatherdidn"tcomehomeuntil12o"clocklastnight.43 Itwasnotuntil12o"clocklastnightthatmyfathercamehome.5)在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序。如：DidthishappeninBeijing?WasitinBeijingthatthishappened?6)特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“疑问词+is(was)itthat...?"如：Wherewereyouborn?Wherewasitthatyouwereborn?二.省略与替代省略是英语中常见而又复杂的语言现象。这里只叙述一下省略的一般性原则1.在行文中，为了达到简洁的效果，可以承接上下文省去相同的词语或结构例如（以下句中括号内的词语是被省去的部分）："It"salwayslikethat,"Sinetwenton."Anditalwayswillbe(likethat)."Inmyclass,boyslikesportswhilegirlsdonot(likesports)Knowingisonething,andbelieving(is)another.知道是一回事，相信则是另一回事。Oneofthesidesoftheboardshoudbepaintedyellow,and_____.（北京2000春）A.theotheriswhiteB.anotherwhiteC.theotherwhiteD.anotheriswhiteHedoesnotloveme,norIhim.他不爱我，我也不爱他。Hewasable,energeticandcharmingandtheyreceivedhimasamaidenwouldalover.他才能出众，精力充沛，魅力无穷，他们欢迎他就像少女欢迎自己的恋人一般。应特别注意不定式省去动词只保留to的情形：1)在hope,like,try.want,wish,expect,tell,ask,advice,refuse等动词后作宾语：Blackpeoplehadnorighttovoteinthesouthernstates.Iftheywishedto,theyhadtopassareadingtest.2)在beableto,begoingto,bewillingto.wouldliketo等惯用语及usedto,haveto,oughtto之后Thedoctorwantedtooperate,buthewasn"tableto.3)在be+glad/happy/ready/pleased/delighted等形容词之后："Wouldyougivemeahandwiththisdesk?""Yes,I"llbegladto."4)在want,tell,persuade,allow,permit,等动词后作宾语补足语，或在其被动结构后作主语补足语：Don"ttouchanythingunlessyourteachertellsyouto.Iknowwhyyoucouldn"tplayme,butIwantyoutonextyear.我知道你为什么不叫我比赛，但我希望你明年会让我比赛。Shewouldn"tmoveunlessshewastoldto;Louisehasnowillofherown.露易丝这孩子没主见，你不说她是不会动的。5)其他-Bruce:Areyougoingtobeasailorwhenyouleaveschool?-LiQun:Idon"tknow.Ihaven"tdecidedwhethertoornot.特别提醒：如果不定式中有助动词be,have,havebeen等，通常要保留这些助动词。-Areyouasailor?-No,butIusedtobe.-Hehasn’tfinishedit.–Well,heoughttohave.2.在口语中，可根据特定的语境省去一些无关紧要的词语如："Itwasveryniceofher,wasn"tit?"Iremarked."Very."“Likecandy?"heaskedheraffectionately.-"Killed?"-"Yes,murdered."How/Whataboutthegirlstakingawalkdownthegarden?Whynotwearsomeflowers?3.简单句中的省略1)口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：（Itis）Nicetoseeyou?(Thisis)Hespeaking.2)所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略如：I’mgoingtovisitTom’s(house).Imethimatthetailor’s(shop).3)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省to如：Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.4)主（宾）语补足结构中的tobe常省略如：Hewasconsidered(tobe)thebeststudentintheclass.5)Therebe结构中therebe可同时省略，或只省略three如：（Isthere）Anythingwrong?6)表示年龄的yearsold,表示钟点的o’clock,minute等常省略如：Whattimeisitnow?It’sten(o’clock).4.