大学英语语法introdu 37页

ANewEnglishGrammarCourseXiandaCollege,SISU Hello!I’mLuYuehua.Myphonenumber:15201999490Mye-mail:luyuehuaaiyy@yahoo.com.cn WishingyouahappyyearoftheSnake! 拜年蛇年大吉wishsomeoneaHappyNewYearI’mgoingtovisitYangLitowishheraHappyNewYear.I’dliketotextmyChineseNewYeargreetingstoYangLi.WishingyouahappyyearoftheSnake!WishingyougoodfortuneintheyearoftheSnake! 恭喜发财万事如意招财进宝Iwishyougoodfortune.IwishyouaprosperousYearoftheSnake.Wishingyouayearfullofwealthandprosperity.May10,000mattersgoasyouwish.Mayallyourwishes/dreamscometrue. 身体健康学习进步事业有成家庭幸福Wishingyougoodhealth.Wishingyougoodprogressinyourstudies.Wishingyouasuccessfulcareer.Wishingyourfamilygreathappiness. Questions1.DoyouliketheEnglishgrammar?Why/Whynot?2.HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheEnglishgrammar?3.Whatdoyouexpecttolearninthiscourse? TEM-4Vocabulary&Grammar冠词的用法限定词的用法名词和名词词组动词和动词词组形容词和形容词词组副词和副词词组 7.表示比较的方式8.主谓一致的问题9.时态（现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时）10.语态（被动语态） 12.名词性从句主语从句表语（补语从句）宾语从句同位语从句11.非谓语动词动词不定式分词（现在分词、过去分词、分词的独立主格结构）动名词 13定语从句（形容词性从句）14状语从句（副词性从句）15虚拟语气16倒装 Rules&RegulationsStudentsarerequirednottobelateforclassnottoeatfoodinclassnottochatinclasstoaskforleaveifthereissomethingurgentorspecialtopreviewthelessonbeforeclasstolistenattentivelyandcooperateactivelyinclasstodohomeworkpromptlyafterclass WaysofEvaluation1.Yourperformanceatordinarytimes(30%)AttendancePerformanceinclassPresentationExercises2.Finalexamination(70%) GrammaticalhierarchyThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentencetheclausethephrasethewordthemorphemeThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorthelowestrank.Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents----themorphemes. MorphemesThemorphemeistheminimumofsmallestgrammaticalunit,alsothesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.FreemorphemesAfreemorphemehasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasimpleword(e.g.boy,girl,do,go).kind:kindness,unkind,unkindness,kindlyfriend:friendly,friendship,friendless,unfriendly,unfriendlinessbook:bookmark,bookworm,bookshop,bookstalltake:intake,take-home,take-over,take-off,takeaway,undertake Aboundmorphemeisan“affix”,eitheran“inflectionalaffix”(e.g.boy-s,work-ed,go-ing,strong-er)oraderivationalaffix(e.g.kind-ness,in-appropriate).BoundmorphemesAmorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorphemeistermeda“boundmorpheme”.Allomorphs:aphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorpheme.Compoundform:arch-,auto-,bi(o)-,-crat,-dict,-duct,geo-,-graph,-hydro-,-logy,multi-,-phone,pseudo-,psych-,-scope,techn(o),tele- Wordsa.Simplewordat,by,in,on,up,down,far,near,hand,foot,get,take,makeb.DerivativewordMeaning“not”:un-,non-,in-,dis-Meaning“reversedaction”:un-,de-,dis-,counter-Meaning“manners”:mis-,co-Meaning“onthesideof”:pro-,anti-Meaning“degree/size”:super-,ultra-,over-,under-,semi-Meaning“before/after”:pre-,fore-,post-Meaning“above/lower/beneath/across”:sub-,inter-,trans- c.CompoundwordCompoundnoun:deadline,handbook,driveway,toothpick,snowfall,downfallCompoundadjective:world-famous,bloodthirsty,dogtired,bittersweetCompoundverb:(to)nickname,outline,spotlight,mass-produceCompoundadverb:moreover,neverthelessCompoundpronoun:another,something,anybody,nobody,whateverCompoundconjunction:whenever,wherever,whereasCompoundpreposition:alongside,outside,throughout,notwithstanding WordclassesClosed-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsare“closed”orlimitedinnumberandareonlyexceptionallyextendedbythecreationofadditionalmembers.Preposition:in,of,at,on,without,inspiteofPronoun:you,he,one,which,this,thatDeterminer:a,the,this,some,any,noConjunction:and,or,but,because,when,ifAuxiliary:do,can,may,must,will Open-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsareindefinitelyextendable.Noun:Smith,Paris,man,drama,faithVerb:work,give,make,take,talkAdjective:old,young,big,small,cheapAdverb:here,there,early,late,really,fastWordsintheopenclassesmaybedeterminedonthebasisofthreecomplementarycriteria:meaning,form,andfunction. WordformationAffixationprefix:re-,in-,mis-,multi-,out-,over-suffix:-ion,-tion,ment,-dom,-lyinfix:pesticide,thermometerWhatisa“root”,a“stem”,ora“base”?Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved(e.g.forceinenforceandtouchinuntouchables).Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved(e.g.chairinchairs,workinworkedanduntouchableinuntouchables).Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded(e.g.touchintouchable,touchableinuntouchable,anduntouchableinuntouchables). b.compositioncompoundscomponentsexamplesNounsnoun+nounverb+nounnoun+verbadj.+nounparticle+nounVerb+particlemanservant,girl-friendcut-throat,hovercraftsnowfall,lipstickdeadline,softwareaftermath,overkilldropout,drawbackVerbsnoun+verbverb+verbAdj.+verbparticle+verbspotlight,mass-producetypewrite,freeze-drysoft-land,fine-tuneoutrun,overworkAdjectivesnoun+adj.adj.+adj.adj.