高考英语语法之句子结构 9页

高考英语语法之句子结构专题第一部分一、高考基本情况分析（1）高考题型分析1、听力30分2、语法与词汇共15题15分3、完形填空共20题20分4、阅读理解共20题40分5、书面表达A阅读表达4题15分B作文单词数120-15030分（2）高考词汇要求需达到4000词汇，才能很好的应对考试，词汇数量越多越好二、学生基础情况分析大多数学生词汇储备不足，平时听、说、读、写较少，缺乏综合练习，主要语法知识掌握薄弱。需寻找自身专项题型弱点希望学生要对自己有信心。三、语法基本概念讲解1、什么是语法？----语言规则，词汇+语法=句子2、语法的八大主要内容A词性辨别名、动、形、副、代、介、冠、数、助动B句子结构主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状---注意词性与句子成分之间的关系C时态-----主、被动时态，时态形式D动词短语E分词短语F简单句与复合句-----文章中大多数是复合句G虚拟语气H倒装与强调四、主语成分分析1、单词—名词、代词可以做主语2、动名词短语做主语eg：Seeingisonething,doingisanother.Findingagoodplacetolivecontinuestobeoneofman’smosturgentproblems.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Itisterriblytiringworkinglatelikethis.It’snicespendingtheholidayatthebeach.3、动词不定式做主语eg：Tolivemeanstocreate.Todothatsortofthingisabsurd.Beforetheinventionofaeroplanes,toflyintheskylikeabridwasonlyadream.Itwashisjobtorepairbicycles.注：动名词与动词不定式做主语区别不大，不用深挖4、主语从句9 AThat引导的主语从句eg：Thatheisadoctoristrue.Thathewillcomeiscertain.Itwastruethatwomenhadnothadthesameopportunitiesasmeninmanyfields.Itisoftensaidthatwearelivinginanageofinformationexplosion.BWhether引导的主语从句----不可用If替代eg：Wetherornotthesebooksaresatisfactoryisuncertain.C连接代词、副词eg：Howabookwillselldependsmuchonthereviewer.Whowilltakechargeofthetaskhasnotbeendecided.Whosebagwasstolenisn’tknown.D关系代词、关系副词eg：What’sdonecannotbeundone.WhateverIhaveisyours.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whicheverofyoucomesinfirstwillreceiveaprize.第二部分一、谓语（1）动词1、只有动词可以做谓语2、动词分类A、及物动词B、不及物动词C、系动词D、情态助动词E、基本助动词3、动词的变化A、主语为单数第三人称，动词末尾加-s-esy-iesB、现在分词-ing去e加ing双写加ingC、过去式、过去分词（2）注意主谓一致1、语法上一致---根据主语确定谓语的数，主要指主语为第三人称时，谓语要加seg：TheboyplaysfootballwellWhatweneedmostisbooks.Thefactorywithallequipmenthasbeenburnt.YouaswellasIarewrong.Themanager,alongwithhissecretaries,isgoingtoadinnerpartytonight.JoeandBobaresmart.Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.Ateacherandnovelistisgoingtomakeaspeechinthehall.Everyman,woma,andchildneedslove.Eachboyandgirlwasgivenabook.9 Eachbookandeachpaperisheldinplace.ChineseandBritishbeerareservedatthepub.Coolingdraftbeerisserverdatthepub.Cleveranddullstudentsaretreatedalikes.Thereisablackandwhitepictureonthewall.Bothhisbrotherandsisteraremarried.Bothwhalesanddolphinsaremammals.Readingisagreatpleasureislife.Tolivemeanstocreate.Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.Two-fifthsofthemoneyismine.Lotsofmyfriendsarehere.2、概念上一致的原则eg：Myfamilyareallearlyrisers.Hisfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.3、邻近词一致的原则eg：Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather.Eitheryourkeyormykeyismissing.Notonlytheybutalsotheirteacherhasparticipatedintheparty.HeorIaminthewrong.