从句中的省略1)宾语从句，以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留一个wh一词如：Hewillcome,butwedon’tknowwhen(hewillcome).Hedidn’tcome,Iwonderedwhy(hedidn’tcome).2)宾语从句中、定语从句中可省略作宾语的引导词如：Ithink(that)itwillclearupthisafternoon.Theman(whom)Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.3)状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中(如when,if,while,asif,though,although,as,until,,unless,whether等词引导的从句)，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it,则be动词及其主语常可省略如：I’lltellhimthatwhen(itis)possible.Iwon’tgothereunless(I’m)invited.Heworksveryhardthough(heis)ratherweak.Mistakes,if(thereare)any,shouldbecorreted.Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.4)在than,as,nomatterwhat(who)等分句后面常省略某些成分。如：Hearrivedearlierthan(hehadbeen)expected.Thisbookisasinterestingasthatone(is).Anyone,nomatterwho(heis),maypointoutourshortings.5)在“the+比较级…the+比较级…结构”中，有时可省略be或therebe如：Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).Instudingaforgeignlanguage,themorepratice(thereis),thebetter(itis).三.替代1.do替代动词Ifthat"sthecasethen100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000peoplewouldweighasmuchasthewholeEarthdoes.(=weighs)Difficultiesstrengthenthemind,aslabourdoesthebody.(=strengthen)劳动锻炼身体，困难锻炼意志。Afeatherfallsslowerthanastoneonlybecausetheairholdsthefeatherbackmorethanitdoesthestone.（替代）2.so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句(常用动词：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,beafraid,fear,hope.etc.)-----Ishecoming?-----Isupposeso./SoIsuppose.否定:Isupposenot.知识点训练：I.经典试题回顾：1.—Whydon’tyoutakealittlebreak?—Didn’twejusthave.(2000全国)A.itB.thatC.oneD.this2.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.(01全国)A.theyB.itC.oneD.which3.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbeedonetochangeit.(02全国)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun4.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,____Iwillalwaystreasure.(02全国)A.thatB.oneC.itD.what5.--Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.--Why____?Johnissittingtheredoingnoting.(03全国)A.himB.heC.ID.me6.–Youhaven’tlosttheticket,haveyou?--______.Iknowitisnoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment.(04全国)43 A.IhopenotB.Yes,IhaveC.IhopesoD.Yes,Iamafraidso7.Itistheabilitytodothejob____matters,notwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.(2000全国春季)A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it8.Itwashowtheyoungmanhadlearnedfiveforeignlanguages______attractedtheaudience"sinterest.A.sothatB.thatC.whatD.inwhich(2000上海)9.Ihavedonemuchofthework.Couldyoupleasefinish_____intwodays.(04辽宁)A.therestB.theotherC.anotherD.theothers10.HespeaksEnglishwellindeed,butofcoursenot_____anativespeaker.(04上海)A.asfluentasB.morefluentthanC.sofluentlyasD.muchfluentlythan11.Why!Ihavenoyhingtoconfess.____youwantmetosay?.(04上海)A.WhatisitthatBWhatitisthatC.HowisitthatD.Howitisthat12.Iwillneverknowwhatwasonhismindatthetime,norwill________.