师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案6、表达将来时间的方式 9页

Lecture6MeansofExpressingFutureTimeInitslonghistory,EnglishhasnotdevelopedaspecialverbformthatmightberightlylabeledFUTURETENSEcorrespondingtothetime/tenseparallelforpresentandpast.WhenwesaythatEnglishhasnofuturetense,wecertainlydonotmeanthatEnglishhasnotthemeansofexpressingfuturetime・InsteadthereareanumberofconstructionsthatcanbeusedtodenotefuturityinEnglish.Thepresentlecturewilldealwiththesefutureexpressions-6.1ConstructionsdenotingfuturetimeInEnglish,futuretimeisexpressedbymeansofmodalauxiliaries,bysemi-auxiliaries,orbythesimplepresentandpresentprogressiveforms.Will/shall+infinitiveThemodalauxiliarywillwithsubjectsofallthreepersonsandtheinfrequentmodalauxiliaryshallwithafirstpersonsubjectarccommonlyusedtoindicatefuturity,butthefuturemeaningsexpressedbytheseauxiliariesareveryoftencolouredbymodalmeaningsfrompredictiontointentionandvolition.e.g.Youwillfeelbetteraftertakingthismedicine.I"msureIshan"tlosemywayinthewoods.Ipromisetopayhimbackintime,butheworftlendittome.即：will/shall+动词原形（主语是第—人称时,可用shall。）e.g.—Thephoneisringing.■Fllanswerit.—Youwillcomeback,won"tyou?-Ishalldoeverythingtohelpyou.Will/shall+progressive/perfectiveinfinitiveIfwewanttoexpressacolorless,purefuture,wecanuse"will/shall+progressiveinfinitive"^Thisconstructionusuallyimpliesanactionwhichwilloccurinthenormalcourseofeventswithoutanyhumaninvolvement,iewithoutbeingcolouredbyvolitionorintention.e.g.Trainwillbearrivingattwoo"clock.Ishallbewritingtoyousoon. Willyoubegoinghomenextweekend?HlbeworkinginGenevaduringMay.(denotinganactionthatisstillgoingonatagivenfuturetime)Ifwewanttoexpressanactionthathasjustfinishedbeforeagivenfuturemomentandpossiblycontinuesatthatmoment,wecanusetheconstmctionof“will/shall+perfectiveprogressiveinfinitive”.c.g.BytheendofnextmonthIshallhavebeenworkingherefor20yearsexactly.**Intheabove-mentionedconstructions,will/shallarestillmodalauxiliariesinsteadoftheso-called"futuretenseauxiliaries^,becauseevenintheseconstructionswillmayexpressthespeaker"sassumptionsaboutapresenthappeningorevenapasteventthathavenothingtodowithfuturetimeatall.e.g.It"salreadysixo"clock.Hewon"tbeworkingnow.Hewillhavereceivedmyletterbynow.Yoif11havebeenwonderingallthistimehowmyinventionworks.Begoingto+infinitiveThisconstructionisusuallyusedtoexpresstwomeanings:intentionandprediction.Initsfirstuse,thebegoingtoformimpliesanintentionofdoingsomethinginthenearfuture.c.g.He"sgoingtobeadoctorwhenhegrowsup.He"snotgoingtocheatmeagain(=1won"tlethimcheatmeagain)•Initsseconduse,begoingtocanexpressthespeaker"sfeelingofcertainty.Thetimeisusuallynotmentioned,buttheactionisexpectedtohappeninthenearorimmediatefuture.e.g.Goodheavens!1musthurry.Pmgoingtobelate.Lookattheseblackclouds-—there5sgoingtobestorm.即：begoingto+动词原形，表示対将來行动的打算、意图或者即将发生或肯定要发生的事情，侧重于计划好、考虑过的将来动作，例如：—IshegoingtolectureinEnglish? —I"mgoingtoexploretheneighborhood.—Ithinkitisgoingtosnow.一There"sgoingtobealotoftroubleaboutthis.