大学英语语法第六讲副词 99页

副词一>分类在意义上，副词可以分为对问副词(now,bte).地点副词(here,up),程度副词(very,so),频率刮词(often,rarely),方式訓词(fast,easily),态度刮词(maybe,honestly)和逻辑连接副词(hence,however)等。在功能上，到词可以分为一般到词(there),疑问討词(when),连接副词(how,where),关糸副词(as,why)和鮮释性副词(namely,forexample,i.e.那就是,e.g.例如，viz即)等。关系訓词引导定语从句，连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。本书对关糸到词和连接副词不作区分。Whyshecommittedsuicideisstillamystery.(主语从句)l..dliketoknowhowshedidit.(宾语从句)Thisiswhereyouaremistaken•(表语从句)Thatistheplacewherehewasarrested.(定语从句)Askherwhentoopenit.问她什么时候把它村开。(不定无)二、构成1.丸部分副词由相应的形家词加上后缀・ly构成、但注意有变化1)一般悄况slowfslowlydear-►dearlycool->coollybad->badlyfinalffinallyexact->exactly2)-y结尾的词happy—happilyangry->angrily•■但shy->shyly(或shily).gay->gayly(^gaily),dry—dryly(或drily)3)-le结尾的词，省去再加~ysubtle—subtlynoble->noblysingle->singlyidle->idlyable->ably••但：supple->supplely,sole->solely,pale—palely,vile->vilely,stale—stalely,whole—wholly4)-ue结尾的词、去掉~巴再加Jytrue->trulydue—duly5)-e结尾的词，直接加・lycomplete->completelywi$e->wi$elywide->widelylone->lonelyloose->looselydefinite—definitely 6)-ic结尾的词，加-allyeconomic->economicallyhistoric->historically新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书268第六讲訓词tragic->tragicallyphonetic->phoneticallyautomatic->automaticallydemocraticfdemocraticallyfantastic->fantasticallyenergetic—energeticallyfanaticffanatically••但：publicfpublicly.political->politically7)-ly结尾的词，去掉~y,加・ilymelancholy->melancholilymanly->manlilychilly—chiHily8)-II结尾的词，只加・yfull-*fullydullfdully9)其他词类+-ly构成的訓词first(序数词)ffirstlyover(介词)foverlymost(不定代词)->mostlyaccordingf现在分词)->accordinglydetermined(过去分词)-►determinedlymatter-of-fact(短语)-►matter-of-factlykind-hearted(形彖词)fkinckheartedlyill-natured(形彖词)->ill-naturedlymarked(过去分词)->markedlylingering(现在分词)-►lingeringly2.有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后<-ward(s)构成的，意为“向forward(s),backward(s).downward(s),northward(s).upward($),stationward(s).leftward(s).homeward(s).onward(s).inward(s)3.有些到词是由名词加后缴-wise构成的，表示住置、方向、状态、有关等意义sidewise,clockwise,crabwise,money-wise,saleswise.taxwise,lengthwise.educationwise.weatherwise,corkscrew-wiseNote:①有少数到词加后<-ways,-Iong,-ling($)构成。例如：sideways,lengthways.headlong.sidelingfs)②有些刮词是加a-,here-,there-,where-构成的。例如：away,ashore,asideherein(inthis),hereby,hereaftertherein(inthat),thereby,thereafterwherein(inwhich或inwhat)•whereby,whereon4.芷些以名词+」y构成的词和其他结构的词，既可作刮词，也可作形家词下面名词+-ly构成的词既是訓词又是形家词：1)hourlyTheiraveragehourlyearningsare20yuan.他们毎订、时的收入是20元。(开纟彖£司)Theguardsshiftedhourly.卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)2)weeklyaweeklypaymentof100yuan毎周100元的报酬(形彖词)Theymetweekly.他们毎周碰一次面。(訓词) 1)yearlyayearlymeeting年会(形家词)Theinterestisnormallypaidonceyearly•利息通常毎年付一次。(訓词)4）leisurelyHeoftentakesaleisurelywalkinthegardenintheevening.娩问.他常常在庭院里轻松地散散步。（形家词）Hewalkedleisurelyalongtheroad.他在路边您诃地走着。（訓词） 269二.构成••其他如：dailypaper目Mpublishdaily毎天出版quarterlyreview季刊meetquarterly毎季开会一次thenightlyskies夜空appearnightly夜间出现fortnightlypublication两周一次的刊物performfortnightly每两周表演一次monthlysalary月薪comemonthly毎月来一次ghostlylaugh可怕的笑声ghostlypale鬼一般地苍勺worldlyknowledge人情世坎worldlywise善于处.世jollylife舒心愉快的生活jollygood非常好cleanlyroom请洁的房间cutcleanly干净利落地切deadlypoison烈性<药deadlyserious圾为认真kindlyheart慈悲心肠speakkindly亲切地说livelygirl诊泼的女孩steplively轻快地走Note:manly,costly等名词+-ly构成的词只用作形家词，参阅第五讲。另外，monthly（月刊）,daily（目报）,weekly（周报）,quarterly（季刊），bimonthly（玖月刊）等还可作名词用,如BeijingWeekly《北京周报》。5.alike是形彖词也是副词英语中有些刮词带有前缀a・，这类词有些同肘也是形彖词。例如：alone.adrift.astray迷路.aslant倾斜,afoot徒步.aboard在翱上、abroad,askew歪斜,ahead等。Theythinkalike.他们有同样想法。Theboyhasgoneastray•Shewenttothestationafoot.6.具有两种形式的同根訓词有些到词具有两种形无，一种与形家词同形，一种是形彖词加后缀Jy构成的。这两种形式的訓词有肘含义相同或略有不同，有时则意义完全不同。比较T面几组词。1）hard和hardly Itisraininghard.（猛烈地） Heworksveryhard•（努力地）Shelistenedhard.（仔细地）Icanhardlyunderstandyou.（几乎不）2）clean和cleanlyIcleanforgotaboutit•（完全地、彻底地）Themangotcleanaway•那人起得无影无球。Heiscleanoutoffood.他完全没有东西吃了。Hepulledonecorkcleanly,buttheothercrumbled.（禾」素地.顺矛！1地）Note:cleanly作“请楚地”鮮时，读作〔..klinli〕,也可用作形家词，作“爱请洁的”年作[..klenli],acleanlycato3）late和latelyVerylateatnight.Igotaphonecall•（娩.迟）Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.（最近）4）most和mostly 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书270第六讲訓词Theheadisthemostsensitivepartofthebody.（最）Thesnakehuntsmostlyatnight•（主要地）Theguestsaremostlyfriendsofthebride.（丸多数地）5）close和closelyHestoodclosetothewall.（靠近）Hewasfollowingclosebehind.（近）WatchwhatIdoclosely•（细心地）Theprisonswerecloselyguarded•（严密地）6）dead和deadlydeadsure（的确）deadtired（极其）deadahead（正好）deaddrunk（完全地）stopdead（突然地）Hewasdeadlypale.（死一般地）Sheisdeadlysleepy.（非常）7）sharp和sharplyWearrivedatthestationatteno.・docksharp.（准肘）looksharp注意singsharp用升半咅喝Atthecrossroads,weturnedsharp（sharply）totheleft.（急剧地）（作“急剧地.炎然地”鮮时，用sharp和sharply均可）8）slow和slowlyTheworkersdecidedtogoslow.（怠工）（slow通常与go.drive.walk等动词连用.置于动词之后，其他动词多同slowly连用,slowly在句中的住置较灵话）Speakslowly,please•«）Sheawakenedslowly•Sheslowlyawakened.Slowlysheawakened.••但在下面几句中.用slowly和slow均可：Howslowly/slowtimepasses!Goslow/slowly,we..recomingtoasharpturn•You..dbettergoslow/slowlyinreachingadecision•9）right和rightlyAllwentright.（好）Hewentrightaway.（立即）Gorighthomeatonce!（直接） Ihaven..treadthebookrightthrough.（完全地）Thebookisrightinfrontofher.（恰好） 人IUUJIJ吐uujy（Ol（•（科別」漳）人RU8!」pmssmnS3H：饕M丘®功"境冈仔*书爭顶人12即■睪T?）（解塚T）*；!passang人|）q8uan （硏^T）•Suiujo?广usoMaqjo屮passanS人pq§u|丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）271二、构成Alwaysholdfirmtoyourbeliefs.Standfirm.但：Hefirmlybelievesthat.（坚走地）Fixthenailfirmlyinthewall•（丰固地）11）fair和fairlyWemustplayfair.（公正地）Shehithimfaironthenose.「合好）They..vedealtfairandsquarewithhim.（公平地）但：Shetoldthefactsfairly.（不感情用事■或不带偏见地）Hewasfairlybesidehimselfwithjoy.（相当地.非常）fairlywell（非常好）fairlygood12）easy和easilyTakeiteasy.（withsth.oronsb.省着用，慢慢来）Goeasy.（别急）Easysaid,easygo.轻诺者往往失信。getoffeasy没受多大惩罚Standeasy!休息！Easiersaidthandone.做上匕说难。但：Icaneasilyfinishittoday•（家易地）Heiseasilysatisfied.（家易地）Itiseasilythebesthotel.（无刻13）wide和widelyHestandswithlegswideapart.（宽阔地，張得很开）Hermouthiswideopen•（完全地）Theballwentwide（faraway）fromtherightpoint•（偏斜地）Canningisthemostwidelyusedmethodoffoodpreservation•（广泛地）Theydifferedwidelyinopinion•（很大地,在很多地方）Heiswidelyknown.（到处）14）sure和surely"CanIsithere?"“Sure.”（当然可以）Itsurewasamystery.（的确）Hewillsurelysucceed.（一定）Youdon..twanttohurthisfeelingssurely•（当然）15）loud和loudlyDon..tspeaksoloud.（loud指咅量的丸小，常同talk,speak,sing,laugh等连用） Heissnoringloudly•Tellthechildrennottospeaksoloudly.（loudly指发音对用力的强度,具有"大叫,呼号”等合义，有时相多于noisily,常指“令人不快的噪咅”）Sheisloudlydressed•（花哨地）Pleasereadoutloud（aloud）.（“朗读”不可用loudly） 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书272第六讲訓词..但下面两句均正确：Hespokeloudandclear•（口语）Hespokeloudlyandclearly•（书面语）16）deep和deeply⑴表示静止状态的具体潦度一般用deep,修饰形家词或动词表示抽象潦度则用deeplyo例如:Shestoodthere,herfeetdeepinthegrass•Ienjoyitdeeply•Shewasdeeplygratefultoyouforyourhelp.（2）衣workdeepintothenight,godeepintothematter（深入探£寸）,drinkdeep（痛饮）.deep-rootedeye$（iS.陷的眼畴）等词组中,不用deeplyo..有时两者可以换用。例如：Sheisdeepinlove.Sheisdeeplyinlove.digdeepdigdeeply17）near和nearlyTheholidayisdrawingnear.