(04江苏)A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.nooneD.nooneelse13.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade_____fromsomewoodwehad.(04江西)A.itB.oneC.himselfD.another14.—Iwouldneverevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible!—_____.(04江西)A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldC.SamewithmeD.SodoI15.Ihavealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward,anditdoesn’tmatter______I’mtalkingto.(04广东)A.whoisitB.whoitisC.itiswhoD.itiswhom16.ThereareeighttipsinDrRoger’slectureon—sleep,andoneofthemis:tobedearlyunlessyouthinkitisnecessary.(04重庆)A.doesn’tgoB.nottogoC.notgoingD.don’tgo17．—Let’sgoandhaveagooddrinktonight.—Haveyougotthefirstprizeinthecompetiton?(04重庆)A.Whatfor?B.Thanksalot.C.Yes,I’dliketo.D.Whynot?18．—Goforapicnicthisweekend,OK?—_______.Ilovegettingclosetonature.(04福建)A．Icouldn’tagreemoreB．I’mafraidnotC．IbelievenotD．Idon’tthinkso19.Itwaswithgreatjoyhereceivedthenewsthathislostdaughterhadbeenfound.(04福建)A．becauseB．whichC．sinceD．that20.I’veneverseenanyonerunsofast----______Davidgo.(04福建)A.justwatchB.justtowatchC.justwatchingD.justhavingwatchedII.巩固练习：1.Itis_____who_____wrong.A.me;meB.me;isC.I;amD.I;is2.---ShallIinviteTomtomyparty?---Yes.It"llbeniceifyou________.A.doB.doinviteC.areD.invite3.---ShallIwakeyouuptomorrow?---Yes,_______.A.pleasedoB.youshallC.youwillD.youmay4.---Youlookhappytoday,Mary---IlikemynewdressandMother_______,too.A.likesB.doesC.isD.do5.---Doyouneedanewtietogowithyournewsuit,Mr.Johnson?---No,_______.A.Iamhavingplentyofties.B.IthinkIhaveseveralthatwilldo.C.therearelotsoftiesforthematch.D.Ihavelotsoftiestodoit.6.---Shemustlooklikeaveryprettygirl.---Yes,Iimagine______.A.toB.thatC.itD.so7.---Willyougohometomorrowevening?---No,Iamgoingtoalecture,oratleastIamplanning_______.A.soB.toC.itD.that8.---Johnfeelsmuchbetterthismorning.---Iknowhe______.A.doesB.doessoC.doesitD.doesthat9.---Igottiredofthevillagelifehere.---Why______forafewweeks?A.comingtomyhomeB.notcomingtomyhouseC.doyoucometomyhouseD.notcometomyhome10.---Haveyoubeenherelong?---_______.A.No,notveryB.NotmuchC.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday11.---Doyoufollowme?---Yes,______.A.itisgoodB.IwillC.perfectlyD.verygood12.---Idon"tthinkheisstudyingLatininhisroomnow.---Oh!_____?A.doesheB.doesn"theC.isheD.isn"the13.---Youcan"tcometoday,canyou?---_______.A.Yes.IcancometomorrowB.Yes,Ican"tcometomorrow.C.No,butIcancometomorrowD.No,butIcancometomorrow14.---Didyoueatyet?---_____.A.Yes,let"shavelunchtogetherB.No,let"sgotheresometimeC.No,Ihaven"ttakenitD.Yes,aboutanhourago15.---Who"sgotallmymoney?