高三英语语法冠词(讲解加近10年高考试题) 7页

高三英语语法---冠词冠词虽然只有三个a,an和the,但不仅是高考单项填空题中常考的项目,而且在书面表达题屮,学生更容易发生语感性和过失性错误，影响了文章的整体水平。一、冠词的基本用法与习惯用法关于冠词的基本用法和习惯用法，我们要记住这个口诀：名词冠词不分家，泛指特指惯用法。名词冠词不分家：冠词是虚词，不能单独使用，必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数，单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。泛指特指惯用法：泛指即不明确具体所指，是不定冠词a(an)和零冠词(即不使用冠词)的基木用法。而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无谋地知道所指为何人、何物或何事，是定冠词the的基本用法。我们把那些没有规律的习惯搭配称为惯用法，它们需要单独记忆。1、冠词的基本用法冠词名词单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词泛指(a/an/零冠词)Ahorseisausefulanimal.HorsesareusefulanimalsMoneyisnoteverything.特指（the）Thehorsewastiredafteralongjourney.Thehorsesweretiredafteralongjourney・IboughthimapresentwiththemoneyIhadsaved.注意：the与可数名词单数搭配有吋可泛指，表类属。如：Thehorseisausefulanimal.在我们说话时，先明确我们要泛指还是特指我们所要谈的人或物，然后相应的选择合适的冠词。其他的基本都可归为惯用法，需要理解后记忆即可。如果掌握了这一规律，把复杂的问题简单化后，你会发现很多问题都口J以迎刃而解。如：用在序数词，形容词最高级及形容only,very,same等前面的the其实就是the的基本用法，即特指。请体会：That"stheverythingI"vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。如：(1)Inmostcountries,auniversitydegreecangiveyouflyingstartinlife.A・the；aB.the；/C./；/D・/；a(2)—Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightoverkeyboard・——Youshouldn*tputdrinksnearcomputer.A.the；/B・the；aC.a；/D.a；a(3)Somepeoplefearthatairpollutionmaybringaboutchangesinweatheraroundtheworld.A・/；theB.the；/C.an；theD.the；a2.冠词的习惯用法很多情况下，是否要加冠词，常常是一个习惯用法问题，特别是在一些固定的词组中，有时是说不出道理的。如:atadistance在一定距离外intowninthecity在城里inthedistance在远处haveacoldcatch（a）cold感冒了indangerof…有的危险gotoschool/church（上学/去做礼拜）inhospital（住院）infrontof（在前面）inchargeof掌管;负责attable在用饭；吃饭时inthehabitof…有的习惯gototheschool/church（到学校/教堂公）inthehospital（在医院里面）inthefrontof（在的前部）inthechargeof在负责Z下atthetable在桌旁byday白天；Id间inwords用言语bytheday按日计inaword总Zattimes有时;不时atatime一次adoctorandnurse一位医生兼护士anumberof许多；好些adoctorandanurse一位医生和一位护士thenumberof.••-的数口 （4）Thereareover58000rockyobjectsinspace,about900ofwhichcouldfalldownontoearth.A.the；theB./；theC.the；/D-a；the（5）Manypeoplearcstillinhabitofwritingsillythingsinpublicplaces.A.the；theB./；/C.the；/D・/；the二、抽象名词和物质名词具体化1.不可数名词的具体化，包括抽象名词的具体化和物质名词的具体化。所谓抽象名词的具体化，是指冠词用在抽象名词之前，表示“一•种”、“一类”或“一个具体情况”等概念，使本来抽象的名词具体化，具有了“一个…的人/事物”的含义。Thehouseisfullofjoy.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Hegavemealotofpleasure.Shelookedupinsurprise.Knowledgeispower.Hereceivedlittleeducation.Thelittlegirlisajoytoherparents.（令人高兴的人或物）Heisasuccessasanactor.（一个成功的人或物）Itisapleasuretoworkwithyou.（一件令人愉快的事情）Whatagreatsurpriseyougaveme.（—件令人惊讶的事情）Hehasawideknowledgeofanimals-（一fJ的知识）Hereceivedagoodeducation.（一种的教育）某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用，而变成具体化的名词。Ilikecoffee.Wouldyoulikeacoffee?（一杯咖啡）1havejusthadlunch.Ihavejusthadabiglunch.（一顿丰盛的午餐）2•有些抽象化的个体名词前一般不用冠词。bybus/bytrain/plane/water/land/sea/air,onfoot,onhorseback,bytelephone/telegraphatschool/college/university/table（在吃饭）/work/sea（在航海中）inclass/town//prison/hospital/bed（卧病在床）at/in/gotochurch（在/去做礼拜）manandwoman,fromdoortodoor（6）Gorgecouldn"trememberwhenhefirstmetMr.Anderson,buthewassureitwasSundaybecauseeverybodywasatchurch.A./；theB.the；/C.a；/D./；a三、冠词的某些需注意的用法1.不定冠词a/an（1）表示"同一",相当于thesame。如:Birdsofafeatherflocktogether;peopleofakindfallintothesamegroup・物以类聚，人以群分。（2）表示"每”，相当于per,everyc如：threetimesaday—天三次⑶表示"某一个”，相当于acertain或some,含有"我不认识的…人"之意。女II：Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn"taMi*.Smithhere.