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高考英语语法之句子结构专题第一部分一、高考基本情况分析(1)高考题型分析1、听力30分2、语法与词汇共15题15分3、完形填空共20题20分4、阅读理解共20题40分5、书面表达A阅读表达4题15分B作文单词数120-15030分(2)高考词汇要求需达到4000词汇,才能很好的应对考试,词汇数量越多越好二、学生基础情况分析大多数学生词汇储备不足,平时听、说、读、写较少,缺乏综合练习,主要语法知识掌握薄弱。需寻找自身专项题型弱点希望学生要对自己有信心。三、语法基本概念讲解1、什么是语法?----语言规则,词汇+语法=句子2、语法的八大主要内容A词性辨别名、动、形、副、代、介、冠、数、助动B句子结构主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状---注意词性与句子成分之间的关系C时态-----主、被动时态,时态形式D动词短语E分词短语F简单句与复合句-----文章中大多数是复合句G虚拟语气H倒装与强调四、主语成分分析1、单词—名词、代词可以做主语2、动名词短语做主语eg:Seeingisonething,doingisanother.Findingagoodplacetolivecontinuestobeoneofman’smosturgentproblems.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Itisterriblytiringworkinglatelikethis.It’snicespendingtheholidayatthebeach.3、动词不定式做主语eg:Tolivemeanstocreate.Todothatsortofthingisabsurd.Beforetheinventionofaeroplanes,toflyintheskylikeabridwasonlyadream.Itwashisjobtorepairbicycles.注:动名词与动词不定式做主语区别不大,不用深挖4、主语从句9
AThat引导的主语从句eg:Thatheisadoctoristrue.Thathewillcomeiscertain.Itwastruethatwomenhadnothadthesameopportunitiesasmeninmanyfields.Itisoftensaidthatwearelivinginanageofinformationexplosion.BWhether引导的主语从句----不可用If替代eg:Wetherornotthesebooksaresatisfactoryisuncertain.C连接代词、副词eg:Howabookwillselldependsmuchonthereviewer.Whowilltakechargeofthetaskhasnotbeendecided.Whosebagwasstolenisn’tknown.D关系代词、关系副词eg:What’sdonecannotbeundone.WhateverIhaveisyours.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whicheverofyoucomesinfirstwillreceiveaprize.第二部分一、谓语(1)动词1、只有动词可以做谓语2、动词分类A、及物动词B、不及物动词C、系动词D、情态助动词E、基本助动词3、动词的变化A、主语为单数第三人称,动词末尾加-s-esy-iesB、现在分词-ing去e加ing双写加ingC、过去式、过去分词(2)注意主谓一致1、语法上一致---根据主语确定谓语的数,主要指主语为第三人称时,谓语要加seg:TheboyplaysfootballwellWhatweneedmostisbooks.Thefactorywithallequipmenthasbeenburnt.YouaswellasIarewrong.Themanager,alongwithhissecretaries,isgoingtoadinnerpartytonight.JoeandBobaresmart.Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.Ateacherandnovelistisgoingtomakeaspeechinthehall.Everyman,woma,andchildneedslove.Eachboyandgirlwasgivenabook.9
Eachbookandeachpaperisheldinplace.ChineseandBritishbeerareservedatthepub.Coolingdraftbeerisserverdatthepub.Cleveranddullstudentsaretreatedalikes.Thereisablackandwhitepictureonthewall.Bothhisbrotherandsisteraremarried.Bothwhalesanddolphinsaremammals.Readingisagreatpleasureislife.Tolivemeanstocreate.Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.Two-fifthsofthemoneyismine.Lotsofmyfriendsarehere.2、概念上一致的原则eg:Myfamilyareallearlyrisers.Hisfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.3、邻近词一致的原则eg:Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather.Eitheryourkeyormykeyismissing.Notonlytheybutalsotheirteacherhasparticipatedintheparty.HeorIaminthewrong.