---He______.A.doesb.isC.hasD.was16.Abeamoflightwillnotbend(弯曲)roundcornersunless_______todosowiththehelpofareflectingdevice(反射装置)A.madeB.beingmadeC.havingmadeD.tobemade17.XiaoWangfinishedhisstudyinBeijingandhasgonetoJapan._________.A.SohasXiaoLiB.SoitiswithXiaoLiC.SoXiaoLIhasD.SoithaswithXiaoLi18.Butforalongtimewehardlysawanylights,_______weseetheshore.A.nordidB.didnorC.norD.nordo19.Someonehasleftthetaprunning,______?A.hasheB.hasn’theC.haveD.haven’tthey20.______herworkisstillnotasgoodasshewantsittobe?A.WhyisitthatB.WhyisC.WhyitisthatD.Whyissothat21.If______,we"llgo.A.necessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.itnecessary22.Theshoesinthisshoparecheaperthanthoseinthatshopbutnot______.A.asbetterB.asgoodthanC.asgoodD.betteras23.---Areyousatisfiedwithwhatshehasdone?---Notalittle.Itcouldn"tbe_______.A.anyworseB.anybetterC.gobadD.sowell24.Iforgot_______youstarteddoingyourhome-work.A.thatwasitwhenB.whenwasitthatC.whenitwasthatD.thatitwaswhen25.Itis_______hishealththatwedon"tallowhimtosmoke.A.justB.onlyC.forD.because26.”MayIhavearesthere?”“Yes,_____.”A.youdoB.youmayhaveC.pleaseD.youcando27.Theydidn’tcompletethework,butthey_______.A.coulddoB.hadcompletedC.couldhaveD.should28.---WhydidMr.Smithsellhishouse?43 ---Itwasonly______itwassmall______hesoldit.A.when;soB.that;forC.because;thatD.for;and29.“Hashegonetoseethedoctor?”“No,but_____.”A.hegoesB.goestoseeC.he’sgoingtoD.he’sgoingtosee30.We’llbeinclassatnine,butthey_____.A.won’tB.weren’tC.don’tD.aren’t31.Itis_______myfatherworked______I"mworkingnow.A.that;whereB.where;thatC.when;thatD.that;when32."_______thebuildingunless______todoso,"theofficerordered.A.Nottoleave;toldB.Notleaving;tellingC.Don"tleave;toldD.Don"tleave;telling33.Thecompositionisgood,andtherearefew,______,mistakesinit.A.whenanyB.whennotC.ifanyD.ifnot34.Itwas______hesaid______disappointedme.A.what;thatB.that;thatC.what;whatD.that;what35.---Haseveryoneinyourclasspassedthedrivingtest?---No,______onlyYangPeiandIwho______passedit.A.itwas;hadB.thereis;haveC.itis;haveD.itis;has36.China"sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganizationhasasimportantameaningtoChinaas____.A.theUnitedStatesB.itdoestotheUnitedStatesC.withtheUnitedStatesD.whichdoestotheUnitedStates37.---I"msotriedandwanttohavearest.---_______.A.Me,tooB.I,tooC.Me,alsoD.I,als38.Though_____,runningdoesusmuchgood.A.tiredB.tiringC.wetiredD.itgetstired39.“Where’syourbrother?”“At_______.”A.Mr.Green’sB.theSmithC.thedoctors’D.houseofMr.John40.Itwasnot______shetookoffherdarkglasses______Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.until;whenB.when;thatC.until;thatD.when;them41.“Haveyouevertastedthiskindofbread?”“______.”A.NoteverB.AlreadynotC.NotyetD.Stillnot42.“Doyouliketeaorcoffee?”“_______.”A.NeitherB.Yes,IdoC.ThankyouD.No,Idon’t43.