高考英语语法复习专题-动词时态 13页

高考英语语法复习专题动词时态语态、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查要点简述(1)一般现在时考点分析①表示客观事实或普通真理(不受吋态限制)Thegeographyteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.Waterboilsat100°C・②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用实意动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Icefeelscold.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see^hear>smell>taste>feel>notice、agree>believe^like、hate>want>think>belong、seem等。Iknowwhatyoumean.Smithownsacarandahouse・AllthestudentsherebelongtoNo」MiddleSchool.④if/unless/assoonas/evenif/until/nomatterwhere/what...等引导的时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在吋代替将来吋，这吋主句通常是-•般将来吋或祈使句。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿"，但不表示时态。Pleasecallmeassoonasshe(finish)herwork.Whateverhe(say)tomorrowjmind.Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased・⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go>leavexarrive>fly、return>start>begin、pen、close,end、stop、等常用一般现在时或现在进行时可表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作或状态。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.Tomorrow(be)Wednesday・He(come)tonight.Thefilm(start)at3:00pmtomorrow.(2)一般过去时考点分析(考核重点)。①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。一般过去时的时间状语有I(meet)herinthestreetyesterday.Ionce(see)MaYuninHangzhou.Heneversmokedand(drink)wine.Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisn"t・②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：Hetoldmehereadaninterestingnovellastnight.③表示两个紧接着发生过的动作，常rfl以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.④常用一般过去时的句型：Ididn"tnoticeit.1forgottotellyouIhadbeentherewithmybrotherbefore.Ididn"trecognizehim.(3)一般将来时考点分析。 ①表示未来的动作或状态常用“will/shall+动词”的动词结构表示。一般将来时的吋间状语有②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We"lldiewithoutairorwater.③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start>begin、leave等词常用进彳亍吋的形式表示将來时。She(leave)forNingbonextMonday.④begoingto与will/shall,betodo,beabouttodo用法及区别：begoingto表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/willdo常表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。begoingto表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：Ifitisfine,we"llgofishing.()Ifitisfine,wearegoingtogofishing.()betodosth.表按计划或安排要做的事，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。Ameetingis(hold)at3:00o"clockthisafternoon.beaboullodoslh.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句(排除when引导的时间状语从句)。Autumnharvestisabouttostart.WhenIwasabouttoleave,hecalledme.⑤有些动词本身就有“想，打算”的意思，现在时态就可以表示将來的意思。如want,plan,intend(1)现在进行时考点分析。动词结构be(am/is/are4-V-ing)①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或状态；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go/come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。现在将来时的时间状语或标志词有Itnow.He(teach)Englishand(learn)Chinese.I(meet)Mr.Wangtonight.注意：(与always,often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种讨厌的感情色彩)Thegirlisalwaystalkingloudinpublic.②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作dike,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。(B)表存在的状态的动i司：appear,exist,lie,remain,seembelongto,dependon。(C)表示一H寸性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。(D)表示感官的动i司：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。(2)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。①常用过去完成时的几种情况:(A)在by、bytheend>bythetime>until>beforesince后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句表示这之前发生的动作。(B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/though/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/planned...+tohavedone。(C)“时间名词+before"在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成吋；“吋间名词4-ago"在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。(D)before+过去的时间或一个过去时间的时间状语从句。(E)表示“刚刚就"的几个句型：Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+—般过去时，从句常用一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时,且常用倒装。Bytheendoflastyear,we(produce)20,000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.Hesaidhisfirstteacher(die)atleast5yearsbefore.XiaoHua(die)3yearsago.Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerthanthebusstarted.②在before或after引导的时间状语从句屮可以用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。 Afterhe(had)Iefttheroom,thebosscamein.Wearrivedhomebeforeitsnowed.①句式：Itwas/hadbeen+一段吋间+since+从句(谓语动词用过去完成吋)我们十年没这么玩的开心了。.That/Itwasthefirst/second...time+that+从句（谓语动词用过去完成时）这是她第三次犯同样的错误了。.（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将來时对比：用woulddo、was/weregoingtodosth.表过去将來；come^go>leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was/weretodosth.