二、宾语(1)宾语成分分析A名词eg:Hedoesn’tlikecoldweather.B代词eg:Thenewssurprisedus.C反身代词eg:Ababycannotdressitself.D动名词eg:Ilikereading.IsuggestyoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishwheneveryoucan.IenjoyreadingthenewspaperwhileI’mhavingbreakfast.Wecanleaveassoonasitquitssnowing.E不定式eg:Hepromisedtohelpme.Freddidn’thaveanymoney,sohedecidedtolookforajob.Iexpecttoentergraduateschoolinthefall.F疑问词+不定式eg:Iwonderhowtodoit.Idon’tknowwhentostart.Heshowmehowtopaint.Idon’tknowwhattosayaboutyourviews.Hisfatherwasateacherwhohelpeddeaf-muteslearnhowtospeak.9
G宾语从句eg:Ihopethatyou’llenjoyyourself.Themanagersaidthathedidn’tlikemywork.Hetoldmethatthefirmcouldnotaffordtopaysuchlargesalaries.Maryaskedif/whetheryouhadeverbeenabroad.Heaskedhisdoctortotellhimif/whetherhisoperationhadbeensuccessful.Howcanwetellwhether/ifanimalsareintelligent?Doyoucarewhether/ifyouwinornot?Idon’tknowwhosehatitis.Tellmewhichofthetwocamerasisthebetterone.Tedwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice.Themanlaughedwhenherealizedwhathadhappened.(2)直接宾语与间接宾语A直接宾语eg:Hedoesn’tlikecoldweather.Hepromisedtohelpme.Iwonderhowtodoit.Ihopethatyou’llenjoyyourself.B间接宾语---为谁做,谁为间接宾语eg:HeofferedPeterthejob.Imustgivetheroomagoodairing.Hedoesn’towemeanything.SheaskedmewhetherIhadeverbeentherebefore.Iwarnedyouthathewouldbelate.Theytolduswheretoshopcheaply.Hesoldhisoldcartooneofhisneighbours.Ihaveboughtsomechocolateforyou.Givethedictionarytome,please.----注意这个句子第三部分一、宾语补语在有些及物动词后面,不仅需要加上宾语,有时还需要加上一个宾语补语。宾语补语与宾语之间保持着逻辑上的主-谓关系,也就是说,宾语补语是宾语所做的动作,或者是与宾语保持着一种没有系动词的主-表结构。下面进行补语成分分析。(1)不定式做补语eg:Theypersuadedmetogowiththem.Ishouldguesshertobeaboutfifty.Wefeltthehouseshake.---不带to的不定式Sheaskedmetostaythere.Mr.WhitepersuadedTomnottosmokeanymore.I,whocannotsee,findhundredsofthingstointerestmethroughmeretouch.Iconsiderhimtohaveacteddisgracefully.9
Wefoundtherumortobetrue.Heunderstoodthemessagetomeanthatshewasnotcoming.Heconsidershimselfveryimportant.---不带toHeisconsideredoneoftheleadingstatesmenofourcountry.Isawacarcrashintoatree.(2)分词做补语----现在分词表示主动,正在进行的动作;过去分词表示被动,已经完成的动作。eg:Icansmellsomethingburning.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.Istoodonthebridgeandwatchedtheboatspassingby.IhopeIhaven’tkeptyouwaittingtoolong.Wesawherwalkingalone.Iwantthesethingschanged.Shefoundacarabandonedbytheroadside.Ihadthefencepaintedwhite.Hehashadhishandsburned.(3)形容词做补语eg:Ifoundthebooktedious.Wefoundthehouseempty.---可改为被动式Thehousewasfoundempty.Hekeepstheyardniceandclean.You’remadeyourshoesmuddy.Weconsidertheworkimportant.(4)名词做补语eg:Theteamhavevotedmetheircaptain.(5)副词做补语eg:Theyfoundherin.Pullthecorkout.Let’sseetheoldyearoutandthenewyearin.Wehopetogetthemeetingoverquickly.Don’tletmedown.(6)as引导的短语做补语eg:Ican’tseemyselfasasinger.(7)介词短语做补语eg:Heconsideredhimselfaboveothers.小节:通过以上的例子可以看出,其实语法就是语言的固定用法,而且与动词是密切相关的。动词后面+原型,+不定式,+动名词,+介词短语,+分词二、表语(1)单词做表语A名词eg:Thegirlwillmakeanurse.B代词eg:Thatmustbesomebodyimportant.9