“_____onewillfityoubetter?”“_____.I’mnotamanwhoishardtoplease.”A.What;EachB.Which;NeitherC.Which;EitherD.What;both44.---Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?---_______enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting45.“Whoisswimminginthelake?”“______.”A.BrownareB.It’sBrownC.WhoisBrownD.Brownisthatman46.MayIborrowyourrecorder?______.A.Yes,I’dliketoB.Yes,giveittoyouC.Yes,hereyouareD.Yes,takeit47.“Itisasunnyday,isn’tit?”“_____.”A.SoistodayB.SoitisC.SoisitD.Itisso48._______,I"dhavetoldyou.A.IfIwouldhaveknownitB.IfIhadhaveknownifC.HadIknownitD.ShouldIknowit49._______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves50."What"smadeRuthsoupset?""______threeticketstothefolkmusicconcert."A.LostB.LosingC.BecauseofD.Sinceshelost高考语法系列训练答案高考英语语法系列训练（一）42.B.Earlytobedandearlytorise是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Toplaybasketballandtogoswimmingareusefulforcharactertraining.toplaybasketballandtogoswimming是两个独立的部分，谓语动词用复数。44.Bnotonly…butalso…;neither…nor…;either…or…;连接主语时，谓语动词由靠近的主语决定。如：NeitheryounorIamgoingabroad.AreeitheryouorImad?46.B定语从句中关系代词who,that,which作主语时，谓语动词单复数由先行词决定。50.A.thefollowing,such作主语时，谓语动词由表语决定。如：SuchwasAlbertEinstein.高考英语语法系列训练（三）形容词、副词经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1-5CCCDA6-10ABDBD11-15CABDD16-20ADACD3.“theattemptedmurder”意为“未遂的谋杀”4.“hardlyanywonder”意为“nowonder”巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1-5BABBD6-10CACBA11-15CAABD16-20CBADC21-25ACDBB26-30CBCCA31-35CCCBC36-40ABCCB41-45DDDAA46-50AAABC12.ever多用于疑问句、否定句、比较状语从句和条件句中，通常不用于答语。15.“withcare”用作状语，care的修饰词可用special,great,more等18.any用于肯定结构中意为“任意的”“任何的”，全句意为“有吃的总比没有好”。20.“noworsethan”在本句中意为“asgood/deliciousas”。24.本句中的thestars实际上是泛指星星，不是与其它星星的比较，没有表示范围的状语，故最高级形容词前不用定冠词。26.本句中第一个smells是实义动词“嗅觉”，第二个smell是系动词“闻起来”。28-30.句中都没有明显的连接比较状语从句的连词than，属于“暗含比较句”，应特别注意此类关于比较等级的句型。34.“alotmoreexciting…than…”“比…更令人兴奋得多”，alot=much。36.“morelike…than…”“更象…而不是…”。37.本题为并列句，前一句中明确告诉我们“…verythin”，故答案应为“nothickerthan”=“asthinas”.39.本题有关注意点：①far和byfar都可修饰比较级，far常前置而byfar前后皆可。②byfar还可修饰最高级，而far则不可。③本句中限指两者之间，故比较级前的the不可少。43.本题不是“看起来+形容词作表语”的结构，应用副词作状语，修饰“looking…at”，而四个选项中唯coldly是副词。44.“cannot…to…”“无论怎样也不过分”，常用于语气较强的肯定含义。46.though作副词时，常用于句末或句中，表示“然而，可是，尽管如此”。47.silent有“沉默，不表态”之意；quiet“安静，不出声”；calm“镇定，平静”；speechless“未发言，不讲话。”48.“moreof”意为“在更大程度上”，又如sheismoreofasingerthan(of)anurse.50.本题为“themore…themore”句型，thehigher后面所接句子的主语用“thegoldprice”或“thepriceofgold”皆可，但谓语动词不可用及物动词“raises”。高考英语语法系列训练高考英语语法系列训练（五）介词、连词经典试题回顾答案：1-5DADCA6-10ACCAC11-15ABCBA16-20DCDDC巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1-5BACCB6-10BDDDA11-15ABBDB16-20CDCAB21-25BABDA26-30DBDAD31-35DACAB36-40DBDDB41-45ACDCC46-50BDBBA6和7：两句中均含介词with短语，可对比一下。