（接近、指时间和空间）Hewasnearlyrunoverbyacar•（几乎.差不多）18）round和roundlyTurnyourchairroundandfaceme.（转过来）Hewasroundlycriticizedbytheteacher•（狠狠地）..下面两组句子都是正确的，第一句用于口语.第二句用于书面：Shewassleepingsound.Shewassleepingsoundly・Helayquietuntilthedangerwasover.Helayquietlyuntilthedangerwasover•Note：（D在句首或动词前面肘.应用带」y的副词。例如：Slowlyshewalkedtowardsthegraveyard.（不用slow）②与形彖词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作彼强调部分。例如：Itwasclearthatshespoke.（谖）Itwasclearlythatshespoke.（正）Itwasloudandclearthatshespoke•（正）③greatly通常槻用来修饰动词，除有肘修饰形家词比较级或类似的词如superior,inferior等外，一般不修饰形彖词。例如：Thebookisgreatlyinteresting.（谖） Thebookisvery（fairly）interesting•（正）Thiscar.manufacturedatapricegreatlyhigherthanthatcar.isgreatlysuperiorinmanyrespects.（正）Igreatlyappreciateyoursuggestions•Shewasgreatlyfrightenedofhim.(g)有些这类到词，修饰动词有时不需加・ly、但在修饰形家词、介词、现在分词或过去分词对，却要加・ly,常见的有high(ly),direct(ly),wide(ly),tight(ly)o多然,这些副词另外还各自有其特定的用出，参阅本章其她部分。比较：Hewillcommunicatewithyoudirect.Hewasdirectlyaffectedbythedisaster•(不用direct) 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版）273二、构成19）free和freelyThedogranfreeonthefarm.（无约束地）Thehorsebrokefree.（松开着）Headmittedthemistakefreely•（直率地）Theywalkedfreelyinthepark•（自由地）Thebooksaregivenawayfree.（免费）Thebooksaregivenawayfreely.（大量地.慷慨地）20）large和largelywritelarge（彳艮丸地）saillarge（顺庵地）Itisstupidtotalklarge.（夸大地，自夸地）Hissuccessislargelyduetoluck.（主要地,基本上）Hedrinkslargely.（丸量地）21）clear和clearlyHeclimbedcleartothetopofthetree•（一直地.完全地）Standclearofthedoorsofthetrain•（避开.不碰上）Theincidentremainedveryclearlyinhermind.（淸楚地、请晰地）Thetimeisclearlyripeforit.（显然）Note:clear也可以表示“请楚地”，但前有程度訓词修饰肘，只能用clearly,比较：Speakloudandclear.（正）Hespeaksveryclear.（谖）Hespeaksveryclearly.（正）22）short和shortlyYou..dbettercutshortyourtalk•lt・.slate•（简短）Hesaidhewouldbebackshort•（不久）••但也可以说:Sheansweredhimshort（或shortly）whenheaskedhim.23）flat和flatlyknocksb.downflat（平直地）Theywentflatagainstorders.（斷然地）He..sflatbroke.（完全地）Hefinishedwritingtheletterintwentyminutesflat•（正好）Hekeptsingingflat.（用斧调）Sheflatlyrefusedhisdemand.（坚决地）Hetoldherflatlythathewouldn..tpaythecost.（坦率地）24）cheap和cheaplyHeboughtitcheapandsolditdear.（便宜地）Ineverthoughthewouldactsocheap.（卑都地）Thebikewascheaplybought.（便宜地）Heescapedcheaply.（easily） Note:cheap和cheaply都可以表示“便宜地，廉价地”・但cheap只能用于动词之后、不可用于动词前.并常同sellbuy连用.而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。比较:Thetraintakesyoutothecitycheaply.（正）Thetraintakesyoutothecitycheap.（谋） 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书274第六讲訓词Itwascheaplysold.（正）Itwascheapsold•（娱）25）first和firstlyYou..dbetterphoneherfirst.（丸）Ifirstmetherinasmallvillage.（初次）Shesaidshewouldresignfirst•（字可）thefirstthreedays（最初的，开始的）Firstlyheexplainedsomesentences:secondlyhegaveabriefcommentonthewholeessay•（第一、看先，用于列举）26）rough和roughlytreatsb.rough（粗暴地）liverough（简陋地）sleeprough（覆猪）travelrough（因陋就简地嵌行）Theyroughlytreatedtheprisoners.（粗暴地）Roughlyspeaking,heearnedabout200dollarslastmonth.（大致地）Note:rough只能用在动词后面‘roughly则可以用在动词前面或后面。27）pretty和prettilyThewindblewprettyhard•（相多，十分、相多于rather）Shewasprettilydressed.（漂亮地）Hewasprettilypunished.（合•宜地）Heansweredtheteacherprettily•（有礼貌地）Note：注意下面短语的含5C:prettymuch（well,nearly）差不多（几乎）,sitpretty处.于极有利的地住。例如：lt..sprettywellimpossibletoclimbthemountaininwinter.在冬天要爬那座山几乎是不可能的。28）false和falselyHeplayedherfalse.他欺骗了她。（不忠卖地.背信弃义地）judgesb.falsely（错誤地）Themanwasfalselyaccused.（冤杠地）Hetreatedmefalsely.（虚伪地）29）new和newlynew-fallensnow（新、新近）Itisanewlybuiltfactory.（新近地）Theyareanewlymarriedcouple.（最近）Itisanewly-painteddoor.（重新.再一次） Note:new作副词用肘，表示“新，新近”，帝用于复合词中，同过去分词构成复合形彖词,中间一般有连字符，再new-laideggs新下的new-foundland新发现的丸陆，new七ornbaby新生婴儿.new・plantedcrops新种的庄anew-foundfriend新交的朋友。30)last和lastly 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版）275二、构成last-born（最后）Hecamelast.（最后地）Whendidyouseeherlast?（上一次，最后一次）Lastly,Iwanttothankthehostessforherconsideration•（最后一A,最后。帝住于句看，表示列举的最后一点）31）even和evenlyEvenachildcansayit•（芯至.即使）Itisanevenworsemistake.（4至更）Thegoodsareevenlydistributedamongthem•（平均地）Hespreadthebutteronthebreadevenly•（均匀地）32）express和expresslyYou..dbettersendtheletterexpress.（用快件寺运）Hecamehereexpresstoseeher.（特意地）Iexpresslytoldhimwhattodo•（朗确地,请楚地）Thebookisexpresslywrittenforcollegestudents.（专门地）33）bright和brightlyThestarsshinebright.（^J亮地.只能同shine连用.并放Ashine后面）Thelampsareshiningbrightly.（明亮地）Thefloorisbrightlypainted.（鮮艳地）34）full和fullysitfullinthesun（直接地）hitsb.fullonthenose（正好）Heisfullyawareofit.（完全地）Thechildrenarefullyfed•（克分地）Icaru.tfullydescribeherface.（确切地）Note:注意下面的习惯用法：fullripe全熟7,fullmany彳艮多，fullwell很好，turnfullaround直转过来，lookfullatsb•直月丁着禁人.fullinthecentre正多中,knowfullwell非常了鮮。35）just和justlyHediditjustforfun.（只是，仅仅）Theyjustcaughtthebus.（勉强地，差一点就不）Themoonhasjustcomeout.flj）Helivedjustinthisroom.（正好，恰恰正是）Shewastreatedjustly.（公正地）Hewasjustlypunishedforthecrimes.（应得地）36）dear和dearlyHepaiddearforthecomputer.（昂贵地） Shesellsherpropertyverydear•（當价地）Helovesherdearly.（深■情地）Victorywasdearlybought.（昂贵地）He..ddearlyliketoseeyou•（非帝）Note:©dear作“昂贵地"鮮时，用其字母意义.常同sell,buy,pay,cost等连用.只能放在动词后面。dearly作“昂贵地”鮮肘.用其比冷意义。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书276第六讲訓词②holdsomethingdear（cheap）珍视（轻视）禁杨、这里dear和cheap为形家词。37）sound和soundlyTheboyisstillsoundasleep•（酣畅地）Theirfootballteamwassoundlybeatenbyours•（痛打，大畋）Note:既可以说sleepsound、也可以说sleepsoundly。38）direct和directlyHeflewdirecttoNewYork・（径直地、表示路程或肘间）Theyarenotdirectlyaffected.（直接地）Heansweredmeverydirectly•（直截了当地）Thebookstoreisdirectlyoppositetheshop.（正好地）Hewillcomedirectly.（马上，立刻）Note:既可以说Answermedirect•也可以说Answermedirectly•39）inward和inwardlyThedooropenedinward、notoutward•（向内.向中心•只可放动词后）bleedinwardly内出血（在内部）Inwardly,hedoesn..tlikeher.（在內心）Hespokeinwardly•（小步地、時自地）40）fine和finelyThecoatsuitsmefine.（彳艮好）Hecutupthevegetableveryfine.（细小地）Sheisafinelydressedwoman•（雅致地）Youdidfinely.（极好地）Thepriceshavebeenfinelycalculated.（仔细地）Note:比较不同的用法：fine-spoken说得好.fine-drawn园得好，fine-spun纺得细；finelygroundpepper磨得彳艮细的胡椒粉.finelychoppedmeat切得彳艮细的肉。41）foul和foullyHeplayedfoul.（适反规则地）Hewasfoullymurdered.（卑鄱地）7.可用作別词的名词有些名词在一些固定词组中可用作副词，作状语。例如：bottlefeed人工喂养daydream做勺目绘pitchblack漆黑的icecold冰冷的stonedeaf全车的dogtired累圾的dirtcheap便宜透了skeletonthin骨瘦如柴8.可用作副词的形彖词有些形彖词有肘可用作副词，常见的有good,rare,pretty,right,plenty,damned ,precious,dead,right等。例如：darkred深红的whitehot自热化的devilishcold极tight-fitting紧身的niceandfast(veryfast)realgood真好的icy(bitter)cold冰冷的mightyclever非常聪朗的prettywise十分聪朗的preciousgoodcare信加小心rightglad非常壽兴amazingfinegirls很漂亮的女孩 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版）277二、构成••其他攻。：burninghot.bitingcold,soakingwet.paleblue,greyishgreen,awfulsorry.runclearthrough.stopcold（炎然彳拿止不动）.playitcool（保持冷彳#）,playfair.dofine,travelfree,mightyfine,plainstupid,plumbcrazy等。Thewindisblowingprettyhard•Shepaysherrentregular.（=regularly）Slicethehamthin.把火腿切得薄薄的。Don..tspreadthebuttertoothick.别把贵油抹得丈厚。Firstthinkandthenspeak.先想后说。Pleasesenditairmail.请寺航空。Theychargeextraforwine•酒另收费。..再如一些习惯表达法：talkbig说丸话，buysomethingduty-free免税买禁炀，bendlow低垂,liveoverseas強.海外居U,liequiet静静地躺着。9・与介词同形的副词1）英语中丸部分介词同肘也可用作到词，其区别是.