对■不起，打错了。这里没有史密斯先化。（4）用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前。如：Weallhopetohaveapeacefulandfriendlyworld.我们都希望拥冇一个和平友好的世界。⑸a+most表示“非常，很”。女口:Thisisamostinterestingstory,butitisn"tthemostinterestingone.这是一个非常冇趣的故事，但它不是这本书里最冇趣的。（6）a+序数词，表示“又一，再一”。女II：Hehaddecidedtogiveitup,butonsecondthoughtshedecidedtotryathirdtime.他已经决定放弃，但是转念一想，决定再试一次。（7）用在quite,rather,many,half/what/such/twice等词后.Manyaboyis（=Manyboysare）swimming.Thevillageishalfanhour9swalkfromhere・（8）用于表最高级含义的句型：否定意义的词++a/an+比较级…； Ihaveneverseenabetterfilm.（=ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.） 2.定冠词the(1)用于发明物的单数名词前(phone,car…)。如：AlexanderGrahamBellinventedthetelephonein1876.贝尔于1876年发明/电话。⑵用于姓氏复数词前指一家人或夫妇二人等。如：TheWangs(王先生一家)willcometoBeijingtomorrow.(3)表示世界上独一无二的东西以及表示江河,山川，群岛，海峡、海湾、国家、党派、机构、某国全体人员的名称是由儿个普通名词构成的专冇名词时，通常用the.e.g.Thesunisthecentreoftheword.theDeadSeathepeople"sRepublicofChinatheEnglishtheFrenchtheUniversityofPrinceton(区分：BeijingUniversity)(4)用于方位名词前。如：ontheright/left；intheeast/south⑸用于比较级词前，比较级句式中常附有表示范围的“ofthetwo-"结构。如：Ofthetwoboys,heistheclevere匚两个男孩中，他是比较聪明的那一个。(6)用在某些习惯表达法中的介词短语中，指冇关者的身体或衣着的一部分。•leadsb.bythehand拉着某人的手，hitsb.intheface打在某人的脸上，•graspsb.bythesleeve抓住某人的袖了hitsb.onthehead打某人的头(7)和表示数屋的名词连用，表示“以...为单位”•Eggsarcsoldbythedozen.鸡蛋按打来卖。(区分：byweight/length)•Heispaidbythehour/theday/week/month.他按小时/天/周/JI来付酬。⑻与形容词比较级连用，表示两者之间比较中的"较的一个Heisthetallerofthetwo.▲要注意冠词的使用误区，即：第一次说到不一定是泛指，第二次提到不一定就是特指。(7)——Haveyouseenpen?Ileftitherethismorning.—Isitblackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a；theB.the；theC.the；aD.a；a(8)Haveyouheardnews?Thepriceofpetrolisgoingupagain!A.the;theB・/;theC.the；/D./;/四、不用冠词的用法(零冠词)1・表泛指的抽象名词、物质名词，复数名词、单个专冇名词，人名、地名等前。Eg.Whattheyneediswater.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.China,Tom,NewYork但，物质名词，抽彖名词被限制时，前用冠词。Themilkinthebottlehasgonebad.1.学科、球类、棋类运动前都不加冠词。如：playchess(卜象棋)playfootball(踢足球)1—Fl三餐询不加冠词，但特指须加，有形容词修饰时也可以加a表示一顿。eg.1.Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?2.Wehadareallygooddinne匚4.四季、月份，星期，节H丽一般不加the。但特指必须亦(he。eg.1.Summercomesafterspringandbeforeautumn.2.inthespringof19865.表示独一无二头衔、职位名词在旬中做宾补，表语，主补以及同位语时，大都用零冠词。Hewasmademonitoronlyyesterday.(做主补)6.表语言的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Chinese,English□但连用language时需加the如：theChineselanguage7.在含冇day的节口、假口前，不用冠词，女山ChildrensDay,但在含冇festival的节口前，需加冠词the女II：theSpringFestival;theMid-autumnFestival.8.(um/go作“变"，后而的名词询不用冠词(注意与become相区别)。Hewasateacherbeforeheturnedwriter(=becameawriter).9.在某些独立结构中，不用冠词。Heenteredtheforest,guninhand.(=withaguninhishand)10.在以“普通名词+as...”开始的表让步的倒装语序的句子中。Eg.Childasheis,heknowsmuch. 历年高考试题实战训练第一组：1.【2013福建】21.TheuChineseDreamisdreamtoimprovepeople"swell-beinganddreamofharmony,peaceanddevelopment.A.the;a2.[2013江西】A.a;/3.[2013山东】A.不填；a4.[2013陕西】B.a;a32.AnimalsareobviouslyB.the;the22.ItwasC.a;theD.the;the_lowerformoflifethanC.a;theD./;/man.coldwinternightandthemoonwasshiningbrightlyacrossnightsky.D.the;不填PacificOceanonhiswaytoJavain_B.a;theC.the;a19・MarcoPoloissaidtohavesailedonthirteenthcentury.A.the;aB.a;/C./;theD.the;the5.【2013新课标II卷】13.Fourandhalfhoursofdiscussiontookus叩tomidnight,andbreakforcheese,chocolateandteawithsuga匚A.a;aB.the;theC.不填；theD.a;不填6.[2013新课标I卷】31.Indiaattainedindependencein1947,afterlongstruggle.A.不填;aB.the;aC.an;不填D.an;the7.