前者是复合结构，后者是介宾结构，都相当于副词作用充当状语。第7句中的“withgreatjoy”是强调句型的强调部分，故连接词应用that.11.本题第二空所给选项都正确，但第一空引导problem的同位语，只能用that.17.本句选项D中的“All”指代可数名词复数，故与谓语动词“likes”主谓不一致，是错误选项。20.本句中“..walkoverto…”意为“走过去到（某处）”，而不是“inthesun”(在阳光下)之意。21.“beyondallpraise”意为“夸不胜夸”“高度赞扬”之意。22.“getoutofhand”是惯用语，意为“无法控制”“不可收拾”。27.“lookbackupon”(回顾)，其相对短语是“lookforwardto”(展望)。29.“beweakin”(在…方面薄弱)，其相对短语是“bestrongin”或“begoodat”.34.“atnotime”决不，从来没有；“innotime”马上，立刻；“atatime”在…时候；“atalltimes”在任何时候，经常。35.注意“upto”的几个含义：①直到……；②取决于，由…负责；③做（坏事）。本题取义③，“beuptosome43 tricks”，耍花招，搞诡计。38.“fitinwith”与…一致。区别“befitfor”①能胜任；②适宜于。41.“take…delight”和“take…pleasure”一样，后面常接“indoingsth.”.42.形容词convenient不可用于“sb.+be+convenient”这种句型。43.分析句子结构，弄清句意。句中“withwhosehelp”意为“在他的帮助下”，WhimperclimbedtheMatterhore,with短语作状语。若选B，whosehelp则变成名词词组，句意就不通了。45.“freefrom”意为“避免……”“没有……”或“不受……损害”。47.本句为强调句型，第一空how引导出强调部分，“shows”后面又接what引导的宾语从句。句中的“dealwith”若换用“dowith”，则应改用“whatyoudowith…”的结构。48.分析句型可知，“Whenever…”从句后所缺的是主句部分，because所引导的不过是另一附加原因状语从句。四个选项中能充当主句的唯有B。其中，employment是主语，rises是谓语，两个词即构成一个完整的主句，意为“就业机会随之增加”。高考英语语法系列训练（六）情态动词与虚拟语气经典试题回顾答案：1-5CBCCD6-10BAACA11-15ACAAA16-20ADDAA21D巩固练习答案及部分答案解析：1-5DADBB6-10DAACC11-15DDDBC16-20CCCCB21-25BABCA26-30BCBAC31-35DDBBB36-40DCAAD41A4.B.would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。5.B.shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示9.C.用will表示意志决心，补全句子应该是Iwon’tforgetto…易错选D。14.B.shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁,26.B..在Itis十形容词(necessary，natural，strange，etc．)十that从句中用虚拟语气，31.D.有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过用介词短语替代条件句其他手段来替代条件句.常用介词有with，without，butfor等。33.B.如果从句中含有系动词、情态动词或助词时，可省略if把从句中的were，had或should提到其主语前形成倒装结构34.B.当suggest作"暗示、表明""讲，insist作"坚持说"讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，后边that从句不用虚拟语气。39.A.在动词demand，order，require，insist，suggest等后that引导的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,常用"should+动词原形"且should可以省略。高考英语语法系列训练（七）动词的时态和语态经典试题回顾答案：1-5DBDDC6-10ADCCA11-15ADBBC16-20ADDAD21DCAAB26-30CDCDD巩固练习答案及部分答案解析：1-5BDCAA6-10BCABC11-15BDBCA16-20CDCDA21-25CADAB26-30CBADC31-35BACAB36-40BBBBA41-45CBAAC46D3.C.“还没人对他那样说过话呢”用被动语态。Never否定词放在句首要倒状7.C.Leave是及物动词.remain是不及物动词，此句有两种表达wasleftstandingORremainedstanding10.C.Never否定词放在句首要倒状,“一生中从没这么高兴过”指“得到这个工作”（过去的事情）为止21.C.decide动作已结束，表示已决定发电报28.A.用进行时表示将来时33.C.wash意思上是被动，形式上却要用主动的。（这时主语通常是“物”）用来说明事物的特点,表示“布料耐洗”38.B.第一个空“放”这个动作强调对现在的影响，“我找不到”第二个空“放”指过去的一个动作，39.B.speak动作发生“在上大学时候”，是过去，而forget动作指“现在已”忘记。41.C.leave动作发生在等丈夫回来之前，用过去完成时，until状语从句中一般不用将来时42.B.45.C过去完成时表示在过去某一动作以前已发生的动作或情况,有动作的先后高考英语语法系列训练（八）非谓语动词经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1-5CADAD6-10BCBAA11-15CDDCC16-20AABDB21-25BDBDC26-28BAA1.使用结构seetheplancarriedout2.