作介词时接宾语，作副词对不接宾语Thebirdhoppedoffthebranch.乌从树枝上跳下。（介词）Thepaintwaspeelingoff.油漆在脱燎。（訓词）Thereispeakbeyondpeak.层密叠嘩。（介词）Onthedistanthorizonisarangeofmountains•Whatisbeyond?送远的天际是群山。山那边是什么？（副词）2）这类到词可用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等Thebirdsflewoff.乌儿飞走了。Thecloudsabovebegantodisperse.上方的云开始谄散了。Hesleptoutlastnight•他雅娩屣農夕卜面。I..IIbealonginaminute•我一会儿就来。Thetireisdown.车月台瘪气了。Thewaterisdown.水退了。Themilkisoff.牛奶坏了。Theconferencewason.会莊开着。You..reoutthistime.这次你错了。What..$on?现在有什么节目？Thetreatyisoff.协定夬效了。Everybodywasdownonhimthen•多时丸家都看不起他。When1gotthere,Ifoundnobodyabout・我到那儿肘发现那一带没人。Whatkeptyouupsolate?什么使你这么晚还没薩？10.形、刮同形的词有些词既可作形彖词，又可作訓词，现例示如下：1）cleanSheissocleanandtidy• Heiscleanfrommisdeeds.他没有劣迹。Thethiefgotcleanaway.（意为completely）Shecleanforgottoswitchtheovenon•2)latelatespring浆春,alatemarriage晚婚.lateinlife娩年.inone..slatethirties三十七入岁. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书278第六讲词thelatestnews最新消息,thelatePresidentNixon己故的尼克松总统.latepremier<任总理Hekeptlatehours・他屣得很娩。Hesometimescamelatetoclass.Rosesfloweredlatethisyear.今年玫瑰花开得晚。3）widewideshoulders肩膀宽阔amanofwideinformation承。识面广的人Shesattherelookingup.hereyeswidewithpleasure.Hisguessiswideofthefact.他的猗测同事卖相差霑远。Helefttheofficedoorwideopen•（固定彳司纽）Sheiswideawake.（醒透了，机警）（固定词组）Thebulletwentwideofthemark•子弹飞了。..widely意为“在很大程度上，范囲/•阔地”，用法较灵涪，多阅上丈。例如：Hehastravelledwidely.他见闻很广。（不可说travelwide,但可以说travelfarandwide。farandwide为习惯用语）Thewidelyknownman（名人）waswidelyread（傅览群书）andsotheconversationbetweenhimandthePresidentrangedwidely.4）wellSheisverywell.ill的反义词，意为“身体好”，但不能说awellperson,要说ahealthyperson）Everythingiswellwithhim.（顺利的.良好的）Itisallverywelltoleavenow.butwhoistolookafterthegirl?（Itisallverywell+不定式意为“固然很好..但”，是一科反语，表示不赞同、不满意）Hebookedtheroomwellinadvanee.（程度）Cleanthehousewellbeforeyoumovein•（彻底地、好好地）Hetookthejokewell.他对这笑话不介意。Welldone!做得（干得或写得）好！thinkwellofsb.对禁人有好感5）tightMyshoesaretootight.Thejointiscompletelytight.（不漏水毛）Mychestfeelsrathertight.（难受的）Hehasatightscheduletoday.（对间排得满满的）Hecouldconcealhisnervousnessintightsituations（inatightcorner）•（困难的、危险的） Thatisatightgame.（势均力敘）Thegirlsattightuntilhermothercameback•（坐着不动.不可用tightly）Thetwosidessattightwitheachother.（坚持目标、意见等.不可用tightly）Note：在动词和过去分词前要用tightly,疫动词后面，可用tight代眷tightly。比较:Theclustersofhousestightlypackedtogether.Theclustersofhousesarepackedtighttogether.6）slow 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）279二、构成theslowmovement.aslowbook一本索然无味的书,aslowpoison慢性毒药,slowmusic曲调舒缓的咅乐,slowfire丈火.aslowtown枚伍的市镇，aslownight过得很缓慢的夜beslowofspeech说话11,beslowofhearing重听,beslowatmaths不擅长教学，beslowinunderstanding领悟力不强，beslowtolearnsth・学得慢Sheisslowofcomprehension.她的理鮮力彳艮迟钝。Heisslowataccounts•他不善于.算账。Heisslowtoshowhisanger•他不轻易动怒。Howslowyoulikemetoplay?Youshouldgoslowinwhatyouaredoing.你应该谨慎从事。（goslow意为“小心地.谨值地”;也表示“慢慢地走”）7）sharpthesharpteeth（铃利的）,sharpfootprints（请晰的）,sharpeyes（锐利的）、asharpnose（尖的）•asharppain（剧烈的）,asharpdesire（强M的）、asharpappetite（迫切的），asharpturn（突然的）,asharpcrackofatwig（请脆的）.asharpcontrast（鮮朗的），theCsharpminorprelude（C小调序曲,sharp指半壽咅.minor指小调）Shearrivedatseveno..clocksharp.（准，正）Theroadturnedsharpleft.（急速地）Shesangsharp•（唱爲半音）We.JIhavetolooksharporwe-JInevergetthereintime•（赶快）Looksharp!Thetrainiscoming.（多心）Shelookedsharplyathim.（目光锐利地看不用sharp）Hespokesharplytotheoldwoman•（说话很厉窖不用sharp）8）quickbequickatwork（inmovement）（快的）.aquickreply（即刻的）、aquicktemper（急的）.quickeyes慧眼.quickears耳朵灵■aquickwit（mind）急智（头脑转得快）.aquickboy（伶俐的），bequickofsight（hearing）眼睛尖（听觉灵敘）Hegotrichquick.她很快就发财了。Pleasecomequick!（动词后）Tellmequick.（宾语后）Theeventsmovedasquickassomepeoplethought.Note：quick和quickly均可作刮词，与表示动作的动词连用肘，常可换用，尤其是在口语中。但在下面一句中，须用quickly与accurately连用，以便谐和：Heworksquicklyandaccurately•••在speakquickly,quicklyopenthewindow中要用quickly。9）highthehighcliffsoftheisland（程度高的），highsocialstatus（地住高的）.high-qualityproducts（质量好的），thehighwindthehighvoice尖步，haveahighopinionofsb.爲度评价某人（器重某人），highliving奢侈highsummer盛highanxiety极度悲、伤，beinhighspirits兴需采烈 ..high和highly均可作副词,high表示具体的壽度.但与禁些动词塔配也可表示抽象的壽,如：aimhigh目标运丸Jivehigh过富裕生乐runhigh激昂■playhigh下高赌注.常住于动词或宾语之后；而highly刖只表示程度.指抽象的壽。例如:Hecanjumpashighastwometres. 拆/世/纪/英/语/丛/书280第六讲訓词Heheldhisheadhigh.People..senthusiasmisrunninghigh・人冷］的热•所農需涨。Thecaseishighlycomplexindetail.（极复杂）It..5highlyamusing.（极有趣）Hespokehighlyofher.（爲度赞扬）Theyarehighly-educatedpeople.（受过壽等教育的）Heishighlypaid.（薪俸优厚）Sheishighlydelightedatthenews.（非常當兴）10）flattheflatsurface（平整的），aflatbasket（肉的）,aflatlie弥夭大谎,aflattire没毛的车aflatdenial浙然否认,feelflat感觉无聊，knockamanflat把禁人打倒在地，layatownflat把一个城市夷为平地,aflatmarket市面箫条，fallflat不成功（不理想），fallflatonthefloor直挺挺地倒在地披上.theflatwriting不尽人意的作文..作刮词用肘，flat意为“绝对地，断然地，阵半咅地，平直地.正好”。flatly也是副词，＜为“断然地，绝对地，完全地”（positively）,常同oppose,refuse等连用。多闻上丈。例如：Thegeneralwentflatagainsttheorder.（浙M抗命）Heisnowflatbroke.（完全破产）Shetoldhimflatshewouldgoherownway.（斩钉我铁地）Hewastoldtosingflat.（低半音唱）Hefellflatonthefloor.他直挺挺地倒在地上。Sheranthe80-metrein10secondsflat・她80朱跑了10秒整。Heflatly（或flat）rejectedmydemand.（断然地）11）fineafinemusician（优秀的），afineview（美好的）,finehair（细的）,finedetails（精微的）,finefeatures（蟒美的）,nottoputtoofineapointonit坦率地说Thecoatfitsmefine.（彳艮）Heisdoingfine.（干得不错）..finely也是到词，参阖上丈。再如：afinelymovinggirl举止优雅的少女,afinelyrestoredtemple修复得很好的寺庙。12）deaddeadwater死水，deadlaws（己废除的），deadletters（无法投递.的），bedeadtoallreason不可理冷.thedeadphone（失去效能的）.adeadcigar（熄灭的），thedeadsilence万籁俱疲..dead作訓词用对，＜exactly,completely（完全，绝对）。参阖上下丈。例如：Youaredeadwrong.你全错了。 Youaredeadright・（完全正确）Heisdeadtired.（圾为痕傕）Theboyisdeadasleep.（在酣屣）Themanisdeaddrunk•（酩酊丸醉）Iamdeadsure（certain）.（完全可以肯定）..deadly既是刮词也是形家词，作刮词肘，意为“死一般地，非常地，严重地”用肘，意为“致命的（fatal）o例如：Hewentdeadlypaleatthenews.（死一般地） 大学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）281二、构成Thematterisdeadlyserious.（非常严重）adeadlypoison剧毒，adeadlyenemyadeadlyweapon凶adeadlyman毒辣的13）fastfastcommunications（*快速的）.fastcolours（不褪色的）、afastlife（放荡的）.takeafastholdof握紧Itisrainingfast•在下大雨。Heisfastasleep.他脛得很熟。Don..tmakefriendswiththosewholivefast.勿同生活菽荡之人交友。Heisamanholdingfasttoprinciples.他是一个坚持原则的人。Doru.tplayfastandloosewithheraffections.不要玩弄她的感情。14）hardhardrocks坚硬的岩石.hardquestions难题.alongandhardday漫长而繁忙的一夭.haveahardtime经易一段困难肘期.hardattack猛烈的攻击,behardonsb•对禁人严厉或苛刻,ahardheart冷酷的ahardteacher严师.ahardline强硬路线.behardbehindsb.紧跟疫某人的后面，hardevidence铁证如山holdsth.hard紧握某扬，breathehard呼吸困难，drinkhard狂饮,snowhard酉下得很大，hitsb./sth.hard猛击禁人（禁杨）15）lowlowincome低收talkinalowvoice低声淡话，amanoflowbirth出身低微的人，lowtaste低级趣来.beinlowspirits情绪低havealowopinionofsb.对••评价黑低（雎不起禁人）、alowfellow下流的人.playlowtricks耍-f-M.lowthoughts不建凍的思想■thelowlights各皓的灯光.entertainmentoflowsort低级娱乐Shebentlowinfrontofthephoto.她在那照片前默默地鞠I?。Thecandleisburninglow.蜡烛快要燃尽了。Asthestockofmoneyisrunninglow,hehastoplaylow.由于存款即将用完.他只能小赌了。..lowly作形彖词意为“低下的.谦卑的”・作副词意为“低声地,谦恭地，低下地”。例如:Anumberoftrades、previouslythoughtofaslowlyones.begantoreceivemoreattention.很多以前彼认为是低下的行多，开始引起越来越多的注意了。Shehasalowlyopinionofherself.她彳艮自谦。Theyarelowlypaid•他们收入微藩。Thetwomenweretalkinglowly•那两个人在低节谈话。