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  • 2022-06-17 16:07:35 发布

大学英语语法第六讲副词

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副词一>分类在意义上,副词可以分为对问副词(now,bte).地点副词(here,up),程度副词(very,so),频率刮词(often,rarely),方式訓词(fast,easily),态度刮词(maybe,honestly)和逻辑连接副词(hence,however)等。在功能上,到词可以分为一般到词(there),疑问討词(when),连接副词(how,where),关糸副词(as,why)和鮮释性副词(namely,forexample,i.e.那就是,e.g.例如,viz即)等。关系訓词引导定语从句,连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。本书对关糸到词和连接副词不作区分。Whyshecommittedsuicideisstillamystery.(主语从句)l..dliketoknowhowshedidit.(宾语从句)Thisiswhereyouaremistaken•(表语从句)Thatistheplacewherehewasarrested.(定语从句)Askherwhentoopenit.问她什么时候把它村开。(不定无)二、构成1.丸部分副词由相应的形家词加上后缀・ly构成、但注意有变化1)一般悄况slowfslowlydear-►dearlycool->coollybad->badlyfinalffinallyexact->exactly2)-y结尾的词happy—happilyangry->angrily•■但shy->shyly(或shily).gay->gayly(^gaily),dry—dryly(或drily)3)-le结尾的词,省去再加~ysubtle—subtlynoble->noblysingle->singlyidle->idlyable->ably••但:supple->supplely,sole->solely,pale—palely,vile->vilely,stale—stalely,whole—wholly4)-ue结尾的词、去掉~巴再加Jytrue->trulydue—duly5)-e结尾的词,直接加・lycomplete->completelywi$e->wi$elywide->widelylone->lonelyloose->looselydefinite—definitely 6)-ic结尾的词,加-allyeconomic->economicallyhistoric->historically新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书268第六讲訓词tragic->tragicallyphonetic->phoneticallyautomatic->automaticallydemocraticfdemocraticallyfantastic->fantasticallyenergetic—energeticallyfanaticffanatically••但:publicfpublicly.political->politically7)-ly结尾的词,去掉~y,加・ilymelancholy->melancholilymanly->manlilychilly—chiHily8)-II结尾的词,只加・yfull-*fullydullfdully9)其他词类+-ly构成的訓词first(序数词)ffirstlyover(介词)foverlymost(不定代词)->mostlyaccordingf现在分词)->accordinglydetermined(过去分词)-►determinedlymatter-of-fact(短语)-►matter-of-factlykind-hearted(形彖词)fkinckheartedlyill-natured(形彖词)->ill-naturedlymarked(过去分词)->markedlylingering(现在分词)-►lingeringly2.有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后<-ward(s)构成的,意为“向forward(s),backward(s).downward(s),northward(s).upward($),stationward(s).leftward(s).homeward(s).onward(s).inward(s)3.有些到词是由名词加后缴-wise构成的,表示住置、方向、状态、有关等意义sidewise,clockwise,crabwise,money-wise,saleswise.taxwise,lengthwise.educationwise.weatherwise,corkscrew-wiseNote:①有少数到词加后<-ways,-Iong,-ling($)构成。例如:sideways,lengthways.headlong.sidelingfs)②有些刮词是加a-,here-,there-,where-构成的。例如:away,ashore,asideherein(inthis),hereby,hereaftertherein(inthat),thereby,thereafterwherein(inwhich或inwhat)•whereby,whereon4.芷些以名词+」y构成的词和其他结构的词,既可作刮词,也可作形家词下面名词+-ly构成的词既是訓词又是形家词:1)hourlyTheiraveragehourlyearningsare20yuan.他们毎订、时的收入是20元。(开纟彖£司)Theguardsshiftedhourly.卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)2)weeklyaweeklypaymentof100yuan毎周100元的报酬(形彖词)Theymetweekly.