二、宾语（1）宾语成分分析A名词eg：Hedoesn’tlikecoldweather.B代词eg：Thenewssurprisedus.C反身代词eg：Ababycannotdressitself.D动名词eg：Ilikereading.IsuggestyoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishwheneveryoucan.IenjoyreadingthenewspaperwhileI’mhavingbreakfast.Wecanleaveassoonasitquitssnowing.E不定式eg：Hepromisedtohelpme.Freddidn’thaveanymoney,sohedecidedtolookforajob.Iexpecttoentergraduateschoolinthefall.F疑问词+不定式eg：Iwonderhowtodoit.Idon’tknowwhentostart.Heshowmehowtopaint.Idon’tknowwhattosayaboutyourviews.Hisfatherwasateacherwhohelpeddeaf-muteslearnhowtospeak.9 G宾语从句eg：Ihopethatyou’llenjoyyourself.Themanagersaidthathedidn’tlikemywork.Hetoldmethatthefirmcouldnotaffordtopaysuchlargesalaries.Maryaskedif/whetheryouhadeverbeenabroad.Heaskedhisdoctortotellhimif/whetherhisoperationhadbeensuccessful.Howcanwetellwhether/ifanimalsareintelligent?Doyoucarewhether/ifyouwinornot?Idon’tknowwhosehatitis.Tellmewhichofthetwocamerasisthebetterone.Tedwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice.Themanlaughedwhenherealizedwhathadhappened.（2）直接宾语与间接宾语A直接宾语eg：Hedoesn’tlikecoldweather.Hepromisedtohelpme.Iwonderhowtodoit.Ihopethatyou’llenjoyyourself.B间接宾语---为谁做，谁为间接宾语eg：HeofferedPeterthejob.Imustgivetheroomagoodairing.Hedoesn’towemeanything.SheaskedmewhetherIhadeverbeentherebefore.Iwarnedyouthathewouldbelate.Theytolduswheretoshopcheaply.Hesoldhisoldcartooneofhisneighbours.Ihaveboughtsomechocolateforyou.Givethedictionarytome,please.----注意这个句子第三部分一、宾语补语在有些及物动词后面，不仅需要加上宾语，有时还需要加上一个宾语补语。宾语补语与宾语之间保持着逻辑上的主-谓关系，也就是说，宾语补语是宾语所做的动作，或者是与宾语保持着一种没有系动词的主-表结构。下面进行补语成分分析。（1）不定式做补语eg：Theypersuadedmetogowiththem.Ishouldguesshertobeaboutfifty.Wefeltthehouseshake.---不带to的不定式Sheaskedmetostaythere.Mr.WhitepersuadedTomnottosmokeanymore.I,whocannotsee,findhundredsofthingstointerestmethroughmeretouch.Iconsiderhimtohaveacteddisgracefully.9 Wefoundtherumortobetrue.Heunderstoodthemessagetomeanthatshewasnotcoming.Heconsidershimselfveryimportant.---不带toHeisconsideredoneoftheleadingstatesmenofourcountry.Isawacarcrashintoatree.（2）分词做补语----现在分词表示主动，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动，已经完成的动作。eg：Icansmellsomethingburning.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.Istoodonthebridgeandwatchedtheboatspassingby.IhopeIhaven’tkeptyouwaittingtoolong.Wesawherwalkingalone.Iwantthesethingschanged.Shefoundacarabandonedbytheroadside.Ihadthefencepaintedwhite.Hehashadhishandsburned.（3）形容词做补语eg：Ifoundthebooktedious.Wefoundthehouseempty.---可改为被动式Thehousewasfoundempty.Hekeepstheyardniceandclean.You’remadeyourshoesmuddy.Weconsidertheworkimportant.（4）名词做补语eg：Theteamhavevotedmetheircaptain.（5）副词做补语eg：Theyfoundherin.Pullthecorkout.Let’sseetheoldyearoutandthenewyearin.Wehopetogetthemeetingoverquickly.Don’tletmedown.（6）as引导的短语做补语eg：Ican’tseemyselfasasinger.（7）介词短语做补语eg：Heconsideredhimselfaboveothers.小节：通过以上的例子可以看出，其实语法就是语言的固定用法，而且与动词是密切相关的。