27.初中英语语法讲义-句子的种类 4页

　　初中英语语法讲义－句子的种类姓名______句子的分类：⑴按使用目的和交际功能分类:句子可分为_______、_______、_______、_______。⑵按语法结构分类:简单句、并列句、_______。本次只讨论按第一种分类的句子。一陈述句陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为_______陈述句和_______陈述句两种。a．陈述句的肯定形式。Eg：Theyarestudents./Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.Iamastudent.Shehasjustcomeback.HeiswatchingTVnow.b．陈述句的否定形式。分以下几种情况：（1）谓语动词是系动词_____,助动词_______，_______,_______,be或情态动词，只须在其后面加_______构成否定句。be用作助动词，用于bedoing/be_______/bedone等时态或被动语态中,表示为：主语+be+not+v-ing或p.p+其他。Eg:Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasn’tbeentotheGreatWall.Ican’tswim/Youwon’tgotheretomorrow./Theyaren’tsleeping.Theyweren’tclassmateslastyear.Shehasn’tbeentoChina.Hecouldn’trideabikewhenheissmall.Theydon’tgotoschool,itisSunday.Heisn’tdoinghishomeworknow,heisplaying.(06江苏)Thesingeranddancer______yet.A.don"tB.haven"tcomeC.didn"tD.hasn"tcome（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上_______，第三人称单数现在时用_______，过去时用_________。Eg.Hehasn’tsentmeaninvitationyesterday.Shedoesn’tliketoplayfootball.Hedidn’treceiveyourletteruntilnow.(05河北)Iwenttothecinemayesterday.Buthe_______(没去)there.(05济南)He______say_________.A.don"t,somethingB.didn"t,anythingC.doesn"t,somethingD.don"t,anything（3）由具有否定含义的词_______,nobody,_______,little,dislike,_______,few,_______neitherof...noone等构成的否定句,则不必再加任何否定词,它本身就是含有否定意义的句子.Eg:Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed.IhaveneverbeentoAmerica.Nobodywanttogothere.Shecanhardlybelievehisears.Thereislittlewaterinthecup.Hedislikestogoout.Theyseldomgoabroad.Therewerefewpeoplecametothemeeting.Youaretootoyoungtodothatwork.NeitherofthemhaseverbeentoBeijing.(03重庆)Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,_____?A.don"ttheyB.didn"ttheyC.didtheyD.dothey(06太原)---Youhaven"tbeentoBeijing,_______?---ButIwanttogotherethissummer.A.doyouB.areyouC.haveyouD.didyou二疑问句疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。⑴．一般疑问句：一般疑问句是询问事物或某情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定或否定回答,读时用升调.以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始.通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：①Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+_______+表语…？Eg:Isheyourclassmate?AmInotanewstudent?Wereyouatschoolyesterday?Wassheherejustnow?②Have动词(表示“有”：have,has,had)+主语+宾语…？Eg:Haveyouanapple?HashebeentoChina?HadyoubeentherewhenIwenttothecinema?③情态动词(can,may,must等)+_______+行为动词或be…?Eg:Canyouhelpme?_______Ispeaktohim?_______Icometoyourbirthdayparty?④助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词…Eg:Doyouknowher?Doeshegotoschoolonfoot? Didyoureceiveherletteryesterday?(04黑龙江)---_______you_____TVatthemoment?---No,youcanturnitoff.A.DidwatchB.ArewatchingC.DowatchD.Havewatched(04黑龙江)---_______you_____TVatthemoment?---No,youcanturnitoff.A.DidwatchB.ArewatchingC.DowatchD.Havewatched⑤助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…Eg:Shallwegotothepark?（2）否定形式的一般疑问句，通常把系动词或助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：Eg:①Aren’tyouastudent?_______.(不，我是)No,_______.(对，我不是)　　②Doesn’tsheoftenvisityou?Yes,_______.(不，她是)No,_______.(对，他不是)③Don’tyougotoschoolbybus._____,Ido.(不，我是)_____,Idon’t.（对，我不是)④Won’tyoucomewithme?Yes,______.(不，我是)No,_______.(对，我不是)⑤Haven’tyoubeentoAmerica?Yes,Ihave.(不，我去过)No,Ihaven’t..(对，我没有)⑵．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。（1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Eg.Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.？（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“_______＋一般疑问句”形式。Eg.1.Wherehaveyoubeen?2Iwantsomeonions---Howmanydoyouwant?---Twokilos.Andhowmuchisakilo?---Oneyuanakilo.3Whichisyourmathsteacher?----Theoneinred.4.Howoftenis"Kucky52"shownonCCTV-2?----Everyweek.5.Whatcolourdoyoulikebest?----Orange,becauseorangecanbringmesuccess.(06四川)--___doyouhaveasportsmeeting?--Twiceayear.A.howsoonB.HowoftenC.howlong.(06桂林)_____isthepopulationofChina?A.HowmuchB.HowmanyC.HowlongD.What(05重庆)---______istheConfucianTemple(孔庙)fromhere?---It"sabout10minutes"walk.A.HowmanyB.HowlongC.HowmuchD.Howfar(05临沂)---_____haveyoulivedinChina?---Ihavelivedhereforawholeyear.WhenI_____withmyfamilytothiscountry,itseemedtomethateverythingwasnew.A.Howoften;traveledB.Howlong;traveledC.Howlong;movedDHowoften;moved⑶．选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no来回答.语调一般是前升后降.选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句.①疑问句＋选择成分1＋_______＋选择成分2？Eg.Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?(06北京海淀区,31)Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink,___orcoffee---Coffee,please.AteaBfruitCbreadDmeat②特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.