和was/wereabouttodosth.表过去将來。特别说明：weretodosth常用于if或evenif/though引导的从句屮表对未来的假设。Evenifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldneverdosuchastupidthing.（7）过去进行时考点分析。①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。过去进行时的时间状语或标志词有②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其屮一个在rflwhen或while引导的时间状语从句中oWhenIcamein,hewassleeping.-一（8）现在完成时考点分析。①现在完成时强调发生的动作持续到现在（已经完成或还会持续下去），并对现在造成了影响，除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/overthelast（past）fewyears（months,weeks）/lately/sincethen/inrecentyears/uptonow/sofar（至今）/yet/just/already/before等。②下列句型中常用现在完成时Itis（hasbeen）+一-段时间+since从句This（That/It）isthefirst（second...）timethat+完成时This（That/It）istheonly...+that+完成时This（that/It）isthebest/finest/mostinteresting...+that从句+完成时③在吋I"可或条件状语从句中，现在完成吋可以代替一•般将来吋。女山IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.Ifyouhavedonetheexperiment,youwillrealizethetheoiybette匚Don"tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：①一般过去吋与现在完成吋：吋间上有差异：凡有过去吋间的均用过去吋态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、lastyear、justnow、theotherday等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在叩勺影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓"）形式则只用一般过去吋即可。2、主动语态与被动语态（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出來的。英语中有两种语态：|主动语态和両話。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：ManypeoplespeakChinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。_例如：Chineseisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 （二）被动语态的结构被动语态由画动词be+及物动词的过去分词”|构成。人称、数和吋态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：+spoken一般过去时：+spoken一般将来时：+spoken现在进行时：+spoken过去进行吋：+spoken现在完成吋：+spoken过去完成时：+spoken含有情态动词的被窈语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由卜情态动词+be+过去分诩构成Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays・—Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.总结：被动语态的构成方式：be+过去分词，口语只也有用get/become+过去分词表示。被动语态的基木用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。Thewindwowhasnotbeencleanedforweeks.Thisbridgewasfoundedin1988.（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.—Aninterestingbook.-I.②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong（bytheboss）③短语动词变被动语态时，勿掉“尾巴Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof（byher）.Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattention辺・④情态动词和begoingtOsbeto、besureto>usedto>haveto>hadbetter结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe>expect、think>know^write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句來表示。如：rPeoplesayheisasmartboy.5Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.lHeissaidtobeasmartboy.-PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.5ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.‘PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.类似句型有：Itissaid/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat...口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变bedone，时不变，数格必须随被变。（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之屮。如appear,die,disappear,end（vi.结束）,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。②不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例女口： Ihappenedtomeetheryesterday.①表示状态的谓语动词,女口：last、hold>benefit>contain>equal、fit>join、mean、Iast>looklike>等。②表示归属的动词，如have、own>belongto等。③宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。④宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。()Shelikestoswim.()Toswimis1ikedbyher.(3)主动形式表被动意义。①当连系动词feeRlook>smell>tastesound、go、provekeep、get^grow等后面接形容词构成系表结构时；当表示主语属性特征的动词如cut、read^sell、wear>write、drink、wash等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动^(begin/finish/start/open/close/stop/end/shut/run/move)等意义时。Thefishsmellsgood.Ithasgonebad.Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thesenovelswon"tsellwell.Mypenwritessmoothly.Thedoorwon"tlock.Workbeganat8:00.pm.②当breakout>takeplaceshutoff^turnoff>workout^runout等动词表示"发生/关闭/制定/用完""等意思时。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。@beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动意义。.①在“...+be+形容词+todo”屮，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。Thedoorneedsrepairing.二.Thiskindofwaterisn"tfit(drink).Theairishardto(breathe)..这个女孩很难相处得好。另外：betoblame(受谴责)，betorent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。②介词in,on,under等+加名词构成的介词短语可以表被动意义。undercontrol受控制beyondbelief难以置信forrent出租ou(ofreach够不着onsale出售onshow展览；展出inprint在印刷中underrepair在修理中(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。©beseated坐着Heisseatedonabench.(Heseatshimselfonabench.)他坐在凳子上。