他们毎周碰一次面。(訓词) 1)yearlyayearlymeeting年会(形家词)Theinterestisnormallypaidonceyearly•利息通常毎年付一次。(訓词)4)leisurelyHeoftentakesaleisurelywalkinthegardenintheevening.娩问.他常常在庭院里轻松地散散步。(形家词)Hewalkedleisurelyalongtheroad.他在路边您诃地走着。(訓词) 269二.构成••其他如:dailypaper目Mpublishdaily毎天出版quarterlyreview季刊meetquarterly毎季开会一次thenightlyskies夜空appearnightly夜间出现fortnightlypublication两周一次的刊物performfortnightly每两周表演一次monthlysalary月薪comemonthly毎月来一次ghostlylaugh可怕的笑声ghostlypale鬼一般地苍勺worldlyknowledge人情世坎worldlywise善于处.世jollylife舒心愉快的生活jollygood非常好cleanlyroom请洁的房间cutcleanly干净利落地切deadlypoison烈性<药deadlyserious圾为认真kindlyheart慈悲心肠speakkindly亲切地说livelygirl诊泼的女孩steplively轻快地走Note:manly,costly等名词+-ly构成的词只用作形家词,参阅第五讲。另外,monthly(月刊),daily(目报),weekly(周报),quarterly(季刊),bimonthly(玖月刊)等还可作名词用,如BeijingWeekly《北京周报》。5.alike是形彖词也是副词英语中有些刮词带有前缀a・,这类词有些同肘也是形彖词。例如:alone.adrift.astray迷路.aslant倾斜,afoot徒步.aboard在翱上、abroad,askew歪斜,ahead等。Theythinkalike.他们有同样想法。Theboyhasgoneastray•Shewenttothestationafoot.6.具有两种形式的同根訓词有些到词具有两种形无,一种与形家词同形,一种是形彖词加后缀Jy构成的。这两种形式的訓词有肘含义相同或略有不同,有时则意义完全不同。比较T面几组词。1)hard和hardly Itisraininghard.(猛烈地) Heworksveryhard•(努力地)Shelistenedhard.(仔细地)Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(几乎不)2)clean和cleanlyIcleanforgotaboutit•(完全地、彻底地)Themangotcleanaway•那人起得无影无球。Heiscleanoutoffood.他完全没有东西吃了。Hepulledonecorkcleanly,buttheothercrumbled.(禾」素地.顺矛!1地)Note:cleanly作“请楚地”鮮时,读作〔..klinli〕,也可用作形家词,作“爱请洁的”年作[..klenli],acleanlycato3)late和latelyVerylateatnight.Igotaphonecall•(娩.迟)Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(最近)4)most和mostly 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书270第六讲訓词Theheadisthemostsensitivepartofthebody.(最)Thesnakehuntsmostlyatnight•(主要地)Theguestsaremostlyfriendsofthebride.(丸多数地)5)close和closelyHestoodclosetothewall.(靠近)Hewasfollowingclosebehind.(近)WatchwhatIdoclosely•(细心地)Theprisonswerecloselyguarded•(严密地)6)dead和deadlydeadsure(的确)deadtired(极其)deadahead(正好)deaddrunk(完全地)stopdead(突然地)Hewasdeadlypale.(死一般地)Sheisdeadlysleepy.(非常)7)sharp和sharplyWearrivedatthestationatteno.・docksharp.(准肘)looksharp注意singsharp用升半咅喝Atthecrossroads,weturnedsharp(sharply)totheleft.(急剧地)(作“急剧地.炎然地”鮮时,用sharp和sharply均可)8)slow和slowlyTheworkersdecidedtogoslow.(怠工)(slow通常与go.drive.walk等动词连用.置于动词之后,其他动词多同slowly连用,slowly在句中的住置较灵话)Speakslowly,please•«)Sheawakenedslowly•Sheslowlyawakened.Slowlysheawakened.••但在下面几句中.用slowly和slow均可:Howslowly/slowtimepasses!Goslow/slowly,we..recomingtoasharpturn•You..dbettergoslow/slowlyinreachingadecision•9)right和rightlyAllwentright.(好)Hewentrightaway.(立即)Gorighthomeatonce!(直接) Ihaven..treadthebookrightthrough.(完全地)Thebookisrightinfrontofher.(恰好) 人IUUJIJ吐uujy(Ol(•(科別」漳)人RU8!」pmssmnS3H:饕M丘®功"境冈仔*书爭顶人12即■睪T?)