–ing可用于表示顺其自然的结果。3.reading作定语，相当于whichread5.happentohavedone表示碰巧做过某事,happentobedoing表示碰巧在做某事。6.thegirl与attract之间存在动宾关系。Thegirlwasattractedbythebeautyofnature.7.spendtime(in)doingsth.10.此句结构为：祈使句+and/or+陈述句，祈使句含有条件的意味。15.分词的否定式在含有-ing的那个词前加not.19.动词不定式作状语，表示出乎意料的结果。23.当从句中主语与主句中主语一致时，可省去从句中主语及be动词。Thesoundofplanesislikelytocausedeafnessifheardcontinually.25.做状语时强调时间先后用havingdone;havingbeendone巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1-5BCCDD6-10ACDAB11-15BDCBA16-20BDDDB21-25BBBBC26-30CDBBC31-35DABBA36-40BADDC41-45CDDDA46-50CBCAB1.动名词的复合结构作宾语，“你听说那些房子已经被拆除了吗？”---Howdoyoulikethehouse?---It’swonderful.I’veneverdreamedoftherebeingsuchabigplaceintown.5.动名词的复合结构作imagine的宾语。9.根据后面的句子可以知道，车子已经锁了，所以用forgetdoingsth.10.Thesoldierbeingpraisedatthemeeting…是指在会上正被表扬的战士，A项是将来意义。13.主语不一致，用独立主格结构。此句为therebe句型的独立主格结构Thecarexamined,thepolicemanallowedittogoahead.16.没有被邀请，要用被动形式，分词的否定式在含-ing的那个词前加not17.原来的词组中本来就有of,所以不能少。18.Walking为现在分词的主动形式，所以句子的主语必须是分词动作的执行者（即存在逻辑上的主谓关系）。19.后面句子的主语是herface,是无法完成听这个动作的，所以选D。21.Sendittosomeplace所以要注意应该有to22.Iwouldlovetohavedrunk…是虚拟语气，还可以说Iwouldhavelikedto…30.after在简单句中使用时，是介词而不是连词，后面跟动名词。35.Consideringeverything是独立成份，还可以说everythingconsidered.38.lookforwardto后面要跟名词或动名词。39.comecloseto中的to是介词。44.Way后面有两个定语，一个是从句theytalkabout,一个是不定式tosettletheproblem48.这里所需要的是定语而不是谓语动词。高考英语语法系列训练（九）句子的种类经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1---5CDDCA6---10AAAAC11---15CDBAB16---20BDAAB21---24AADA7.并列连词when表示“就在这时”。8.“祈使句+and+简单句”是个句型，表示“如果…，就…”。9.回答中的第二句话很重要，说明搞票不容易。所以不会把票弄丢的。10.Itdepends.“看情况”。13.While在此是并列连词，表示“而”。14.Better是you’dbetter的省略，后接动词原形。19.A　的意思　“我再同意不过了”。20.B意为“由你决定”22.lookoutfor…“当心…”巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1—5ABDCC6—10DAACA11—15AAACC16—20AABAB21—25DCACC26—30ADACB31---35BACCB36—40CCDDC41—45CDCAB46—47DD5howoften问做事的频度，与答案吻合。6推测词must后面如表示过去做过的事，反意问句用didn’t,如表示目前已完成的事，反意问句用haven’t.10.选择问句不可用yes或no回答.wouldrather的否定式not在rather后。12.time有定语修蚀表示一段特定的时间时前面要加a。18.yes或no必须和后面的表达相一致，不能矛盾。B选项既不矛盾，且很得体。27.and连接并列句，后面是一简单句。Of短语是宾补。43 28.本句是强调结构的疑问式，疑问部分须放在句首。30.when表示“就在这时”，是并列连词。40.have表示“有”时，反意问句才用haven’t.47.takeyourtime表示“不急，慢慢来”。高考英语语法系列训练（十）名词性从句经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1.—5.DABBD6—10.BBCDA11—15.DCCBC3if不可以位于句首引导主语从句。5．go是系动词表示“据说”。That连接表语从句。6.whoitis.是主语从句。I’mtalkingto是定语从句修饰第二个it.10.what既作in的介词宾语，又作后面介词宾语从句的主语。11.形式主语须用it。13.It是形式宾语。巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1-5DCCAC6-10BDBCC11-15DDACC16-20DDCDB21-25CDDAD26-30ABADD31-35BBACB36-40DCACC41-45DBCAB46-50AACBB4.That引导同位语从句。5.When引导介词宾语从句。7.What引导同位语从句。10.It是形式主语。第二个that从句是同位语从句。14.不能说Thereasonisbecause…,只能isthat…。15.缩合连接代词what常常起双重作用，在句中可以换成两个词。16.That引导的同位语是一个主从复合句。