C数词eg:Whoisthefirst?D形容词eg:Theleavesareturningbrown.Theleavesofthetreesturnyellowinthefall.Marylooksangry.Heseemshonest.E副词eg:Thestormwasover.Jackwasdownwithafever.He’sabroad.ItwasbrightandthepeoplewerealloutforSunday.Chrismasisstillthreemouthsaway.F分词----做表语的分词相当于一个形容词eg:Timeispressing.Thejourneywasverytiring.JapanislocatedinEastAsia.Theexplanationisconfusing.Heismarried.注:V-ing的作用1、表示正在进行eg:Warmthandrainareencouragingthegrowthofplants.2、做分词,起形容词作用,做表语eg:Thesuccessisencouraging.3、做动名词eg:Whatthemothershoulddoisencouragingherbodyinhisstudies.(2)不定式eg:Thismatterappearstobecomplicated.Toliveinheartsisnottodie.Toseeistobelieve.Theimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.Whatwewantisforyoutounderstandthematterclearly.Whatafire-doordoesistodelaythespreadofafirelongenoughforpeopletogetout.Hisgreatestwishwastoseeanendtowars.Allyouhavetodoisfinishthejobquickly.---无to不定式,解释主语具体内容AllIcandoisjustsmileathimandnotsayanything.Theonlythingyouneeddoisfilloutthisapplicationform.(3)动名词eg:Seeingisbelieving.Hismainhobbyiscollectingstamps.Myfavoritesportisswimming.Theonlythingthatinterestherisworking.Themostpopularpastimeisplayingchess.(4)介词短语9
eg:Unemploymentisontheincrease.Themoneyisinsidetheenvelope.Thecatisontopoftheroof.(5)从句eg:ThatisnotwhatIwant.Thereasonseemstobethatdifferentperiodsarerelatedtodifferentkindsofachievement.Perhapsthegreatestadvantageofglassisthatitsconstituentpartsareinexpensiveandcanbefoundallovertheworld.Thefactisthatcomputersareofgreataidtothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Myopinionishereallydoesn’tunderstandyou.Thequestioniswhetheritistrueornot.WhatIreallywanttoknowiswhetheryouwillmarryher.Theproblemiswhowilltakechargeofthesechildren.Thatwaswhyitwasbarelymoving.Thingswerenotastheyseemedtobe.Thequestionwashowthebirdgotoutofthecage.Thatiswhatweshoulddo.ThisiswhatImeant.第四部分一、定语----成分分析,位置----前置或后置(1)单词做定语---形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、名词所有格eg:Heisahardworkingstudent.HewillsticktohisownopinionThefirstproblemwassolvedTrafficaccidentsoftenoccurduringrushhours.Today’spapersaysthattheweatherwillbefairtomorrow.Thewhitehousetherewasbuiltin1800.(2)不定式短语eg:Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Theimportantthingistogetsomeworktodo.Let’sfindamorecomfortablehousetolivein.Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.Jackisthepersonformetoturntoindifficulttimes.Isthistheonlypointforuspayattentionto?Plantsneedroomtospreadtheirrootstogetwaterandtospreadtheirleavestogetsunlight.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Thatisthebestfilmtobeproductedthatyear.Woolwasprobablythesecondwovenmaterialtobeusedforclothes.Frequently,thecheapestplacetoborrowmoneyintheUnitedStatesisacreditunion.9