动词后面+原型，+不定式，+动名词，+介词短语，+分词二、表语（1）单词做表语A名词eg：Thegirlwillmakeanurse.B代词eg：Thatmustbesomebodyimportant.9 C数词eg：Whoisthefirst?D形容词eg：Theleavesareturningbrown.Theleavesofthetreesturnyellowinthefall.Marylooksangry.Heseemshonest.E副词eg：Thestormwasover.Jackwasdownwithafever.He’sabroad.ItwasbrightandthepeoplewerealloutforSunday.Chrismasisstillthreemouthsaway.F分词----做表语的分词相当于一个形容词eg：Timeispressing.Thejourneywasverytiring.JapanislocatedinEastAsia.Theexplanationisconfusing.Heismarried.注：V-ing的作用1、表示正在进行eg：Warmthandrainareencouragingthegrowthofplants.2、做分词，起形容词作用，做表语eg：Thesuccessisencouraging.3、做动名词eg：Whatthemothershoulddoisencouragingherbodyinhisstudies.（2）不定式eg：Thismatterappearstobecomplicated.Toliveinheartsisnottodie.Toseeistobelieve.Theimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.Whatwewantisforyoutounderstandthematterclearly.Whatafire-doordoesistodelaythespreadofafirelongenoughforpeopletogetout.Hisgreatestwishwastoseeanendtowars.Allyouhavetodoisfinishthejobquickly.---无to不定式，解释主语具体内容AllIcandoisjustsmileathimandnotsayanything.Theonlythingyouneeddoisfilloutthisapplicationform.（3）动名词eg：Seeingisbelieving.Hismainhobbyiscollectingstamps.Myfavoritesportisswimming.Theonlythingthatinterestherisworking.Themostpopularpastimeisplayingchess.（4）介词短语9 eg：Unemploymentisontheincrease.Themoneyisinsidetheenvelope.Thecatisontopoftheroof.（5）从句eg：ThatisnotwhatIwant.Thereasonseemstobethatdifferentperiodsarerelatedtodifferentkindsofachievement.Perhapsthegreatestadvantageofglassisthatitsconstituentpartsareinexpensiveandcanbefoundallovertheworld.Thefactisthatcomputersareofgreataidtothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Myopinionishereallydoesn’tunderstandyou.Thequestioniswhetheritistrueornot.WhatIreallywanttoknowiswhetheryouwillmarryher.Theproblemiswhowilltakechargeofthesechildren.Thatwaswhyitwasbarelymoving.Thingswerenotastheyseemedtobe.Thequestionwashowthebirdgotoutofthecage.Thatiswhatweshoulddo.ThisiswhatImeant.第四部分一、定语----成分分析，位置----前置或后置（1）单词做定语---形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、名词所有格eg：Heisahardworkingstudent.HewillsticktohisownopinionThefirstproblemwassolvedTrafficaccidentsoftenoccurduringrushhours.Today’spapersaysthattheweatherwillbefairtomorrow.Thewhitehousetherewasbuiltin1800.（2）不定式短语eg：Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Theimportantthingistogetsomeworktodo.Let’sfindamorecomfortablehousetolivein.Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.Jackisthepersonformetoturntoindifficulttimes.Isthistheonlypointforuspayattentionto?Plantsneedroomtospreadtheirrootstogetwaterandtospreadtheirleavestogetsunlight.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Thatisthebestfilmtobeproductedthatyear.Woolwasprobablythesecondwovenmaterialtobeusedforclothes.Frequently,thecheapestplacetoborrowmoneyintheUnitedStatesisacreditunion.9 Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Itistimeforyoutogotoschool.Heaskedforpermissiontoleave.Hemadeanattempttospeedupthework.Ididnothavethepatiencetowaitanylonger.Thechildrenhavetheabilitytoadapttothecircumstances.ThescientisthasbeeninvitedtoapartytobeheldnextMondayevening.