17.Allthat也可以换成what.27.whoever往往起双重作用,在本句中等于anyonewho.35.此句有宾补possible,必须用it作形式宾语,把that宾语从句放后面.36.that从句为同位语.49.whathewas可以换成whatheusedtobe.高考英语语法系列训练（十一）定语从句经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1-5CDBCA6-10ADDBB11-15DACDB16-18DAA1,2指物的关系代词引导非限制性定语从句用which.4,5这两题的定语从句和先行词之间都有其它成分，不能把先行词看错。12．修饰theway的定语从句可以用that或inwhich引导，也可以省略。14．关系词要作介词宾语，所以要选关系代词而不能选关系副词。18．关系代词that定语从句中作宾语，carriedout作宾补。巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1-5AACBC6-10CCCBC11-15ABBCB16-20CACBB21-25ABDDA26-30BCDAB31-35BABBC36-40ABBCB41-45ADCAB46-50CABBB1.关系代词前用什么介词,要看与先行词的习惯搭配,有的还要看动词的习惯搭配.以下有好几题都应注意.6.两句如有并列连词and连接,则只能选them.12.选which显得重复.13.that在定语从句中作表语,不能用which.14.不选D也是避免重复。17.先行词是boy,所以选A。指人一般用who,现在不怎么用that指人。18.句中出现as…as…。后一个as是关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。20.关系代词which作mistake的定语。21.定语从句有宾补，所以只能选which不选as.22.as引导的定语从句可以放在句首。25.Itwas…that…是强调结构。26.第一个从句是同位语，用that引导，第二个从句的引导词在从句中作宾语，所以也不能用why。Theone指reason.28.theone作表语，如果exhibition前面有the,那么theexhibition就是表语，那就要选that.29.要注意有无连词and.37.定语从句的谓语动词须和先行词保持一致。43.因有just,所以A，B不能选。That不可以放在介词后，所以D也不对。44.两句之间用分号，所以成为并列句，后面不是定语从句。45.固定短语lookafter不能拆开。高考英语语法系列训练（十二）状语从句及倒装句经典试题回顾答案及部分试题解析：1---5DCCCD6---10BDBAA11---15CAAAA16—20BDBBC1.D.题意为：半夜里有人打来电话，我没来得接就挂了。but暗示在接话前就挂了。2.C.本题考查状语从句的用法。句意为“假如世贸组织不包括占世界人口五分之一的中国的话，那它就名不副实”。aslongas语气过于强烈，while和eventhough不符合句意。7.本题考查连词的意义。根据逻辑意义，A.尽管，B是否，C直到都不符合逻辑。只有D除非符合逻辑。本句意思为：除非你打电话告诉我你不会来，我就到戏院跟你碰面。12.本题考查的是让步状语从句。本句的意思为：无论何时只要你乐意就可以免费在我的餐馆里吃饭。14.此处的while理解为though引导让步状语从句。15.此处的while理解为“随着”，引导时间状语从句。17.不要误以为本句是强调句句型。before在此处的意义为：没等……就。本句意思为：没等我们到达这一小镇，时已傍晚（黄昏）。巩固练习答案及部分试题解析：1—--5BBBAB6---10DBDDC11---15CCDAC16---20DAACB21—25CBBCC26—30CCBDB31—35ACAAC36---40BBADC41---45CBADC46---50BDDBB2.B.sothat引导的是结果状语从从句，sothat在引导目的状语从句时往往与情态动词连用。3.B.forfearthat引导目的状语从句。5.B.地点状语从句。where是副词故belongto中的to不要。6.D.since表原因时强调显而易见的事实，译为“既然”。8.D.此处不要把该句当成强调句型。因在eighto’clock前没有介词at。9.D.句型转换一下答案就明确了。ItisthreeyearssinceIsawyoulast.对划线部分提问HowlongisitsinceIsawyoulast?10.C.强调原因状语从句的强调句型。11.C上下文的逻辑关系要理清。上文说：今天下午我也许要去买东西（说明说话者并不肯定）。那么下文就要说：如果我去的话就买点食品，才与上文配合得起来。12.C.全句意思为：不久雨停了，但是很久太阳才出来。对before的不同意义要掌握。15.C.在时间状语从句中用现在完成时强调动作的完成。16.D.will表示愿意，不表示将来。17.A.本句意思为：不久他的母亲就去世了。18.A.句中两个little意思不同。19.C.如果选A，则在wanttosee后必须加it才行。20.B.for用来表示补充说明。23.B.as着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。26.C.对比17题答案就会得出。本句是说：他的母亲去世不久。28.B.对比17题和26题答案就会得出。本句是说：他出生后不久母亲就去世了。31.A.对对方所说的进一步肯定。33.A.notonly后的要用倒装句，butalso后不要用倒装38.A.＝Hewouldn’thavepassedtheeaxmifhehadn’tworkedsohard.44.D.上文中既有连系动词又有实义动词，故A.B都不可选。高考英语语法系列训练（十三）强调、替代、省略经典试题回顾答案：1-5CBDBD6-10ABBAC11-15ABBBB16-20DAADA巩固练习答案：1-5AAABB6-10DBADA11-15CDCDC16-20ABADA21-25ACBCC26-30CCCCA31-35BCCAC36-40BABAC41-45CACCB46-50CBCCB43