+nounparticle+nounworld-famous,trustworthybitter-sweet,light-blueblue-collar,red-brickbefore-tax,in-depth c.ConversionVerbstonouns:answer,doubt,love,smellAdjectivestonouns:daily,final,etc.Nounstoverbs:bottle,corner,elbow,handAdjectivestoverbs:calm,dirty,dry,emptyNounstoadjectives:cotton,brickd.blendingPart+part:motel,smog,telecast,heliport,brunchWhole+part:breathalyzer,newscast,cheeseburger,workfarePart+whole:paratroops,medicaid,medicare,medichair,mocamp e.back-formationbabysit–babysitter;chainsmoke---chainsmokerf.shorteningad,phone,exam,lab,profg.acronymsUFO,NATO,VIP,FBI,UN,UNESCO PhrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorethanoneword,usuallyastringofwordsbuiltuparoundaheadwordwhichdeterminesboththeclassthatthephrasebelongstoandthewaythephraseisstructured.a.Thenounphrase(NP)Anounphraseconsistsofaheadword,whichisusuallyanoun,andoneormoreoptionalmodifies.Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner+)(premodifier+)noun(+postmodifier)b.Theverbphrase(VP)Theverbphraseisaphrasewithamainverbasitshead.Averbphrasecanbesimpleorcomplex.Theformerisjustamainverbor“modifier+mainverb”,thelatterisamainverbprecededbyanauxiliary(orauxiliaries)(+modifier). c.TheadjectivephraseTheadjectivephraseisaphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadjectivephraseis:(modifier+)adjective(+postmodifier/complementation)d.TheadverbphraseTheadverbphraseisaphrasewithanadverbasitshead.Thegeneralpatternis:(modifier+)adverb(+postmodifier)e.TheprepositionalphraseTheprepositionalphraseisaphrasewithaprepositionasitshead.Thegeneralpatternis:(modifier+)preposition+complementation ClausesTheclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledgedclauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.1.IndependentanddependentclausesIntermsofgrammaticalfunction,aclausecanbeindependentordependent.Theformerisaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandactasacompleteutterance,asdistinguishedfromadependentclausewhichformsonlypartofanotherclauseorofaphrase. 2.SimpleandcomplexclausesWhenaclauseconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof“subject+predicate”,itisasimpleclause.Whenaclausecomprisesanotherclauseorotherclausesasitselementorelements,itisacomplexclause.3.MainandsubordinateclausesInacomplexclause,theclausethattakeanotherclauseasitselementisthemainclause,whiletheclausethatformspartofthemainclauseisasubordinateclause. 4.Finiteannon-finiteclausesAclausecanbefiniteornon-finite.Afiniteclauseisonewithafiniteverbphraseasitspredicateverborpredicator;anon-finiteclauseisaclausewithanon-finiteverbphraseasitspredicator.5.VerblessclausesWhenaclauseismarkedbytheabsenceofanyformofverbelement,itisaverblessclause.Averblessclauseisjustaconstructionof“subject+predicate”withoutanyformofverbelement. SentencesThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.FullandminorsentencesAfullsentenceisasentencewithanexpressedsubjectandpredicate.Thiskindofsentenceismostlyusedinformalspeechandwriting.Aminorsentenceisonlyasentencefragmentwhichinspecificcontextsandsituationscanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction. Simple,compound,complexandcompound-complexsentencesAsimplesentenceisasentencethatcomprisesonlyoneindependentclause,.Twoormorecoordinatedindependentclausesmakeacompoundsentence.Whenanindependentclausecomprisesoneormoredependentclausesasitselement,thismakesacomplexsentence.Twoormorecoordinatedindependentclauseswithatleastonecomplexclausemakeacompound-complexsentence.Youthrowastoneatthewindow.I’llscream.YouthrowastoneatthewindowandI’llscream.Ifyouthrowastoneatthewindow,I’llscream. Statements,commands,questionsandexclamationsIfwethinkofthesocialroleoflanguage,wecansaythatlanguageisbroadlyconcernedwithgivingandrequiringinformationandwithofferingandrequiring“things”oractions.Johnistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.(statement)Keepyourmouthshut.(command)What’syourname?(question)Whatafineday!(exclamation) StatementQuestionCommandExclamationPositivestatementsNegativestatementsGeneralquestionsSpecialquestionsAlternativequestionsTagquestionsSecond/first/thirdpersonimperativeWhat-exclamations/howexclamations ExercisesPutthefollowingwordsinappropriategroups:deadline,make,postwar,station,disinfectant,background,hillock,outdoors,slow,outspread,vegetable,drink,modernize,home,income,fishhook,steel,wildflower,inhumanMorphemeswords:Derivatives:Compoundwords:make,station,slow,vegetable,drink,home,steelpostwar,disinfectant,hillock,outdoors,modernize,inhumandeadline,background,outspread,income,fishhook,wildflower 2.Putthefollowingwordsinappropriategroups:archbishop,motel,comsat,handbook,VIP,edit,exam,sandy,house-keep,software,postwar,chair(v.),brunch,typewriter,limo,smell(v.),laserAffixation:Composition:Conversion:Blending:Back-formation:Shortening:Acronym:archbishop,sandy,postwarhandbook,software,typewritesmell,chairmotel,comsat,brunchedit,house-keepexam.limoVIP,laser 2.Definethefollowingterms:morphemefreemorphemeboundmorphemeallomorphfiniteclausesnon-finiteclausessimplesentencecompoundsentencescomplexsentence HomeworkReviewtheintroductorypartPreviewLecture1