16）straightalongandstraightroad又长又直的路.astraightanswer直嶺了当的答复.astraightconduct正直的行getthehousestraight把房子收拾整齐,keepstraight洁身匂好，gostraightahead一直向前.comestraighttothepoint开门见uL,flystraighttoParis 直飞巴黎,tellsth.straightout把..直说出来,livestraight请勺地做人17）soundthesoundwall坚固的墻壁,bementallysound心理健庚.thesoundadvice中皆的劝告.asoundargument理由充足的论据，asoundinvestment稳妥的投汎asounddeeper酣腫的人•asoundbeating痛打，asoundmanager—住判断力强的经理.asoundfriend减卖可靠的朋发 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书282第六讲訓词Heissoundasleep.（固定说冻中用sound）Heissleepingsoundly•（soundly用法较灵诊）18）shortashortspeech简洁的发言、ashorttemper爰耍脾毛.beshortofsleep（men.money）屣眠不足（缺少人手，缺钱）,beayearshortoffifty差一年不到五十岁,theshopgivingshortweight骗秤头的商店,fallshortofone..sexpectations未达到所期望的目标，beshortwithsb.对禁人粗鲁（无情无义）,Maddyforshort简称Maddy.takeashortcut走近路•beshortofhumour缺少幽默感.shortofrobbery（murder）除了枪劫（杀人）外Hewantedtocutshortthelecture.他想缩短讲演的内家。Don..ttellHenryshort.不要小看享利。Hestoppedshort.他炎然停了下来。19）rightarightdecision正确的决定,therightpersonforthework做这项工作的合适人选，therightsideofthestreet街道的右边Thehotelisrightonthebeach.彖馆就坐隊程海滨。Thepistol..srighttherenearthebed•手枪恰好在床边。Theballhithimrightonthenose.球正右在他的鼻子上。Thepartybeganrightafterherarrival•她一列娩会就开始了。Turnrightatthecorner.在拐角处朝右转。Note：作“正确地"解肘，right和rightly均可用,right只能放在动词后,rightly放衣动词后均可。例如：Irightlyguessedhismeaning•（不可用right）Youguessedright.（可用rightly）20）prettyaprettygarden漂亮的庭院,aprettyface姣美的面prettymusic动听的咅乐.aprettyboy请秀而有气质的男孩.aprettystateofaffairs（aprettymess）—团糟..作副词用时，pretty作quite,rather鮮，参阅上文。再如：l..mprettycertainsheenjoysit.我确信她会喜欢它的。Sheisprettywell.她身体很好。21）loudaloudvoice嗓咅洪loudmusic吵人的咅乐,alouddenial斷然的否认Heisthinkingoutloud.他一边想着，一边自言自语地说着。Shelaughedoutloudatthethought.那个念头使她不禁大笑起来。Note：衣同laugh.shout.speak,talk连用肘.一般用loud.较少用loudly。 22）justajustprice衣平的价格.ajustman公正（正直）的人,ajustreward正当的扌艮酬.justclaim正当的要求.justweights精确的确码,justsuspicions有理由的怀疑Shehadjustmovedin.她创创緻进来。（averyshorttimeago）Thetelephonerangjustasheenteredtheroom•(atthis/thatverymoment)ThatisjustwhatIwantedtohear.(exactly,precisely)Hejustcaughtthetrain.他正好起上即班火车。(barely)Shejustpassedtheexam.她考试刖及格。(almostnot)lsn..tthatjustwonderful!(verycompletely) 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版）283二、构成..justly意为“正义地，公正地”。例如：IbelieveIhaveactedjustly•我相信我的行为是正当的。Hewasjustlypunishedforthecrime.他的罪行受到了应有的惩罚。23）fairfairdealings公平的交易.fairplay公正的克争（公平的手段）.makeafaircopy眷请Wecantrusthimtoplayfair•我们可以相信.他是不会央信的。Hetoldmefairandsquarewhatherpositionwas・他直就了多地彳巴她的立场告诉了我。Theysettledthequarrelfairandsquare•他们公平合理地鮮决了这一争端。Note：疫固定词Mplayfair.fightfair.fairandsquare中用fair.其他场合一般用副词fairlyo例如：Hewasfairlytreatedbytheauthority•Sheisafairlygoodsinger•（quite,rather）24）clearaclearconscience良心请.aclearmind请晰的头4®.clearmorningair请新的爰间空毛，makeclearsth.（makeitclear）阐朗•…makeoneselfclear把••说请楚.aclearvoice请亮的声音,aclearcolour鮮亮的颜色,theclearweather睛好的天aclearafternoon空冈的下午.getaclearhundredfromthedeal那次交易净收入100元,beclearoftheground南开地面Thechildrenwereaskedtostayclearofthefire.孩子们彼告知禽火远一点。（nottouching）Whatisimportantisnottokeepclearofthedifficulties,buttofacethem•重要的不是逃.避困难，而是正视它们（隔开）。Themanthrewherclearonthefloor.那人一下子杞她猝倒在地妆上。（完全地）..clearly也是訓词，意为distinctly,obviously。例如：1hadn..treallyeverthoughtclearlyaboutthisdivision.（请楚地）Clearly,they^vegottodefinetheirpolicies•（显然）25）easyeasyjob轻松的工作.easylife舒迨的生活.beeasyontheear悦耳.aneasypace从家的步态..農一些习语中，常用easy作副词代暮easily。例如：Takeiteasy.You.JIrecoversoon.另勺急、你不久就会凍复的。（亦作takethingseasy）Goeasyonthesalt,itsbadforyourheart.盐对心脏不好.少吃点。Goeasyonhimforawhile,he..$gotalotoffamilyproblems.暫且饶了他.他有彳艮多家庭问題。Easycome,easygo.来得家易去得快。Easiersaidthandone.做比说难。 26）earlySheisanearlyriser•她是个早起的人。Shealwaysgoestobedearlyandgetsupearly•她总是早起早腫。27)illIIInewsrunsapace.恶事传千里。Sheneverspokeillofothersbehindtheirbacks.她从不疫背后说人家的坏话。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书284第六讲訓词27)littleHehadlittlesparetime.他很少有空诃对间。Hereststoolittle.他休息得很少。Shelittleknowsthatthepolicewereafterher.她一点也不知道警察在追缉她。(=notallall)28)muchShewastedmuchmoneythatway.她那样液费了许多钱。Theydidnottalkmuch.他们谈得不多。29)onlyHewastheonlymanpresent.他是唯一在场的人。1canonlystayalittlewhile•我只能待一会儿。30)halfIhaven..tsaidhalfthethingsIwantedtosay.我的话还没说完一半。Thehouseishalfempty.这房屋一半空着。Ididn..thalflikeit.我非常喜欢它。32)long等形、副同形的词其他既可作形家词亦可作訓词的词还有：long->alongwalk.alongmemoryliveIong,long-awaitedchancesenough->enoughproofbeoldenoughtounderstanditfar->atthefarendoftheroom,amanoffarsight.befarfromfargone、thusfar.sofarsogood,seefanlookfarintothefuture,goasfaras、sofarsure->besureofoneselfbesuretodosth..besureofwinning,asureproofasurewaytosuccessgetsth.forsure,besurebored(>&美国口语中常用sure代巻surely)free->freetime,freemedicalcare公费篋疗.freepress言论自由.freetrade自由贸易，freefromprejudice,afreeseat空佞.freeoftax.themuseumfree免费参观的博杨馆getsth.free(free作副词用对.意为withoutpayment,freely则意为withoutlimitorrestriction,如:eatfreeinarestaurant.speakfreelyinfrontofthejudge)direct—directflighttoLondon,thedirectcontrol.averydirectman直更的人■adirecttax直接税flydirectfrom...to...从••直飞・•(在表示肘问或赧途肘，可用direct洛代directly,参闻上X)close—inclosecontactwith,closefriends■closerelativesstandclosetogether,liveclosebythewood住在壽林附近 wrong->awrongchoice,thewrongaccent,beinthewronggowrong（注意.疫动词后面.可用wrong代wrongly,但在动词前只用wrongly,如:guesswrong/wrongly.Iwronglybelievedher.Hewaswronglyaccused.他彼诬告。）11.同根形彖词和刮词 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）285三、功能1）eager表示“着急的”,eagerly表示"急切地”Helookedeager.他看上去很着急。Helookedeagerlyoutofthewindow.他急切地向窗外看。2）open表示“开着（的）”,openly表示“衣开地，衣然地”Thethiefforcedthewindowopen•小倫把窗户揭开了。Thethiefforcedthewindowopenly.小偷竟公然撬窗户。3）loose表示"松（开）的",loosely表示"灵活地"Thechainsworkedloose•链条松开了。Thechainsworkedloosely•链条转动很灵话。12.any和some等可以用作到词有些不定代词和指示代词也可用作到词。any用作別词肘，相多于atall,常用于题问句、条件句和否定句中:some用作訓词对，相多于tosomeextent,常用于肯定句。例如：Thatdidn..thelpherany.那对她没有任何帮助。Didheworkanylastnight?他并娩做什么工作了吗？Doesourtalkdisturbyouany?我们的谈话对你有什么妨碍吗？Myexperieneeindoingtheworkhelpedmesome.我做这项工作的经验对我有些帮助。Thepatient..sconditionhasimprovedsome.病人的情况有些好转了。I..IIbuyitifitisanygood•Thewaterisnonetoohot.Itsomethingsurprisedher.（=somewhat）Hecaresnothingfortheslander.（=notatall）Shesleptnonethewholenight.（=never）Thestoryisthatinteresting.（=so）Shehassomefiftydollars•（=about）Ilikebaseballsome•三、功能1.作状语，修饰动词、形彖词、訓词、介词（短语）、连词或整个句子Herunsfast.他跑得快。Thebookisveryinteresting•这本书很有趣。Thebuscamequiteearly.公共汽车到得很早。Sheleftshortlyafterthemeeting.会议创结束她就走了。（修饰介词）Heismuchagainsttheproposal.他坚决反对这项计划。（修饰介词）Shefailedentirelythroughherownfault.她的失败完全是由自己的失镁造.成的。（修饰介词）Itisnearbythebridge.它就在富林很近的地方。（修饰介词）Helivesfarbeyondthetower.他住在那座煤过去很远的地方。（修饰介词）Hefellillmainlybecauseheatetoomuch.他病了，主要因为吃得丈多。（修饰连词）IheardofherlongbeforeImether.在见到她之前，我很早就听说过她。（修饰连词）Theycaughthimexactlywhenhegotoffthebus•他刖下车就彼他们就械住了他。（修饰连词） Happily,hewasnotinthehousethen.幸运的是.他多肘不在那所房子里。（修饰句 子） 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书286第六讲訓词Frankly,Idon..tagreewithyou.说卖话，我不同憲你的憲见。(修饰句子)2・作表语表示伐•置的副词作表语肘说朗主语的状态或特征(above,across,inside,upstairs):表示动作方向的刮词作表语时是有动作虑义(up,down,on,in,off,out);welloff,upto等副词短语亦可作表语。例如：Timeisup.肘间到了。(指结束的肘问)Thebookwillbeoutsoon.这本书要出版了。Thecruelmanisuptoanything.