师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案9、虚拟语气 7页

Lecture9SubjunctiveMood9.0introductionTherearetwoformsofthesubjunctive:be-subjunctiveandwere-subjunctive.Thepresentlecturewilldwellontheusesofthesetwosubjunctiveforms一remnantsofOldEnglish一expressinghypotheticalandnon-factualmeanings-“虚拟式”传统译作“虚拟语气”，是表达“假设意义”(Hypotheticalmeaning)及其他“非事实意义”(nomfactualmeaning)的动词形式。必须指出，英语木身并没有这么复杂的“虚拟语气”。“虚拟语气”作为一个特殊动词形式，在现代英语屮已经濒于消失。英语残留下來的“虚拟语气”，实际上只剩下两种：即were-型虚拟式，和be-型熄拟式，而这些也还在变化中，were-型虚拟式现在常为陈述式was所取代。如：Eventhoughhewas/weremybrother,Iwouldcasthimoil匸Hetalksasifhewas/weremyuncle・IwishIwas/wereyoungagain.be-型虚拟式现在仍常用于美国英语，而在英国英语屮，除仍用于法律文书外，通常"为should+不定式所取代。如：It?sagoodthingthatherecognizehisfaults.在英国英语中已属古旧,比较罕见，较常见的说法是：It"sagoodthingthatheshouldrecognizehisfaults.9」BE-subjunctiveThebc-subjunctivc,liketheimperative,isrealizedbythebaseformoftheverb・Whateverthepersonofthesubject,thepredicatorinvariablytakesthebaseform.Consequently,wheretheclausehasapluralsubject,thereisnormallynodistinctionbetweenindicativeandsubjunctiveforms,exceptfortheverbbe.Thesubjunctiveformofbeisbeforallpersons.Thebe-subjunctiveisused:Incertainthat-clausesThebe-subjunctiveiscommonlyusedinthat-clausestoexpressacommand,decision,suggestion,etc.thesethat-clausesusuallyoccur:1)aftersuchverbsasdecide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote,etc.e.g.Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce・Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair. 1)aftersuchadjectivesasadvisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,etc.e.g・Itisessentialthatallthefactsbeexaminedfirst.Itisnecessarythathecomebackwithoutdelay.2)aftersuchnounsasdecision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,etc.e.g.TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.Wcwerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxbeabolished・NoteThisuseofthebe-subjunctiveisquitecommoninformalstyle,especiallyinAmericanEnglish.Thissubjunctiveformcansometimesbereplacedby“should+infinitive^orto-infinitive.e.g.Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce・=Heorderedthatthebooksshouldbesentatonce・=Heorderedthebookstobesentatonce.IncertainadverbialclausesThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whatever,solongas,whether,lest,etc.e.g.Iftherumourbetrue,everythingispossible・Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty・Thisuseofthebe-subjunctiveislimitedtoformalstyle,whileininformalstyletheindicativemoodor“should/may+infinitive^areusedinstead・c£Iftherumouristrue,everythingispossible・Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen.Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wccan^ttoleratehisdisloyalty.Incertainformulaicexpressions Thebc-subjunctivcisalsousedinsomeformulaicexpressionstoexpressawish,prayer,curse,etc.thefonnulaicuseofthebe-subjunctivetendstobeformalandold-fashionedinstyle.e.g・LonglivethepeopledRepublicofChina!Godblessyou!Sobeit.Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.9.2WERE-subjunctiveThewere-subjunctivehasonlyoneformwere,whichappliestosubjectsofallpersons,butwhichformallycontrastswiththeindicativeformwasonlywhenitisusedwithfirstandthirdpersonsingularsubjects.Thewere-subjunctiveishypotheticalorunrealinmeaningandisused:IncertainadverbialclausesThewcrc-subjunctivciscommonlyusedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,ifonly,asif,asthough,though,etctodenoteanunrealconditionorconcession.e.g・IfIwereyou,Ishouldwaittillnextwee,.IfonlyIwerenotsonervous.Hebehavesasthoughhewerebetterthanus.Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstme,IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright.IncertainnominalclausesThewere-subjunctiveisalsousedinnominalclausesafterverbslikewish,wouldrather,suppose,imagineetctodenoteahypotheticalsituation.e.g.Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.FdratherIwerenotatthesiteoftheaccident.Supposetheearthwereflat.Itmustbenotedthatinpresent-dayEnglish,thewere-subjunctivewithfirstandthirdpersonsubjectsisoftenreplacedbytheindicativewasinlessformalstyle. c£Iwishitwasspringalltheyearround.FdratherIwasnlatthesiteoftheaccident.Thewcrc-subjunctivcisobligatory,however,inthesetexpressions"asitwere”(二sotospeak)and“ifIwereyou",aswellasinnon-introducedconditionalclauseswithinvertedwordorder.e.g・Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere・WereItodoit,Ishouldrelyonyou.9.2SomefewnotesonwaysofexpressinghypotheticalmeaningsModernEnglishhasanumberofdevicesforexpressinghypotheticalmeanings・Inadditiontothebc-subjunctivcandthewcrc-subjunctivc,wccanusepasttenseformsofverbsandpasttensemodalsforthesamepurpose・UseofpasttenseformsofverbsThepasttenseformsofverbsarcusuallyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts.1)itistime(that)…：Itistime(that)weleftthisplace・Itishightime(that)youmadeupyourmind.2)Iwouldrather(that)you/he...:Fmsureheiskeepingsomethingback.rdratherhetoldmethetruth..Theyofferedmethisexpensivewine,butfranklyFdrathertheyhadofferedmesomebeer.3)Ifonly....:IfonlyIknewheraddress•Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice・4)...asif/asthough…：Hebehavesasifheownedthisplace. Thewomantalkedeloquentlyabouttheaccidentasthoughshehadwitnessedthewholething.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwas/werecrazy.1)Iwish(that)…:Iwishthesunwasshiningatthismoment・IwishIhadn^teatensomuchlastnight.UseofpasttensemodalsThepasttensemodalsarecommonlyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontex匸1)inconditionals:IfIwereyouIwouldnotmissthisopportunity.Ifhebefondguiltyhewouldbesenttoprison.Ifshehadbeeninvited,shewouldhaveattendedthemeeting.Iftheyhadcaughttheearlytrain,theywouldhavebeenherebynow.Ifyoushouldchangcyourmind,doletmeknow.Ifheshouldrefusetoappearincourt,hemightbeheldguilty.2)Inimpliedconditionals:Butforhishelp,Icouldn"thaveachievedanything.Anyonewhoshoulddothatwouldbelaughedat.Indifferentcircumstanccs，Imighthaveagreed.Thissamethinghappeninginwartimewouldamounttodisaster.3)Inothercontexts:Thatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock.ThatIshouldseeacollegestudentarrestedforstealing! OhthatIcouldseehimagain!=IwishthatIcouldseehimagain.Wouldthatshecouldseehersonnow!=Ifonlyshecouldseehersonnow!Wouldthatthefoldmightnevercomeagain!Tothinkthathewouldmarrysuchanastywoman!Tothinkthatheshouldhavedesertedhiswifeandchildren!Whowouldhavethoughtthatthingsshouldcometosuchatragicend?Whowouldhavethoughtthatthemanlivingnextdoorshouldbeahiddenterrorist?Thedoorwaspushedopen;whoshouldcomeinbutthewomantheyweretalkingabout.Hesteppedintoacaveandwhatshouldheseebutatigresswithherbabytigers.9.2Topicsfordiscussion1.Thoughitislate,Iwilldoanotherpieceofwork..和Thoughitbelate,Iwilldoanotherpieceofwork.有何不同？解答：在第--句话里though作“虽然”解，陈述的是一个事实，含意为时间确实晚了。而第二句话中though的用法不同，作“即使”解，引导的是一个虚拟让步状语从句，含意为时间未必晚了。仅用正式文体中，非正式文体中从句谓语要求通常用"should+V原或V原”。若去掉though,句子须倒装，并将be移至句首。所以第二句还可改为：Beitlate,Iwilldoanotherpieceofwork.再女H:Hewillneverdosuchathingthoughhe(should)beforcedto.Behe(Thoughhebe)tooweaktowalkmuch,Iwilladvisehimtowalkalittleeveryday.Thoughitbeeversolate(Be让eversolate),Imustdoanotherexperiment.2.教材283页有例句Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstme,IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright.这里were烈虚拟式也是表示让步，那不川以用be呢？而Ifhebefoundguilty,Johnshallhavetherightofappeal和Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible•中的be可不可以换成were呢?解答：第一句Z所以用we©主耍因为主句用了would,说明是非真实悄况，即虚拟式。用 be则无法与would搭恥。根据以上分析，第二旬和第三句中的be不能换成wcrco1.Compare:weretodo,shoulddo,V过去式if--wereto主要用于正式文体，在科技英语里极为常见；表示将来发生某事的可能性极小;也常用来表示建议，表达委婉、客气的语气。e.g.Whatwouldyoudoifwarweretobreakout?Ifyouweretomoveyourchairabittotheright,wecouldallsitdown.Ifweweretotravelbyspacerockettothemoonwewouldfinditquiteadifferentplacefromourownplanet—theearth・shoulddo表达将來发生某事的可能性比前者大。e.g・IfIshoulddoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.Wewouldn"tlosecourageevenifweshouldfailagain・V过去式表达将來发牛某事的可能性最大。同时也可以用來指现在时间。e・g.Ifshetriedhardernexttime,shewouldpasstheexamination.c.f.Ifhefoundapatientlistener,hewouldpourouthistroubles.if条件句中的虚拟语气形式假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时（be用were）should(firstperson),would(second,thirdperson),could(might)+劲词原形(在美国英语中，主句所有人称都用would)与过去爭实相反had+过去分词should(firstperson),would(second,thirdperson),could(might)+have+过去分词(在美国英语中，主句谓语动词常用wouldhavedone)与将來事实相反动词过去时，should+动词原形,wereto+动词原形should(firstperson),would(second,thirdperson),could(might)+动词原形Keypoints:（一）（二）（三）非真实条件句中的虚拟语气名词性从句中的虚拟语气其他句型屮的虚拟语气