(05南通)---_______Areyougoingtoborrowadictionaryoramagazine?---_______.A.Yes,adictionaryB.No,amagazineC.AdictionaryD.Yes,both⑷．反意疑问句：反意疑问句是在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问.疑问部分与陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号.陈述部分＋提问部分。①前肯后否，前否后肯。前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。肯定回答用Yes,否定回答用No.如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。eg.He"sflowntoQingdaoforsummerholiday,hasn"the?TomhasneverbeentotheGreatWall,hashe?(06济南)Yoursisterwascookingwhenyougothome,______? A.wassheB.issheC.wasn"tsheD.isn"tshe(05宁夏)---Maryhasn"tpaidfortheschoolthings,hasshe?---.Hermotherwillpayforher.A.Yes,shehasB.No,shehasn"tC.Yes,shedidD.No,shedidn"t（04杭州）Thereisnothingwrongwithyourcar,____?A.areyouB.isn"titC.aren"tyouD.isthere.(04北京)He"sputupsomepicturesinhisbedroom,____he?A.isB.doesn"tC.hasn"tD.isn"t②陈述句中有：haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn’t,will,they等。eg.Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didn’tshe?Don’tturnontheTVset,willyou?③陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。egHewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the?(06昆明)yoursisterwascookingwhenyougothome,________?A.wassheB.issheC.wasn"tsheD.doesshe④在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the?(06深圳)Idon"tthinkthegirlisright,______?A.doIB.issheC.isn"tsheD.doeshe⑤在含有情态动词must的句子中，若_______表示推测，疑问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用_______。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用_______。eg.Hemustbetired,isn’the?YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn’tyou?Youmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou?⑥陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用______you(表请求)。注：let’s用_____we（包括说话人），letus用______you（不包括说话人）。eg.Haveacupoftea,_______?Let’sgonow,_______?Letusgonow,_______？Let"sgotothelibrary,_______?Thefilmisonatthemovies.Let"sgotoseeit,_______?OK.Let"sgo.⑦陈述部分主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,_______等时，疑问部分用he或they,但不可用it.Somebodywantstoseeyou,doesn"the(don"tthey)?⑧陈述部分是"Therebe"结构时，疑问部分用“_______”。Thereisatreeinfrontofthebuilding,______________?⑨陈述部分主语为指事物的不定代词something_______,everything等时，疑问部分用_______.Somethingiswrongwithyourcomputer,isn"tit?⑩陈述部分为"Iam"结构时，疑问部分用“aren"tI？”。Iamastudent,_______？三祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等.动词用原形）读降调.祈使句分为肯定的祈使句和否定的祈使句.（1）let+第一人称，第三人称＋（_______）动词原形。Letmetryagain.Letusnotgothere.（2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listentomecarefully.(05泰州)______yourbooks,Tom.Don"tleaveyourthingshereandthere.A.PutonB.putoffC.putawayD.putdown（3）Don’t(never)+动词原形＋其他成分。否定祈使句的反意疑问句为willyou.Don’tlookoutofthewindow.________?(反意疑问)(04长春)---_______Don"tforgettogivePollysomefood,______?---Allright.A.shallweB.doyouC.don"tyouD.willyou(05青岛)______late.It"syourfirstdaytowork.Yousee,wellbegunishalfdone.A.Don"ttobeB.Don"tbeC.NotbeDBenot（4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.eg..Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?Don’tclosethedoor.Pleasedon"tforgettotakepartinourclubpartytomorrow. Peterhardlyhadtimeforconcertsatthattime,didhe?四感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。读降调;多用what或how引导.What修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词。如何判断用what还是how方法一:凡是有a,an开头的,多用what;方法二:凡是形容词直接加名词多用what;方法三:其他一般用how.（1）How+_______/副词。①.How+形容词/_______+主+_______+…！eg.Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis!Howfastsheruns!Howhardthegirlsareworking!（06河北）________colditistoday!A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa②.How+形容词+a/an+名词+主+谓+…！egHowcleveraboyheis!Howfunnyanelephantitis!（2）What+_______词。①.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+_______+谓+…！Eg.Whatafinedayitistoday!Whatanhonestmanhisfatheris!(05扬州)---Jacky,lookatthatJapanesesumoist(相扑手)。---Wow,______!A.HowafatmanB.WhatafatmanC.HowfatmanD.Whatfatman(05徐州)---Ilostmywalletonmywaytoschoolthismorning.---_______!Youmustbecarefulnexttime.A.TakecareB.You"rewelcomeC.WhatapityD.Excuseme②.What+形容词+可数名词复数+主+谓+…！Eg.Whattalltreestheyare!Whatgoodstudentstheboysare!③.What+形容词+不可数名词+主+谓+…！Whatcoldwateritis!Whatdeliciousmilkitis!(04太原)_______thickice!Wouldyouliketogoskating?A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa④.How+主语+谓语！Howtimeflies!时间过得真快啊！Eg.1.:Howusefulworktheyhavedone!2.Dad,doyoulikemypicture?Howwonderful!It"sthenicestoneI"veseen!3.Whatlovelyweather!Let"sgoonapicnic.4.Howlovelytheweathertoday.Let"sgotothebeach.5(06宁夏)_____it"sblowing!A.WhatstrongB.HowstrongC.HowstronglyD.Whatstrongly6(06济南)________MrsSmithis!A.HowkindwomanB.WhatakindwomanC.WhatkindwomanD.Howakindwoman