那个戎忍的人是什么都能干得出的。Springisin.春夭来了。Jackwasdownwithafever.杰克因发烧卧床。Themealwasafterwards•吃饭疫后。TheDemocraticPartyisnowin•共和売在执政。Isthefirestillin?火还在烧吗？Orangesarenowin.桔子己经上市了。IstheTVon?色视机开着吗？Anewfilmisin.一部新影片正在上殃。TheConservativePartyisout•保守竟下台了。Thiskindofcapisout.这种帽子己经不流行了。What..sup?发生了什么事？Hewasuplatelastnight.他雅晚屣得很迟。Thegasisoff.煤宅关上了。Thevillageistenmilesoff.雷那个村庄有10英里路。Oneofthetypesisdown•—只轮胎没毛了。3.作定语，修饰名词副词修饰名词作定语时，常放在名词后。例如：Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernstyle.周®是一些具有现代风格的建筑。ThestudentstherearefromFrance•那边那些学生来旨冻国。Imetheronmywayhome.我在回家的路上遏见了她。Thisismyfirstdayoff.这是我休假的第一天。Isawhertheweekbefore.Herlifeabroadwascolorful•Shelookedatthelampabove•Onlyshecouldcome.(修饰代词放在代词前)••但：Heisregardedasratherafool.(=ratherfoolish)Theuptrainleavesateight.(=trainthatgoesup)Shefliedtoafarcountry.Wehadquiteaparty.我们玩得很开心。 WhowasthethenPrimeMinister?Shehadinsideinformationaboutit•Note:到词作定语肘，有时出现在with和另一名词之间。例如：Thewholesummerwentpastwithscarcelyadropofrain.整个更天过去了.几乎没下一滴雨。 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）287四、住置Theroomwasindisorder,withherebottles,therebooks.房间乱糟糟的.到处是瓶子和书籍。4.作介词宾语和宾语补足语基些表示佞置的副词可以在over,out.up.under,from,in,near.on.around,down,along等后作介词宾语（near.from.towards->home;from,to—where）;禁些肘问副词可以在by,from,except,before,after,till,since等后作介词宾语；副词还可作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with和without的宾语补足语。例如：Youcanleavethegoodsanywherebuthere.Shelookedeverywhereexceptthere•Ididnotknowheruntilquiterecently.Itwasaquietnight,withthemoonhighupinthesky.Thewomanwalkedalongtheriverwithherheaddown.Pleaseaskherin•Iwenttoherroomonlytofindherout.Note:少数副词亦可作动词的宾语。例如：seeabove见上丈consultbelow参闻下丈seeover见下丈seebelowforreference参见下文四、住置1.程度副词一般放在菠修饰的动词、形家词或副词前面如果卖义动词前有情态动词或助动词，程度副词要放在二者之间；如果是be动词，程度刮词要放于其后。常用的这类词有:just,too,fairly,nearly,awfully,frightfully（=very）,utterly,enormously,slightly,exactly,absolutely,perfectly,thoroughly,scarcely,hardly,almost,quite,extremely,completely,deeply,greatly,hardly,definitely.partly,terribly,considerably,comfortably,dreadfully,little,rather,so.very,much等。例如:Iamveryhappytobewithyou.和你在一起我很愉快。（修饰形彖词）HespeaksEnglishprettywell.他的英语说得相多好。（修饰訓词）Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.（行为动词前）Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.（情态动词和实义动词之问）Heisterriblysorryforhismisdeeds•（be动词后）Thebookisremarkablyeasy.Theroomiscomfortablywarm.Itisdreadfullycoldtoday.Sheranincrediblyfast•Ilittleknowthatheisyourfather•..quite同否良词连用肘，伐.于not前后意义不同。例如：Iquitedoru.tunderstandhim.我完全不了解他。Idon..tquiteunderstandhim.我不十分了解他。Wequitedidn..tbelieveJim.我们非議不相信吉姆。Wedidn..tquitebelieveJim•我们有点不相信吉姆。 Note：到词及彼修饰的副词不能同肘都以」y结尾，以避免语音上的不和谱。例如：不说：Shewalkedterriblyslowly•要说：Shewalkedterriblyslow. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书288第六讲訓词1.频率副词通常放農行为动词前当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词对，则放在这类动词后。常用的有:ever,rarely,often,sometimes,seldom,never.constantly,frequently,occasionally,always・usually等。M如：Ioftenseeherwalkinthepark.我常看见她在公园里散步。（行为动词前）Wemustalwaysrememberthis.我们必须永远记往这一点。（情态动词后）Hehasneverbeenlate.他从不迟到。（助动词后）Sheisseldomlate・她很少迟到。（be动词后）..考察下而一句：A：MyhusbandboughtaScrabblegame.B：Hownicewe.A.playoftenthatgametooB.oftenplaythatgame,tooC.alsothatgameplayoftenD.playalsothatgameoften（根据often的住置,B项正确）Note:①still,almost,nearly,never,already,just,always等程度訓词或频率訓词可以放Abe,have,助动词和情态动词之前，表示强调，要重读，但彼强调的不是still等副词，而是be,have,助动词或情态动词。例如：Henevercanunderstandit・Shealreadyhasdoneherbest.Hereallyisunawareofit.Janestillisintheshoefactory.Healwayshasbeenprudent,andalwayswillbe・②当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时，通常是程度副词修饰频率副词。例如：Theynearlyalwaysspendtheirholidaysinthemountains.他们几乎总、是在山里度假。2.方式刮词般放在动词后1）遇到动词+介词+宾语结构时，方式副词既可置于介词前，也可置于宾语后：在动词+宾语结构中，放疫宾语后。常用的有：fast,quickly,quietly,slowly,carefully,angrily,well等Thegirldancedbeautifully.这姑娘的舞姿很美。ShespeaksFrenchwell.她的比语说得很好。Helookedatherangrily.（或:Helookedangrilyather.）他怒视着她。2）在动词+宾语结构中，如果宾语较长，常把訓词置于动词之前，以免造成歧义Theysecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.他们秘密决定富开小鎮■«»（"决定”是秘密的）Theydecidedtoleavethetownsecretly. 他们决定秘密地富开小鎭。（“离开”这一行动是秩密的）3）还有一些方式到词放在动词前和放在动词后具有不同的含义。比较：Heansweredthequestionfoolishly.他的回答是愚蠢的。（不着边际）Hefoolishlyansweredthequestion.他愚蠢地回答了问題。（意即：他不该回答这个问题）Hebehavedfoolishlyattheparty.他在晚会上表现不佳。4）人、动杨或事物有各种各样的行为或变化.这就需要用不同的方式訓词来加以在述。 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版）289四、住置⑴方式副词f表示状况、状貌Shedancedgracefully.她的舞姿优美。Herefusedherdemandpolitely.他有礼貌地桓绝了她的请求。••这类刮词常用的还有：bravely,gently文雅的■rudely,loudly,humbly,graciously<和地.courteously谦恭地.publicly,carefully,violently,formally,skillfully,casually漫不经心地.conscientiously,violently,thoroughly彻底地■perfectly,badly,strikingly令人注目地.quietly,surprisingly令人惊讶地,quickly,fast,well等。（2）方式副词f表示情感、意愿。例如：Heflungthebookonthefloorangrily•他宅愤地扌巴书扌乃疫地板上。Shedidn..tdoitpurposely・她不是故意那样做的。••这类副词常用的还有:merrily,proudly,sadly.calmly,fervently热M地.resentfully忿恨地.willingly,unwillingly,deliberately舍蓄地.contentedly,cordially真诚地.nervously不安地.warmly,mildly,coldly,intentionally有慧地、unintentionally无意地.willfully故意地.gratefully,excitedly,bitterly悲痛地.determinedly决意地.delightedly翥兴地.encouragingly鼓励地.voluntarily自愿地（自发地）等。（3）方式副词一►表示方法、手段。例如：Hegotthemoneyillegally.他以非出手段弄钱。Shetoldhimthenewstelegraphically•她用色扌艮把这胡息告诉他。..这类副词常用的还有:legally,medically用医疗手段,microscopically用显微铳，telescopically用望远镜,surgically用外科手术,等。4.逻辑连接副词和评注性副词这两类副词通常住于句首，有对也住于句中或句尾。1）逻辑连接到词However,noteverybodyagreed.Thecompositionisallright;thereisroomforimprovement,however.2）评注性副词f表示推浙Rightly,herefusedheroffer.Hewiselytookhisfriend..sadvice...这类刮词既修饰全句，也修饰主语，常用的有:artfully,cleverly,correctly,justly,cunningly.incorrectly,reasonably,sensibly,unreasonably,shrewdly,unwisely,prudently.rightly,wisely等。3）评注性副词->表示怀賤或不怀賤、真卖或非真卖Obviously,hetriedtopervertthetruth.Heisundoubtedlythegreatestmusicianofthecountry.Shecanpossiblydoitallbyherself.Actually,heisanidealteacher• Heisnominallyinchargeofthecompany.••这类訓词常用的有：likely,possibly•maybe,conceivably,reputedly,doubtless•seemingly,arguably,allegedly,supposedly,obviously,undoubtedly,plainly,clearly,manifestly,definitely.certainly,undeniably.decidedly,admittedly,actually,nominally,formally.officially,outwardly,superficially,ostensibly,fundamentally、essentially,basically,naturally等。4）评注性刮词f表示情感或方无 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书290第六讲訓词Confidentially,heisnotqualifiedforthejob.Unfortunately.itrainedhardthewholeday.Luckily,nobodysawheratthemoment•••这类訓词常用的有：briefly,seriously.honestly,frankly.flatly,candidly,truthfully,privately,bluntly,broadly,roughly,simply,confidentially,unfortunately.funnily,remarkably,curiously,amazingly,inevitably.unexpectedly,incredibly,regrettably,annoyingly,happily,sadly,luckily,tragically,understandably,preferably,amusingly,thankfully,conveniently.significantly,fortunately等。5）评注性副词一►表示方面Personally,Idon..tlikethebook.Generallyspeaking,itisworthreading•••这类到词常用的有：personally,generally,literally,figuratively,technically.theoretically,financially,metaphorically,generallyspeaking.strictlyspeaking.broadlyspeaking等。