***Differencebetweenwillandbegoingto:Sincebothwillandbegoingtocandenoteintention,thesetwoconstructions-一"will+infinitive"and"begoingto+infinitive^cansometimesbeusedinterchangeablyexceptforafewcaseswhereonlyoneofthemispossible.1)begoingtoformalwaysimpliesapremeditatedintention,whilethewillformimpliesintentionalone,andthisintentionisusually,thoughnotnecessarily,unpremeditated・2)Thedifferencebetween"will+infinitive^and“begoingto+infinitive^inexpressingpredictionliesinthefactthatthebegoingtoformimpliesthattherearesignsthatsomethingwillhappenwhilethewillformimplieswhatthespeakerthinksorbelieveswillhappen.c.f.A:Whyarcyoutakingdownallthepictures?B.I"mgoingtorepapertheroomA:Whataterriblyheavybox!B.Illhelpyoutocarryit.PresentprogressiveItsbasicmeaningisanactionthatwillhappeninthenearfutureaccordingtoapresentarrangement,plan,orprogramme.Itiswidelyusedwithverbsofmovementfromoneplacetoanothersuchasgo,come,leave,start,arrive,etc,thoughalsoapplicabletootherdynamicverbs.e.g.We"releavingonFriday.Webemovingtoadifferenthotelthedayaftertomorrow. FmspendingmyholidaysinSwitzerlandthisyear.Begoingtoandthepresentprogressivebothcanbeusedtorefertoafuturehappeningarisingfromthepresentdecision,thesetwoformsaresometimesinterchangeableforfuturereference.e.g.Sheisgetting/isgoingtogetmarriedthisspring・Wcarchaving/arcgoingtohavefishfordinne匚NoteWearegoingtoaconcerttonight.(fortheverbsgoandcome,thepresentprogressiveisgenerallyused)即：be+-ing,表示对最近将来某确定吋间的安排，侧重于“肯定的安排”，通常不可更改的将來动作，e.g.-IamtakinganexaminOctober.—Theneighborsarccomingintowatchtelevision.—Howareyougoing?-byboatorbytrain?Beto+infinitiveItdenotesafuturehappeningbaseonapresentplanorarrangement.e.g・IamtohaveteawithBettythisafternoon・There"stobeaninvestigation.Itisverymuchusedinnewspapers,andinheadlineswiththeverbbeoftenomittedtosavespace.e.g.ThequeenistovisitJapannextyea匚Anotheruseofthisconstructionistoconveyorders,instructions,orprohibitions;itcanalsoconnotepossibilityordestiny.e.g.Youaretostandhere・Doyouunderstand?Tellhershe"snottobebacklate.Thedictionaryisnottobehadhere.即：beto+动词原形，表示按日程、计划、安排将要发牛•的动作，例如： ・-Tom"sbirthdaypartyistobeheldnextSaturday.—Iamtomeetmyparentsattheaiiportthisafternoon.—ThelineistobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay.但非人们主观所能安排和控制的将來动作不能用beto结构。例如：Itsgoingtorain.不能说：Ifstorain.SimplepresentThefutureuseofthesimplepresentismorefrequentindependent,especiallyconditionalandtemporal,clausesthaninmainclauses.e.g.Ifshecomes,IT1tellherallaboutit.Itwon"tbelongbeforetherainstops.Inmainclauses,thesimplepresentreferstoanimmutablefutureeventpredeterminedbyatimetableoraschedulewhichisverydefiniteandunalterable・e.g.Sheretiresnextmonth.TomorrowisSaturday.NextChristmasfallsonaThursday.NoteTheplanimpliedbythesimplepresentismoreimpersonalthanthatbythepresentprogressive,therefore,morefixedandunalterable・即：一般现在时在条件状语从何和时间状语从句中表示将来动作。i般现在时也可以表示按时间表将要发生的动作，但一般适用于动态动词,如:go,come,arrive,leave,sail,return,begin,start,end,open,close等表示位置移动或起始的动词，例如：—Wewillstartassoonasyouareready.—Ifyouleaveatsixtomorrowmorningyou"dbettergotobednow.一Ileavetonight. -Thefilmbeginsat8:00.~Wcgetoffatthenextstop・6.2MeansofexpressingpastfutureIfthespeakerfeferstoafutureeventfromaviewpointinthepast,thatispastfuture.Mostofthefutureconstructionsjustdiscussedcanbeusedinthepasttensetorefertopastfutureevents・与一般将来时相对应，过去将来时也可用其他形式表示。该时态主要表示从过去某一时间点看将来发生的事情。Would+infinitiveThisconstructionisusuallyaccompaniedbyanadverbialdenotingfuturetimeinthepast.Itisoftenusedindependentclause・即：过公将来时由would加动词原形构成，主语是第一人称时"J用should代替wouldo例如:—Hesaidhewouldraisethequestionatthemeeting.—Hedidn"texpectthatweshouldallbethere.