（3）动名词置于名词前，做前置定语，表示用途或性能---只能前置eg：fryingpanwritingtablefreezingpointsleepingcarwaitingroom（4）分词修饰名词做定语---现在分词是修饰名词主动做出的动作；过去分词表示修饰名词是动作的承受者-----可前置，可后置eg：asolvedproblemimprovedmethodstheboringsspeakertheboredstudentrunningwaternewlyinventedmachinetheboysplayinginthegardenthemansittingnexttoherTheyoungmansittinginthethirdrowwillbeaphysician.Thestudentsworkinginthefactorywillbebacktomorrow.Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?InEuropethereareveryfewwodenhousesbeingbuilttoday.（5）介词短语eg：Heiswearinganovercoatwithlargepockets.（6）定语从句A限制性定语从句eg：ThebrightstarwhichisshiningjustabovetheroofiscalledSirius(天狼星).Sheadoptedachildwhoseparentsaredead.不能把整个主句当先行词B非限制性定语从句eg：London,whichstandsontheRiverThames,hasahistoryofnearlytwothousandyears.SheisgoingtomarryDick,whomshedoesnotlove.Hecameatsix,whenIamusuallyinthegarden.注：两者区别：第一，非限制性定语从句与主句间必须用逗号分开，引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略，限制性从句往往可以省略。第二，非限制性定语从句可以把整个主句当先行词，这时只能用which或者as来引导eg：Iwillwearnoclotheswhichwilldistinguishmefrommyfellow-men.Iwillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishmefrommyfellow-men.Isaidnothing,whichmadehimstillmoreangry.HewasaFrenchman,asIcouldtellfromhisaccent.注：名词、形容词、代词、名词所有格、动名词前置；分词、副词、不定式、从句、介词短语后置二、状语状语可以修饰形容词、副词以及动词（谓语成分）状语可用来说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步等等（1）副词/副词短语做状语---eg：Theweatherisfairlywarm.Thehatissomewhatexpensive.9 Don’tspeaksofast.Youknowperfectlywellthathewasright.Hehaslookedforitupanddown.Iwasfoolenoughtobelievehim.Iwishyou’dwriteclearlyenoughforustoreadit.（2）介词短语eg：Hewasquickinreaction.Theroadsaeclearofsnow.Despitehisbrokenleg,Alancanwalkwellenoughtogetaround.（3）名词短语eg：Itfeelsabitcoldoutside.Thetreeisfivemetershigh.Thefrontier’sonlyahundredyardsaway.Theweddingisonlyaweekaway.Thepartylastedallnight.（4）动词不定式eg：Iamgladtoseeyou.Hewasfurioustohearthenews.Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedsobepersistent.（5）分词eg：United,westand;devided,wefall.Heated,themetalexpands.Livinginthecountry,thechildrenhadalotoffun,Mostlivingbeingsthatexistunderwarmconditionsdiewhenfrozen.Whilesettingupthestation,wealsocarriedoutsurveysofthesurroundingAntarcticOcean.Oncedeprivedofoxygen,thebraindies.Thewaterwasboilinghot.（6）从句eg：Shewasabitdizzyasshehadn’thadenoughsleep.Tomisnotsooldashelooks.TherainclearedmorequicklythanIexpected.（7）独立主格eg：Asnakeslippedquicklyoutofhispath,itsbodyasthickasanarm.Helayonhisback,hishandsbehindhishead.Hesurfaced,afishinhishand.Modernjetairlinerscanflyhighupintheblueskywithcloudsandthunderstormsfarbelowthem.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.WithJohnaway,we’vegotmoreroom.9