Note:①有些评注性副词，既可以修饰整个句子，也可以修饰禁一个具体的词，应加以区别O例如：Clearlyshedidn..tunderstandwhatyoumean•（修饰整个句子）Wecouldseethedistanthillsclearly.（修饰谓语动词）Shenaturallyrepliedatonce.（修饰整个句子）Sherepliednaturally.（修饰谓语动词）②有些评注性副词住置不同，则含义不同。比较：Actually,hedidnotknowit.事卖上，他不知道那件事。Heactuallydidnotknowit.他确卖不知道那件事。Happily,shewasn..tthere.幸亏她不在那里。Theletterwashappilyphrased.这封信措辞妥当。..形家词短语，分词短语、介词短语，不定式短语和句子也可用作评注性状语。这肘，形家词短语，分词短语和不定式短语通常放在句首.用逸号隔开.句子则可放在句首或句尾.用运号隔开.有肘也可放在句中，用速号隔开。例如：Tobesure,sheisthebeststudentintheclass.可以青定地说，她是班上最好的学生。（不定无短语）Heis,sotospeak,verysuitableforthejob.可以这样说，他是很适合做这项工作的。（不定式短语）Sureenough,itbegantorainatnoon•果然.中午开始下雨了。（形家词短语）Worsestill,heletoutthesecret.更糟的是，他世療了秘巒。（形彖词短语）Strange,thebookisnowheretobefound.真奇怪，那本书哪里也找不到。（形彖词有时也可作评注性状语） Seeyounextweek•丨hope•（句子）Theman.Ibelieve,isreliable.（句子）Puttingitmildly.heisn..tsuitedtobeateacher.(分词短语)••其他如：Iadmit.Ithink,whoknows,theytellme,onehears.I..msorrytosay.I..msure,itisclaimed,Godknows.I..mpleased(happy、delighted,glad)tosay.Ifear,itpainsmetosay.itgrievesmetosay,thereisnodoubt,itmayinterestyoutoknow,itisrumoured.itisclaimed,itistobefrank、calculatingroughly,speakingasalayman说句 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版）2915、住置外行话.asithappens碰巧（恰好）,ifyouplease（like）如果你愿意（势驾）■what..smore而且，atitis（was）事卖上，asitwere可以说，what..smoreserious,what..smoreimportant,Ihope,Iwonder我祖知道（我不知）.1daresay,yousee你雎（要知道）,l..mafraid•inreality,inbrief,ofcourse,inaword总之,onthewhole,tobefrank坦率地说.tobehonest.tobefair,totellthetruth,tobecandid直率地说.tosumup总而言之.tobebluntwithyou老卖对你说.toputitbluntly直我了多地说.tospeakfrankly,tobeexact,tomakealongstoryshort长话短说.tomakemattersworse更糟的是.strangetosay说来奇worsestill,evenmoreimportant灵重要的是,mostimportantofall最重要的是.toone..$delight（regret.amusement,vexation）使禁人感到壽兴（遗感.有趣.恼火）的是、等。••逻辑连接訓词还有：otherwise,consequently,namely.nevertheless、accordingly.again、altogether,anyway.correspondingly,conversely,equally,furthermore,hence,meanwhile,moreover,nonetheless,overall,still,thus等。5.时间副词，尤其是表示具体对问的副词，一般住于句看或句尾•議用的有：finally,yet•still.now.soon.lately,shortly.then,recently,presently,already,before,early,late,today等。禁些这类词有肘可住于句中。例如：Hewillbebacktomorrow.TomorrowIwillgodowntown•Helatelymovedintoanewapartment•6.地点刮词通常佞于句尾或句看1）常用的有：away,abroad,downstairs、everywhere,outside,around.here,there,below,anywhere,somewhere,near.far,up,down等Thechildrenareplayingupstairs.Herethespeakerpausedforawhile.2）由其他词或词组构成的地点状语亦可連循上述原则Sheissittingatthecornerofthegarden•（正）Atthecornerofthegardentherewasaverytalltree.（正）Therewasatthecornerofthegardenaverytalltree.（谋）3）几个地点状语连用肘，丸地方放在最后Shewasalwayssittingbythestatueatthecenteroftheparkinthecity.Note：地点到词修饰动词肘，紧跟动词后，住于句中，这多然是正确的。例如：Hehaslookedeverywhereforthebook.7.副词的排列次序1）地点副词f时问副词，方无訓词T►对间副词，方式副词->地点副词对间副词（有时时间副词亦可放在句首）Shesangbeautifully（方式）inthehall（地A）lastnight （时间）Yesterday（时间）■theyworkedveryhard（方式）inthefields（地点）■Heisworkingcarefully方式now肘间■Thestudentdidwell方扎here地点yesterday对间..考案下面两句: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书292第六讲訓词A:.B:Sodidl.A.IsawherlastSundayatthepartyB•IsawheratthepartylastSundayC•Attheparty1sawherlastSundayD.AtthepartylastSundayIsawher（根据“地点副词+肘间訓词”原则，B项正确）Afterthefuneraltheresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding.A.sentfaithfullyflowerseachweektothecemeteryB•senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC•sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD•senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers（根据“方式副词+地点刮词+肘间副词”原则，C项正确）2）具体的f笼统的，小的-*大的1sawtheprogramattencx.clock确切的肘问yesterdayevening笼统的对问■Heisusedtotakingawalkforanhourorso持续对问everyday频度肘间intheevening禁一时间■TheyateinaChineserestaurant小地AinLondon大地点•..但:Wehearditlastnight,atabout11o..clock.（补尢，這想）TomorrowIshallmeetyouatseveno..clock•（强调）3）run,go,drive+地点SJ词->方式訓词->对间到词Hedrovetothebank地Ahurriedly方式 afterlunch时间••考寨下面一句：A:Whatdidtheoldmansay?B:Hesaid.A.hisdaughterwenteverydaytoschoolveryslowlyB•hisdaughterwentslowlyeverydaytoschoolC•hisdaughterwenteverydayslowlytoschoolD•hisdaughterwenttoschoolslowlyeveryday（根据上述原则，D项正确）..另外，两个方式副词一起用肘，通常是短的在前，长的衣后Shespokeslowlyandsensibly•8.enough和only在句中的伐•置1）enough修饰形彖词、到词或动词时，一般住于它们的后面Youwillmastertheskillsoonenough.Theeggisnotboiledenough.2）only应紧靠它所修饰的词，不同的住置往往具有不同的意义Onlyhelentthebooktoher.只有他把书借给了她。（意印：别人没借给她）Heonlylentthebooktoher.他只是把书借给了她。（意即：不是把书送给她）Helentthebooktoheronly.他把书只借给了她。（意即：没借给其他任何人）••上述各句中的only词义本身虽没改变.但因其住置改变了，所限定的对象不同.因而影响 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版)293四、住置到全句意思。再如：Thenwhydidn..tyoudoit?那么，你为什么不做呢？FirstcomesHenry,thenAlfred•先来的是亨利，接着是阿余福特。Iworkedinamiddleschoolthen•我多肘疫一所中学工作。上述各句中的then分别居句首、句中和句未，词义也各不相同。9.thewayahead和themealafterwards中的刮词住置问题有些地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰珞词。参阅有关部分。例如：thewayaheadthedirectionbackthehalldownstairsthetripabroadhisjourneyhomethesentencebelowthephotoabovethemantherethenoisebackstagetheneighboursupstairsthemeetingyesterdaythestayovernight..但downstairs等若前置修饰右词，就成了形家词。多词有关部分。例如：thedownstairspartofthehouseabuildingwithtenupstairsroomstheabovesenfenceanawaymatch(鑒场比塞)inafteryears(在后来的岁月里)10.Hedidn..tactuallysitnexttoher中副词actually的伐•置和含义訓词修饰动词对，有肘放在否定词not等之前，也可放在其后，但往往会引起全句句意的差异。另外，芷些副词住置不同则含义不同。参阖有关部分。比较：Hedidrr.tactuallysitnexttoher•(=lt..snotanactualfactthathesatnexttoher.)Heactuallydidn..tsitnexttoher.(=Theactualfactisthathedidru.tsitnexttoher.)Hedoesn..tdefinitelywantit.(=lt..snotdefinitethathewantsit.)Hedefinitelydoesn..twantit.(=lt..sdefinitethathedoesn..twantit.)Idon.・treallymindtheheat.(=Idomind,butnottoomuch.)Ireallydon..tmindtheheat•(=Idon..tmindatall.)Bullyingdoesn..tnecessarilywork.(=Bullyingdoesn..talwayswork.)Bullyingnecessarilydoesn..twork.(=Bullyingneverworks•)Anyhow,sheworks・不管怎样，她总算工作了。Heworks,anyhow.他马马虎虎地工作。Naturally,hespoke.t然，他说话了。Hespokenaturally.他说话很自然。(姿态)Thankyoukindly.哀心地磁谢你。(诚恳.礼貌)Kindlyclosethedoor.请把门关上。 Shefoolishlyspoke.她竞说了起来.卖在不聪妙1。Shespokefoolishly.她杷话说得很不朗智。Clearly,hemisunderstoodme.很显然.他誤解我了。Hedidru.tunderstandmymeaningclearly.他对我的意思理解得很不透J切。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书294第六讲訓词Ifailedtoentirelycopyit.我没能把它全部抄下来。Ientirelyfailedtocopyit.我完全没有把它抄下来。Evenshedisagreedwithyou.妾她都不同意你的意见。（不要说别人了）Sheevendisagreedwithyou.她芯至不同意你的意见。（灵不用说支持你了）Hesaidfinallythathewon..tdoit.他最后说，他不会做即件事的。Hesaidhehopedfinallytocometoaconclusion.他说.他希望最终能作出决定。Shedidn..tdiehappily.她死得很慘。Happily,shedidn..tdie.很幸运.她没有死。（相当于fortunately）Hepushedthewomanawayroughlywithrage•他十分愤怒.把那个女人粗暴地推开了。Roughly,hepushedthewomanawaywithrage.丸玫来说，他十分愤怒.把那个女人粗暴地推开了。Ithinkhewillhandlethecasepersonally•我认为他会亲自处理那个案子。Personally,Ithinkhewillhandlethecase.就我个人而言、我认为他会处理那个案子的。Hetoldhereverythinghonestly.他把一切都诚实地告诉她了。Honestly,hetoldhereverything.说卖话.他把一切都告诉她了。Shewasaltogetherpleasedwithherchoice.她对自己的选择十分满意。Altogether,shewaspleasedwithherchoice.总的来讲、她对自己的选挣是满意的。Shespoketothemansimply.她与那人简单地说了几句话。Shesimplyspoketotheman.她只是与那人说了几句。Studentsplayvolleyballoften.