—Thepeasantweresurethattheywouldhaveanotherbumperharvest（丰收）thatyea匚-Hesaidhecouldcomebackthenextday・Was/weregoingto+infinitiveItiscommonlyusedwithpastfuturereferenceclearlyindicatedinthecontext.Itusuallyoccursindependentclauses,andinmainclausesoftendenotesanunfulfilledintention.e.g.Hesaidthathewasgoingtoliveinthecountrywhenheretired・LastSundayweweregoingtogoforapicnicbutitrained.Was/wereto+infinitiveItiscommonlyusedinformalstyletodenoteafutureactionbasedonapastplanorarrangement..e・g.・-As1wastoleavethenextday,IwenttobedearlyonThursdayevening. 一Themeetingwastobeheldthefollowingweek.Itcanalsobeusedinthesenseof“wasdestinedto二ie,denotingapastdestiny.e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingtheywerenevertomeetagain・PastprogressiveandsimplepastThepastprogressivecanexpressanarrangementpredeterminedinthepast.Thesimplepastiscommonlyfoundinadverbialclausesofconditionandinthoseoftime・e.g・Herdaughterwasgoingtoasummercamptomorrow.FourofthemwerecomingforSundaylunch.Hesaidhewouldtellherallaboutitifhemether.ShetoldmethatshewouldcometoseemewhenshevisitedChinaagain.Was/wereaboutto+infinitiveThissemi-auxiliaryconstructionexpressestheimmediatefutureinthepast.Insomecontexts,itisoftenusedinthesenseofanunfulfilledintention.c.f.Ifeltthatsomethingterriblewasabouttohappen.Hewasabouttoraisehisvoiceatmebutstoppedhimself.Theprisonerwasabouttoescape,butthepolicemenappearedbeforehim.6.3TopicsfordiscussionComparetheusesofbeaboutto,begoingto,beto,will/shall1.Thegovernmentwasabouttoapprovetheuseofwide-spreadsurveillancewhentheJusticedepartmenttookobjections.Mrs・Gerhardtwasabouttobegin,butJenniespokefirst. 1."Willshecomewithus?”askedBill.“She"snotaboutto二answeredMary.Fmnotabouttopay50dollarsforadresslikethat.2.Youaretobebackby10o"clock.Youarcnottosmokeinthisroom.3.ThePrimeMinisteristovisitCanadanextmonth.4.Suchbooksaretobefoundinthelibrary.Notasoulwastobeseen・5.c.f.Thecommitteeistofindasolution.Theproblemistofindasolution.Thisroomistolet.7・"HaveyoubeentoMexico?"，"No,1wastohavegonelastyear,butDadwouldrftletmeT8.She"sgoingtobesick・Thereisgoingtobeathunderstorm.Webegoingtodiesomeday.9.c.f.Thereisgoingtorain.Therewillberain.Fogwillpersistintheseareas・Whatareyougoingtodowhenyougrowup?Fllmeetyouat5o"clock.Oilwillfloatonwater.10.c.f.Ifyou"regoingtojoinus,weTlwaitforyou.Ifyoifllhelpme,wecanfinishearly.11.c£Bynextweek,theywillhavecompletedtheircontract.Thiswillbethehouseyoifrelookingfor.Sorrytobelate.Youwillhavebeenwaitingforsometime.解答:1.beaboutto(semi-auxiliary)^beonthepointofdoing/bejustgoingtodo与begoingto,beto,此will/shall有一个重要的区别，就是它表达的是最近的将來，意为“正要”、“马上就要”。wasaboutto表示过去的将来时间。第一句意为：政府正要赞成使用大范围的盯梢，这时司 法部却对此表示反对。第二句意为：杰哈特夫人正要开始讲话，珍妮却首先发言了。1.benotaboutto是美国俗语，意为"不愿意”、“不打算v(veryunwillingto)。笫二句意为：我不愿意花五十美元买这样一件衣服。2.beto在这里表示“指示、命令或要求”。意为“应该、应当、必须”。第一句意为：你必须10点以前回來。第二句意为：你不可在这房间里抽烟。3.beto表示按计划或安排要发生的事或打算做的事，将來的一种安排。该句意为：首相定于下月访问加拿大。4.beto表示“可能”。第一句意为：这样的帖在图廿馆里就能找到。第二句意为：看不到一个人影o(soullit.aperson)5.第一句是助动词beto+V,意为：委员会将会找到解决方法。第二句里is是连系动词，是主语补语(充当主语补语的不定式，在语义上一般能够与主语划上等号，即Theproblem=tofindasolution)。第三句beto的用法同第一句,意为:此房出租。(结构是主动的,意义上是被动的。)6.was/weretohavegone表示“本打算”、“本计划”或“本应当”做的事而没有做成或没有发生。&begoingto在这里表示“根据目前的某种迹象做出的预计或预断”或“不可避免要发生”,用于这种含义，主语既可以是人，也可以是物。第一句意为：她要生病了。笫二句意为：要來雷雨了。第三句意为：我们总有一天会死的。9.begoingto和willZ间的区别点：will既可以用于口语，又可用于书面语，所以在正式的天气预报中，常采用含will的句式。而begoingto只用于口语，所以科技英语中几乎不川begoingtoo笫二旬意为：冇雨。一些地区仍然冇雾。begoingto表示事先经过考虑事先做好安排。而will表示没有经过事先考虑只是在说话时做出的决定。或表示事物的倾向性或规律性。begoingto不能这样用。最后一句意为：油会浮在水上。10.第一句里，will不用在条件句屮，若出现在条件状语从句屮，will则表示“意愿”，11.willhavedone对现在时间里业己完成的动作的推测。也可表示对现在情况的“预测，猜测”。第二句意为：这想必是你在找的房了。第三句意为：真对不起，我来得太晚了，你可能等了一些时间了。