②behidden躲藏Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor.)他藏在门后。③belost迷路bedrunk喝醉bedressed穿着④bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarried等(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。女口：Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被动语态)Thebookiswellsold.(系表结构)3、方法指导：1)学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语境，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解儿种常用的时态规则后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活屮如何运用各种 时态和语态的。1)建立事太多吋、体概念(“吋”即指现在吋、过去吋、将来吋、将来时、过去将来吋；)每个时又分为四个“体”(即一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体)。2)了解时态和语态的问题，要遵循以下思路：A.这件事是什么时候发生的事情或者情况(定“时”)；B.这个动作处于什么状态，是完成了，还是未完成，还是既不表完成也不表进行(定“体”)；C.这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动(定“语态”)；二、精典名题导解选择填空1・Visitorsnottotouchtheexhibits.（NMET2011）A.willrequestB.arerequestedC.arerequestingD.request2.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologysorapidly.（NMET2012）A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange3.（2012模拟试题）Allthepreparationsforthetask,andwe"rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted4.Mymindwasn"tonwhathewassayingsoFmafraidIhalfofit.A.wasmissingB・hadmissedC.willmissD.missed5.Thediscussionalivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC・hascomeD.came6.Tominthelibraryeverynightoverthepast3weeks.A.worksB.hasbeenworkingC.workedD.hadworked7.（2012.全国）—WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshethere.A.hasbeenlyingB.waslyingC.haslainD.hadbeenlying8.（2011.安徽）——Idon"taskforthenamelist.Whyonmydesk?・―Iputittherejustnowincaseyouneededit.A.doesitlandB.hasitlandedC.willitlandD.haditlanded9.1thinkstoreshoppingwillexitalongwithhomeshoppingbutA.willneverreplaceB.willreplaceC.willneverbereplacedD.wouldneverbereplaced10.（2013.全国）-HaveyoufinishedreadingJaneEyre?—NoJmyhomeworkalldayyestrerday・A.wasdoingB.woulddoC.haddoneD.did基础训练匾1.BythetimeIsawtheangryexpressioninhisface,IexactlywhatIwashavingtoface.ButnotforamomentIshouldquit.A.hadknown;IthoughtB.haveknown;hadIthoughtC.wouldknow;IwouldthinkD.knew;didIthink2・Insuchafiercecompetition,apersonhastomakeeveryeffortifhe. A.hassucceededB・istosucceedC.shouldsucceedD・willsucceed3・Themanopenedhiseyesandmovedhislips,asifthathehadsomethingtotellme.A.sayingB.havingsaidC.tosayD.tohavesaid4.—IsthemeetingheldinRoom302or303?—Itshouldbe302.ButIhearthatittilltomorrow.A.wasputoffB.willputoffC.hasbeenputoffD.isputoff 4.TheUniversityofTokyoistheoldestuniversityinJapanandhasalwaysbeenintheleadwhenitcomestonewchallenges・A.befacedB.faceC.facingD.faced6・Infact,moreandmorepeopletoliveagreener,healthierandmoreenvironmentally"greenlife".A.choseB.chooseC・arechoosingD・havechosen7.OurcaratthepresentspeeduntilitreachesQingdaoataboutnineo"clocktonight.A.wentB.isgoingC.goesD.willbegoing8.ChinaistocontinuedhelptoIraqinitsreconstruction.A.willingly;giveB.willing;givingC・willing;offerD.will;offering9.—Ithoughtyouweregoingtoleaveearlytodaytotakeyoursontotheshow・—I,butIcan"leaveuntilIfinishtypingalltheletters・A.hadplannedtoB・plannedtoC.amstillplanningtoD.wasstillplanningto10.Unfortunately,whenwedroppedin,DoctorLiforIndonesiatorescuetheinjuredthere,soweonlyhadtimeforafewwords.A.hasjustleftB.wasjustleavingC・hadjustleftD・justleft强化训练题1.Iinaforeigntradecompanyforfiveyears・Still,Idon"tregretgivingupthewell-paidjob・A.workedB・haveworkedC・wasworkingD・hadworked2.■一Wereyoutoldtoattendthemeeting?Ididn"tseeyouanyway・…,butIhadanaccidentontheway.A.IwasgoingB.IwouldC.IshouldhaveD.Fdliketo3.—Yoifveagreedtogo?Sowhyaren"tyougettingready?-ButIthatyouwouldhavemestartatonce.A.don"trealizeB.hadntrealizedC.didn"trealizeD.amnotrealizing4.—Whereisyourdaughterworking?—Inthesamecompanyas1.1wouldrathershehere・ 1.■一Youhaven"tsaidawordaboutmynewhair-style,Molly.Doyoulikeit?■一PmsorryIanythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit，spretty・A.wasn"tsayingB・don"tsayC・wontsayD.didn"tsay2.一HaveyouevervisitedtheSlenderWestLake?—Yes.WhenIwasinYangzhou,Iittwice.A.havevisitedB・visitedC.hadvisitedD・wouldvisit7・ThelittleboyasleepwhilewatchingTV.Hismothercarriedhimtobed・A.hadfallenB.fellC.wasfallingD.wouldfall8・Wewouldhavearrivedtheremuchearlierinyourcar.™Iagree・Butit・A.wasrepairedB.wasrepairingC・hadbeenrepairedD・wasbeingrepaired2.AtthistimetomorrowovertheAtlantic.A.we^regoingtoflyB.we41beflyingC・we^reflyingD.we^retofly10-一WhenthenexttrainleaveforBoston,please?—Usuallyat13:15butbecauseofasmallaccidentontheline,itat13:45.A・does;isgoingtostartB.will;startsC.does;willstartD.will;istostart高考训练题2008年高考1.—HaveyouknownDr.Jacksonforalongtime?（全国1卷）—Yes,sinceshetheChineseSociety・A.hasjoinedB