【2013浙江】15.Peopledeveloppreferenceforaparticularstyleoflearningatearlyageandthesepreferencesaffectlearning.A.a;anB.a;不填C.不填；theD.the;an8.【2013重庆】32.Theparentswereshockedbynewsthattheirsonneededoperationonhisknee・A.a;/B・the;/C・the;anD.a;an9.（2012金国卷11）7.Hemissedgoldinthehighjump,butwillgetsecondchanceinthelongjump.A.the;theB.不填；aC.the;aD.a;不填10・（2012四丿11卷）18・WearesaidtobelivinginInformationAge,timeofnewdiscoveriesandgreatchanges・A.an;theB・不填；theC.不填；aD.the;a4.[2012江西卷】21.TheSmithsdon"tusuallystayathotels,butlastsummertheyspentafewdaysataverynicehotelbysea・A./;aB.the;theC./;theD.the;a12・【2012浙江卷】2・Thedevelopmentofindustryhasbeengradualprocessthroughouthumanexistence,fromstonetoolstomoderntechnology・A.不填，theB.the;aC.a;不填D.a;a13.[2012安徽卷】21.Carlisstudyingfoodscieneeatcollegeandhopestoopenupmeatprocessingfactoryofhisownoneday.A./；aB./；theC.the;aD.the;the14.【2012重庆卷]24.SamhasbeenappointedmanageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotakeplaceofGeorge.A./,/B.the,/Cthe;theD./,the15.【2012辽宁卷】21.1wokeupwithbadheadache,yetbyeveningthepainhadgone・A.the;theB.the;anC.a;theD.a;an16.[2012全国新课程】22.Sarahlookedatfinishedpaintingwithsatisfaction.A.不填；aB.a;theC.the;不填D.the;a17.[2012ill东卷】29.Beingabletoafforddrinkwouldbecomfortinthosetoughtimes. A.the;theB.a;aC.a;不填D.不填；a13.【2011全国卷，33】Itisgenerallyacceptedthatboymustlearntostandupandfightlikeman.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD.a;不填 19.[2011全国卷II、16】Ashereachedfrontdoor,Jacksawstrangesight.A.the;不填B.a;theC.不填aD.the;a20.[2011山东卷,21】Takeyourtime—ifsjustA.不填；lheB.a;the21.[2011浙江卷,2】ExpertsthinkthatA.the;不填B.a;the22.[2011PH川卷,18】Dr.PeterSpence,goontostudyatOxfordandCambridge.”A.不填；A23.[2011重庆卷,26】A.the,/24.[2011陕西卷,13】countryintheworld・A.the;不填B.不填；theC.the；theD.不填；不填25.[2011江西卷22]---It"ssaidJohnwillbeinajobpayingover$60,000year.一-Right,hewillalsogetpaidbyweek.A.the;theB・a;theC.the;aa_shortdistancefromheretoC.the;aD.不填；arecentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybeC.a;不填D.the;a—headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“restaurant.Picasso.fifthofpupilshereB.不填；TheC.the;TheD.a;AIncommunication,asmileisusuallystrongsignofafriendlyandopenattitude.B.a,anC・a,/D.the,anAsisknowntoall,People"sRepublicofChinaisbiggestdevelopingD.a;a第二组：1.[2014•江西卷]TheychoseTomtobecaptainoftheteam,becausetheyknewhewassmartleade匚A・a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a2.[2014・陕西卷_]villagewhere1wasbornhasgrownintotown.A.The;aB.A;theC.The;theD.A;a3・[2()14•天津卷]Lifeislikeocean:onlystrong・willedcanreachtheothershore・A.an;theB.the;aC.the；/D./;a4.[2014•浙江卷]Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendaysweek,oftenlongintonight.A.a;theB.the;不填C.a;aD.不填；the5.[2014e重庆卷]IcanttellyouwaytotheWilsons1becausewedon"thaveWilsonhereinthevillage・A.the;aB.a;/C.a;theD.the;/6.【2015•陕西】14.morelearnedamanis5moremodestbeusuallybecome・A.The;theB.A;aC.The;aD.A;the7.[2015e四川】5.Brianisgiftedinwritingmusic;heisverylikelytobeBeethoven.A.aB.anC.theD.不填8.【2015•浙江】2.Jane"sgrandmotherhadwantedtowritechildrerfsbookformanyyears,butonethingoranotheralwaysgotinway.A.a;不填B.the;theC.不填；theD.a;the9.【2015•重庆】3.1justheardbankwhereDoraworkswasrobbedbygunmanwearingamask.A.the;/B.a;/C.the;aD.a;the10.【2016•浙江】2.prizeforthewinnerofthecompetitionistwo-weekholidayinParis.A.The;不填B.A;不填C.A;theD.The;a