学生们经常踢足球。Oftenstudentsplayvolleyball.经常有学生踢足球。Heplayedtennisbadly•他网球打■得不好。Thehouseisbadlyinneedofrepair.这所房子急需维修。11•heseldomis还是heisseldom在以be、have,助动词.情态动词结尾的句子中,often,never,seldom.certainlyJust.already,always,really,still,almost等副词要放4.be.have,助动词，情态动词之前.不可放于其后。例如：Heisseldomlateforclass.Yes.heseldomis.Shehasalreadyfinishedwritingthepaper.Shecertainlyhas.Shestillworkedthere•Shestilldid.五、一些刮词或刮词短语的用比与比较1•just和justnowl）just表示“恰好，创才，只是”。不过Just与现農完成肘连用肘才作“创才”鮮。若与其他 对态决用.一般不作“创才”鮮Itisjusttwelveo..clock.好，正好）Heisjustachild•（只是）Wehavejusttriedanexperiment.（创才）2）justnow用于过去肘意为“创才”1sawhimjustnow.我创才见过他。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版)295五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较Theforeignguestsarrivedjustnow.外宾创到。3)justnow与现疫对连用对，表示对“now”的强调，意为“现在，此刻”Iambusyjustnow.我此刻正忙。(此句比Iambusynow的语毛强)2.much(still,even)more和muchfstilLeven)lessmuch(stilleven)more用于表示肯定意味的句子后，much(stilLeven)less用于表示否定意味的句子后。例如：HeknowslittleEnglish,muchlessSpanish.他不隆英语，更不用说西班■牙语了。Theboyhastocarry50jin,muchmoretheadults.连孩子都要背50斤，更不用说成人了。3.fairly,quite,rather和prettyl)rather和fairly都有“相纵颇”的意思，但fairly主要用于修饰褒义的形家词或到词(good,well,fine,nice,bravely,etc.),而rather则主要用于修饰贬义的形痉词或訓词(bad,ugly,stupid,boring,etc.)Jimisfairlyclever,butJackisratherstupid.吉姆相当聪朗，而杰克却很笨。Anndidfairlywellintheexam,butIdidratherbadly.姿考得相多好，我却考得很差。2)从分量上讲,fairly最轻、说一部亀影fairlygood可能意为“勉强还可以看"。quite在分量上比fairly稍强，说一部电影quitegood则表示虽不是最佳影片但值得一看。rather衣分量上又重一些，说一部亀影rathergood则意为胜过多数影片。pretty衣分量上同rather差不多.多用于非正式丈体。有些形彖词为中性词.但用fairly或rather修饰便具有了褒贬色彩。另外,entirely常表示肯定意义,utterly常表示否定意义Themilkisfairlyhot.这牛奶热乎乎的。Themilkisratherhot.这牛奶太烫了。Ientirelyagreewithyou.我完全赞同你。Heisutterlydissatisfiedwiththeresult.他对结果圾不满＜。4.yet,still和already1)yet和still4句子中的住置不同。yet住于句尾，常用于否定句和題问句；still住于be动词后或其他动词、形家词或刮词前Hehasn..tcomeyet・他还没有来。Itisstilldarkoutside.外面仍是黑的。(=uptonow)2)already常用于肯定句.有肘可用于賤问句(此对表示惊异)或讦条件句中Ihavealreadyfinishedtheletter.我己经写完.了信。Haveyoufinishedtheletteralready?你(竞)写完了信？(真没想到)Ifshehasn..tseenitalready,shecancomeagain.3)此外.从意义上看，yet表示“商，还”.带有期望的含意。still表示“仍然”，强调持续性。already表示“己经”，强调行为结果isHenryhereyet?亨利来了吗？(期待他的列来，但不知是否到了，故询问)Hemaybesuccessfulyet・ 他可能会成功的。(睛示虽然暂肘失败了，但仍有成功的希望)Thereisstillhope.(希望直到现在一直存在着)Thereisyethope•（虽屡遠失败.但成功的希望还是有的）4）在賤问句中，用already肘希望得到肯定的回答，而用yet肘则不指望得到期确的答复。still和yet还可同beto+动词连用，强调将来意义，常有否定意义Thetimeisyettocome.肘机未到。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书296第六讲訓词Thehottestweatherisstilltocome.最热的夭宅还没到。(ha$n..tcome)2・hardly,barely,rarely和scarcely这四个词意义相近，都是表示否定概念，但也有一些差别。l)rarely意为“唯得，不常”(notoften)RarelyhaveIseenhimsmile.我难得见M她笑。Sherarelystaysuplate.她很少熬夜。2)hardly往往强调能力上有困难，意为“简直不，很难”Hecanhardlyjumpoverthefence.他很难跳过那个翔•栏。Sheissotiredthatshecanhardlycontinuetowrite.3)scarcely往往强调不足，常同enough,sufficient,any等表示程度的词连用，意为“不俎几乎，简直没有”Hehasscarcelyanymoneyleft・他几乎没有钱了。Hewasscarcelywellenoughtostandup.他身体不丈好，还不能秋起来。4)barely与hardly和scarcely意思相近，意为“几手，勉强，仅能做到"Hecanbarelysupporthiswifeandthreechildren.Hehadbarelytimetocatchthetrain.他差点没赶上公共丸车。Ihardly(barely,scarcely)knewwhattodothen.我多对几乎不知遒该怎么办。..如果后而跟有ever,any,atall等词，只能用hardly或scarcely,不能用barely。例如：There..shardlyanycoalleft.几乎没有煤剩下了。He..$scarcelyatallinterestedinthebook.他对这本书几乎没有什么兴趣。6.high和highlyf参阅有关部分)Thebirdsareflyinghighinthebluesky.乌在蓝夭里富富飞翱。Theoldworkerishighlyrespectedbytheyoungmen.(信受崇<)..high作訓词对，意为“壽壽地，在(向)壽处"(tooratahighlevelinposition,movement.sound）o比如：singhigh（需>唱）,dimbhigh（攀得韵,aimhigh（胸怀大志）等，payhigh（付富价）,playhigh（丸赌）,livehigh（生活奢侈）,fixone..shopeshigh（期望很韵。highly意为“极,非常”（toahighdegree）o比如：highlyskillful（翥度熟练），highlyamusing（非常有趣J,speakhighlyofsbthinkhighlyofone..swork（盛赞禁人的工作）等。7.direct和directly（参词有关部分）HewillflydirecttoNewYork.他将•直飞纽约。（不旌.其他地方停顿）Themanagercriticisedhimdirectly.经理直丰地參匕评了他。..direct用作訓词时意为“径直地、直接地”（inastraightline）odirectly意为“直率地，直了当地”（inadirectmanner）,还表示“正好地；立即，马上"（just;immediately;soon）等卷 思。directly还可用作连词，表示“一多，一俟”（assoonas）。例如：Herviewsaredirectlyopposedtomine.她的意见正好跟我的相反。Theywenthomedirectlyafterthemeeting.会一结束他们就回家了。Directlytheteachercamein,everyonewasquiet.老师一进屋.大家都挣了下来。8・short和shortly（参闻有关部分）Thecarstoppedshortatthecrossroad.那辆车在十字路口炎然停了下来。Hewillbebackshortly.她马上就会回来。..short可以用作別词,表示“突然地，出其不意地w（suddenly,abruptly）;shortly憲为“不久、马上”（soon）。此外,shortly还有“简要地、不耐烦地”等卷。例如：Shediedinanaccidentshortlyafterwards•她疫不久以后的一次事坎中死了。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版）297五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较Heexplainedthepassageshortlyandclearly.他简要而请楚地解评了这段丈章。Heansweredshortlythathedidn..tcareaboutwhatIdid.他不时烦地回答说，他不淮.乎我做什么。9・rather,ratherthan和rather・..thanlt..sratheragoodbook.It..sarathergoodbook.即是I本相多好的书oHe..sratherabore.他这人有点乏味。1）rather可以放在名词前，意为“相多，有几分”。若右词前没有形家词，rather通常置于不定冠词前.若名词前有形家词‘rather可置于不定冠词的前面或后面，即rather+a4-形家词+名词或者a+rather+形彖词+名词。另外,rather可以修饰禁些动词，并可以用在比较级或too前Thistreeisrathertallerthanthatone.这榇树比那標树富一些。Thoseshoesarerathertoobigforme.那些蛊子我穿太丸。Iratherlikethebook.我很喜欢这本书。Note：fairly和very均不能用于比较级it；quite可用于better之前，但不用于其他比较级之前。2）ratherthan用作连词，其后的成分表示否定概念，意为“与其..不如，孕可..而不，不是..而是”，后面可以接名词、名词短语、代词、形彖词、副词、动词、不定式、动名词等名词Heisawriterratherthanateacher.与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。ShestudiedEnglishliteratureratherthanFrenchliterature.她研兗英国丈学，而非比国丈学。代词Wearetoblameratherthanthey.该受责备的是我们，不是他们。I,ratherthanyou,shouldtaketheresponsibility.该负责的是我，而不是你。形彖词Thecolourseem$greenratherthanblue.这颜色似乎是蓝的，而不是绿的。Heisgenerousratherthanstingy.他很慷慨、幷不客啬。到词Theshipsankquicklyratherthanslowly.船沉得很快，而非很慢。SheusuallygetsupearlyratherthanIate.她经常早起，而不是娩起。动词Heranratherthanwalked・他跑着，不是走着。（注意对态一玫）Shewroteratherthantelephoned.她写了信，不是打了电话。（注意肘态一敷）Heresignedratherthantookpartinsuchadishonesttransaction.他字愿辞职,也不愿参加这种欺诈交易。 Shefoundthatthenewmeasuredecreasedherworkloadratherthanincreasedherworkload.她发现新的措施减轻了她的工作负担，而不是增加了她的工作负相。不定式（不带to）Ratherthancausetrouble,hewentaway.他序可走开而不愿惹麻烦。Ratherthanallowtheapplestogobad.hesoldthemathalfprice.与其让这些苹果烂掉，他半价处理了。Ratherthanhavetheradiorepaired,she..dliketobuyanewone.与其修理那部收音机，她倒想去买一部新的。不走式（不带to）Hewantedtoswimratherthanplayvolleyball•他想去游冰.不想去打排球。Itcausedpeopletothinkandactratherthanjuststandby.它使得人们进行思考并且行动，而不是仅仅袖手务观。介词短语Theyreliedmainlyonthemselvesratherthanonoutsidehelp.他们主要依靠t己.而不是依靠外界的帮助。Hewenttotheparkintheeveningratherthaninthemorning.他不是在早上而是农娩上到衣园里去。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书298第六讲訓词分词Itissnowingratherthanrainingoutside.外面在下酉、不是在下雨。Sheislaughingratherthancrying.她在笑，不是在哭。Hehasbeenstandingfirmratherthansurrendering.他一直彳艮坚也不思投吟。动名词Ratherthanregrettingforthefailure,whynottryagain?与其为失败而后悔，为什么不再试一次呢？Ratherthanbeingpessimistic,weshouldbeoptimistic.我们应该乐观，而不应悲观。Heprefersgoingtobedearlyratherthanburningthemidnightoil.他喜欢早腫，不喜欢熬夜。句子Itiswhathemeantratherthanwhathesaid・这是他的意思，而话倒没这么讲。HeaskedmehowIfoundtheholeratherthanhow1escaped・他问我是怎样发现这个洞的，而不是问我怎样逃出来的。Note:©ratherthan后接不带to的不定式肘，通常表示主观上不愿干什么；而后接限定的动词形式（过去式等）对，则表示客观情况的否走。比较：Heleftratherthanlivewithher.他富开了，不愿同她住蛊一起。（主观愿望）Heleftratherthanlivedwithher.他离开了，而不是同她住在一起_。