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Itistimeforyoutogotoschool.Heaskedforpermissiontoleave.Hemadeanattempttospeedupthework.Ididnothavethepatiencetowaitanylonger.Thechildrenhavetheabilitytoadapttothecircumstances.ThescientisthasbeeninvitedtoapartytobeheldnextMondayevening.(3)动名词置于名词前,做前置定语,表示用途或性能---只能前置eg:fryingpanwritingtablefreezingpointsleepingcarwaitingroom(4)分词修饰名词做定语---现在分词是修饰名词主动做出的动作;过去分词表示修饰名词是动作的承受者-----可前置,可后置eg:asolvedproblemimprovedmethodstheboringsspeakertheboredstudentrunningwaternewlyinventedmachinetheboysplayinginthegardenthemansittingnexttoherTheyoungmansittinginthethirdrowwillbeaphysician.Thestudentsworkinginthefactorywillbebacktomorrow.Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?InEuropethereareveryfewwodenhousesbeingbuilttoday.(5)介词短语eg:Heiswearinganovercoatwithlargepockets.(6)定语从句A限制性定语从句eg:ThebrightstarwhichisshiningjustabovetheroofiscalledSirius(天狼星).Sheadoptedachildwhoseparentsaredead.不能把整个主句当先行词B非限制性定语从句eg:London,whichstandsontheRiverThames,hasahistoryofnearlytwothousandyears.SheisgoingtomarryDick,whomshedoesnotlove.Hecameatsix,whenIamusuallyinthegarden.注:两者区别:第一,非限制性定语从句与主句间必须用逗号分开,引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略,限制性从句往往可以省略。第二,非限制性定语从句可以把整个主句当先行词,这时只能用which或者as来引导eg:Iwillwearnoclotheswhichwilldistinguishmefrommyfellow-men.Iwillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishmefrommyfellow-men.Isaidnothing,whichmadehimstillmoreangry.HewasaFrenchman,asIcouldtellfromhisaccent.注:名词、形容词、代词、名词所有格、动名词前置;分词、副词、不定式、从句、介词短语后置二、状语状语可以修饰形容词、副词以及动词(谓语成分)状语可用来说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步等等(1)副词/副词短语做状语---eg:Theweatherisfairlywarm.Thehatissomewhatexpensive.9
Don’tspeaksofast.Youknowperfectlywellthathewasright.Hehaslookedforitupanddown.Iwasfoolenoughtobelievehim.Iwishyou’dwriteclearlyenoughforustoreadit.(2)介词短语eg:Hewasquickinreaction.Theroadsaeclearofsnow.Despitehisbrokenleg,Alancanwalkwellenoughtogetaround.(3)名词短语eg:Itfeelsabitcoldoutside.Thetreeisfivemetershigh.Thefrontier’sonlyahundredyardsaway.Theweddingisonlyaweekaway.Thepartylastedallnight.(4)动词不定式eg:Iamgladtoseeyou.Hewasfurioustohearthenews.Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedsobepersistent.(5)分词eg:United,westand;devided,wefall.Heated,themetalexpands.Livinginthecountry,thechildrenhadalotoffun,Mostlivingbeingsthatexistunderwarmconditionsdiewhenfrozen.Whilesettingupthestation,wealsocarriedoutsurveysofthesurroundingAntarcticOcean.Oncedeprivedofoxygen,thebraindies.Thewaterwasboilinghot.(6)从句eg:Shewasabitdizzyasshehadn’thadenoughsleep.Tomisnotsooldashelooks.TherainclearedmorequicklythanIexpected.(7)独立主格eg:Asnakeslippedquicklyoutofhispath,itsbodyasthickasanarm.Helayonhisback,hishandsbehindhishead.Hesurfaced,afishinhishand.Modernjetairlinerscanflyhighupintheblueskywithcloudsandthunderstormsfarbelowthem.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.WithJohnaway,we’vegotmoreroom.9