（瘵观事卖）②有肘候,ratherthan后接不带to的不定无或动名词均可。例如：Youcouldgoyourownway,ratherthanfollow（或following）theirfootsteps.③rather...than...意为“孕愿..而不，与其说..还不如说”，rather后的成分表示肯定板念,than后的成分表示否定概念。例如：Iwouldratheryousettletheprobleminprivatethanbylaw.我字愿你把这件事私下了结，而不要去诉错法律。Itisratherpleasantthantasteful.与其说它丈雅，不如说它贵心悦目。Hewouldratherremainobscurethangetfameinsuchadespicableway.他宇可默然无闻，也不愿意用这种可耻的手段去沽名钓誉。9.verytiredfromlongwork和muchtiredbylongworkJackwasverytiredfromlongwork.杰丸因长时间工作而感列很累。Jackwasmuchtiredbylongwork.长对问的工作使杰克疲惫不堪。..有些动词的过去分词习惯上彼看成为普通形彖词，要求用very修饰，而不用much。常见的这类彳司有:tired、drunk、amused,troubled、upset,valued,worried,concerned,attached,learned等。..上面两个例句中的tired厲于不同的词类。第一例中的tired是普通形彖词，作表语，故用very修饰。第二例中的tired是动词tire（使..疲•势）的过去分词，句子为彼动语态结构，故用much修饰，very不能用来修饰动词（参阅有关章节）。 Note:在现代英语中，禁些由过去分词转化来的形家词可同时用very,muchverymuch修饰，这类形彖词有：annoyed困扰的,excited兴奋的，disappointed失望的,satisfied满意的,celebrated著名的5disgusted讨庆的,delighted壽兴的.ashamed感到可耻的,frightened惊吓的.interested感兴趣的.dejected垂头表毛的.surprised惊讶的‘pleased壽兴的,contented满足的，等。例如：Sheisverysatisfiedwithherpresentjob.Sheismuchsatisfiedwithherpresentjob.Sheisverymuchsatisfiedwithherpresentjob.她只寸t己目前的工作彳艮满意。9•whatagoodchanee.suchagoodchance和sogoodachanee.howgoodachance1)such是形彖词.what是代词.用来修饰名词 大学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版）299五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较结构为：$uch（what）+a（an）+单数名词such（what）+复数可数名词（前无冠词）such（what）+不可数名词（前无冠词）••上述结构中的名词前面可用形彖词作定语。例如：Howdidyoumakesuchamistake?Thenewsgavehersuchashock.IstheresuchabookinEnglish?Whatwonderfulgoodfortuneshewasenjoying!Whatnonsenseyoutalk!Hehassuchagoodchance.（单数）Whatagoodchaneehehas!Itissuchafineday.（单数）Whatafinedayitis!Itissuchsweetmusic•（不可数）Whatsweetmusicitis!Theyaresuchgoodbooks.（复数）Whatgoodbookstheyare!2）so和how是訓词，其后不可接a或an,要丸接形彖词，然后再接a或an结构为：so（how）+形家词+a（an）+单数名词（这科结构中只能用单数可数名词）l..veneverseensobeautifulagirl.Hewillneverforgivesoterribleaninsult.Howtallatreeitis!Hehassogoodachance•Howgoodachaneehehas!Itissofineaday.Howfineadayitis!比较：lt..$suchaninterestingbookthatyoushouldreadit.It..ssointerestingabookthatyoushouldreadit.Whatacleverboyheis!Howcleveraboyheis!Itissosweetmusic•（娱）（so不可修饰名词短语sweetmusic）Themusicissosweet.（正）（so修饰形家词sweet）Theyarehowgoodbooks.（娱）（how不可修饰名词短语goodbooks）Howgoodthebooksare.（正）（how修饰形家词good）3）如果菠修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词，就要用such,而不能用soWe..venevermetsogentlepeople•（谢 We..venevermetsuchgentlepeople•（正）Theyaresuchgoodstudents• 吹邑。ipns固K65固濮4W•尽&剜起旧風沖244一一•ME•ipnE>upE轉頻思2餌4(寸•UO4Plu」£u一kindlywithpatience->patientlywithgreatfluencyffluentlywithcare->carefullywithease—easilywithdiligence->diligentlywithasmile->smilinglywithcare-*carefullywithcourage->courageouslywithearnestness->earnestlywithefficiency->efficientlywithagrowl->growlingly咆哮地withjoy->joyfully需兴地withpleasure-^pleasurably乐意地withsorrow->sorrowfullywithfairness->fairlyinprivate—privatelyinwonder->wonderfullyintriumph->triumphantlyinearnest->earnestlyinpublicfpubliclyindespair->despairinglyinfact->reallyontime->punctuallyintime-nearlyenoughbychance->accidentlybygoodluck—luckily45•too,also和either1)too和also词义基本相同.用于肯定句、作“也.并且”鮮.但也有一些区别。too比较O语化，常住于句尾，前面一般有遑号，有时也可住于句中，前后常用逼号隔开Thiskindofshirtismadeinothercities,too.Theywilltoo.graduatefromtheuniversitynextyear.2)also较正式，一般住于be动词、助动词和情态动词之后，行为动词之前，有对也住于句耆或句尾Shewillalsojointheteam.Heispastsixtyyearsold;alsoheisinpoorhealth•(而且.冉说)Youdidherafavouralso.ShespeaksEnglish.andChinesetoo.ShespeaksEnglish,(and)alsoChinese.ShespeaksEnglish.andChinesetoo•3)農否定句中用either,住于句尾；但否定句中也可用too,住于be动词、助动词和情态动词之前Hedidru.tfindananswertotheproblem,andItoodidru.tfind.Note：too有时相当于thougho例如：Ican..tdotheworkwell;lhavetriedmybesttoo.虽然我尽了 最丸努力.但这项工作我做不好。45•overnight和overnight1)overnight是介词短语.意为“一夜.整夜，疫前一夜”•作肘问状语Theystayedovernightintheopen•他们在户外呆了一夜。2)ovemight可作訓词、动词或形彖词。到词overnight意为“在夜间，在整个夜里，在一夜之问，突然”：动词overnight意为“过夜”，为不及杨动词；形彖词overnight意为“夜间的”Preparationsweremadeovernightforanearlystart.整夜都在为早A出发做准备。Hebecamefamousovernight•他一夜之间成了名。Theymadeanovernighttourtotheoldtempie•他们夜游期p座古庙。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版)311五、一些副词或副词短语的用法与比较Sheovernightedatasmallhotel.她疫一家小彖馆过的夜。45.aside和asidel)aside是副词短语，作状语用，意为“一方，毎一边”Theystoodtenasideonthesportsground・他们在襟场上毎一边誌10人。2)a$ide是副词，意为"在•务边.在一边，到一边"Helaidthebookaside.他把书放到一边_。Don..tturnasidefromyourchosenpath.不要富开你所选择的道路。46.wantsb.inside中的inside是介词还是刮词在Iwantherinside—句中,inside用作副词，意为“我想让她进来”。“及场动词+宾语+副词”是一种很简洁的结构。例如：Hehasgonetothestationtoseeafriendoff.他去了车北、为一个朋发送行。Hehelpedherout.他帮她滾过了难关。Pleaseaskhimin.请让他进来。Theyputthechairunder.他们把椅子放在下面。Johnwantedtotakeoffthecap,butMothersaid,No,leaveiton.w约输想杷帽子脱下，但母亲说“：不,还是戴着”。49.little作副词的用法1)little可以修饰动词(l)little可以动词。例如:Theymetverylittle・他们很少见面。(=rarely)Itmatterslittle.这没有关糸。Sheknowslifetoolittle.她对生活知道得丈少。Helittlecaresaboutit.他对此不介意。(2)little同动彳司dream,expect,guess,imagine,know,realize,suspect,think等连用肘，表示“亳不，完全不”，相当于notatallo例如：Ilittledreamedthathewouldcomebackalive.我做梦也没想到他会好着回来。Theylittlesuspectthattheirsecrethasbeendisclosed.他们丝亳没想到他们的秘密己狄世豫。Ilittlerealizedthatthereweresomanydifficulties.我一点也没料到会有这么多的困难。⑶little同so,as,too,how连用肘也可用作訓词。例如：Heknowstheworldtoolittletobeageneralmanager.他对社会了解丈少，多不了总经理。Itshowshowlittlesheknow$life.这表朗她对生诊知道得多么少。Heknowstheplanaslittleasyou.他对这个计划了鮮得同你一择少。(4)little还可修饰形家词或刮词。例如：Hissuccessislittleshortofamiracle.他的成功简直就是个奇迹。Heislittleworriedaboutit.他对这件事很少担心。(almostnot)Heisalittleworriedaboutit.他对这件事•有些担心。(somew hat)Thisbookislittlebetterthanthatone.这本书比即本书好不多少。Thisbookisalittlebetterthanthatone.这本书比那本书好些。Heislittlericherthanbefore.他跟从前一样穷。(=almostaspooras)Heisalittlericherthanbefore.他比从前富一些。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书312第六讲訓词Sheborrowedlittlelessthan1,000dollars.她借的钱不少于1000美元。(=almostasmuchas)Sheborrowedalittlelessthan1,000dollars.她借的钱不足1000美元。Sheislittlebettertoday.她今夭仍不见好转。(=almostasbadas)Sheisalittlebettertoday.她今天好一点。50.nothing作副词的用冻nothing可以用作副词，表示“绝不，一点也不”，相当于nottheleast,never。例如：Heisnothingworried•他一点也不担心。Ithinknothingaboutit•我对此一点也不在意。Itisnothingbetter.这一点也不臾好。Itisnothingeasier.这一点也不灵家易。Thathelpsusnothing•那对我们没有任何犁助。Thatbookisnothingsointerestingasthisone.那本书一点也没有这本书有趣。51.缩合连接副词有些副词，既起关连作用，又充多丸行词，集关糸刮词与丸行词于一身，通常称作缩合连接副词，多引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句，where=theplacewhere,when=thetimewhen.why=thereasonwhy、wherever=anyplacewhere,whenever=anytimewheruhowever=nomatterhow。例如:That..swheretheyfoundgold.那就是他们发现黄全的地方。(=theplacewhere)Wedon..tknowwhenheranawayfromhome•我们不知道他什么肘候富家出走的。Cometoseeuswheneveryoucan.你什么肘候有空.就什么肘候来看我们。You..11nevergetithoweveryoutry.不管怎样努力.你都得不到它。测试练习(头)I、选择填空1•cigaretteagreeswithme.A•HardlynoB•NearlynoC•RarelynoD•Almostnone2•It..squitelatenowandMr.Whitehasn..tlefthisoffice•A•stillB.alreadyC.sinceD.yet3.Hedoesn..thaveforeignersinhiscafe.A.soonB•seldomC.oftenD.sometimes4.Theseatsinthesecondplane•A•hadcompletelybeenalmostallfilledB•hasallbeenalmostcompletelyfilledC.hadalmostallbeencompletelyfilledD.Hadalmostbeencompletelyfilledall5.4