(解塚T)*;!passang人|)q8uan (硏^T)•Suiujo?广usoMaqjo屮passanS人pq§u|丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)271二、构成Alwaysholdfirmtoyourbeliefs.Standfirm.但:Hefirmlybelievesthat.(坚走地)Fixthenailfirmlyinthewall•(丰固地)11)fair和fairlyWemustplayfair.(公正地)Shehithimfaironthenose.「合好)They..vedealtfairandsquarewithhim.(公平地)但:Shetoldthefactsfairly.(不感情用事■或不带偏见地)Hewasfairlybesidehimselfwithjoy.(相当地.非常)fairlywell(非常好)fairlygood12)easy和easilyTakeiteasy.(withsth.oronsb.省着用,慢慢来)Goeasy.(别急)Easysaid,easygo.轻诺者往往失信。getoffeasy没受多大惩罚Standeasy!休息!Easiersaidthandone.做上匕说难。但:Icaneasilyfinishittoday•(家易地)Heiseasilysatisfied.(家易地)Itiseasilythebesthotel.(无刻13)wide和widelyHestandswithlegswideapart.(宽阔地,張得很开)Hermouthiswideopen•(完全地)Theballwentwide(faraway)fromtherightpoint•(偏斜地)Canningisthemostwidelyusedmethodoffoodpreservation•(广泛地)Theydifferedwidelyinopinion•(很大地,在很多地方)Heiswidelyknown.(到处)14)sure和surely"CanIsithere?"“Sure.”(当然可以)Itsurewasamystery.(的确)Hewillsurelysucceed.(一定)Youdon..twanttohurthisfeelingssurely•(当然)15)loud和loudlyDon..tspeaksoloud.(loud指咅量的丸小,常同talk,speak,sing,laugh等连用) Heissnoringloudly•Tellthechildrennottospeaksoloudly.(loudly指发音对用力的强度,具有"大叫,呼号”等合义,有时相多于noisily,常指“令人不快的噪咅”)Sheisloudlydressed•(花哨地)Pleasereadoutloud(aloud).(“朗读”不可用loudly) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书272第六讲訓词..但下面两句均正确:Hespokeloudandclear•(口语)Hespokeloudlyandclearly•(书面语)16)deep和deeply⑴表示静止状态的具体潦度一般用deep,修饰形家词或动词表示抽象潦度则用deeplyo例如:Shestoodthere,herfeetdeepinthegrass•Ienjoyitdeeply•Shewasdeeplygratefultoyouforyourhelp.(2)衣workdeepintothenight,godeepintothematter(深入探£寸),drinkdeep(痛饮).deep-rootedeye$(iS.陷的眼畴)等词组中,不用deeplyo..有时两者可以换用。例如:Sheisdeepinlove.Sheisdeeplyinlove.digdeepdigdeeply17)near和nearlyTheholidayisdrawingnear.(接近、指时间和空间)Hewasnearlyrunoverbyacar•(几乎.差不多)18)round和roundlyTurnyourchairroundandfaceme.(转过来)Hewasroundlycriticizedbytheteacher•(狠狠地)..下面两组句子都是正确的,第一句用于口语.第二句用于书面:Shewassleepingsound.Shewassleepingsoundly・Helayquietuntilthedangerwasover.Helayquietlyuntilthedangerwasover•Note:(D在句首或动词前面肘.应用带」y的副词。例如:Slowlyshewalkedtowardsthegraveyard.(不用slow)②与形彖词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作彼强调部分。例如:Itwasclearthatshespoke.(谖)Itwasclearlythatshespoke.(正)Itwasloudandclearthatshespoke•(正)③greatly通常槻用来修饰动词,除有肘修饰形家词比较级或类似的词如superior,inferior等外,一般不修饰形彖词。例如:Thebookisgreatlyinteresting.(谖) Thebookisvery(fairly)interesting•(正)Thiscar.manufacturedatapricegreatlyhigherthanthatcar.isgreatlysuperiorinmanyrespects.(正)Igreatlyappreciateyoursuggestions•Shewasgreatlyfrightenedofhim.(g)有些这类到词,修饰动词有时不需加・ly、但在修饰形家词、介词、现在分词或过去分词对,却要加・ly,常见的有high(ly),direct(ly),wide(ly),tight(ly)o多然,这些副词另外还各自有其特定的用出,参阅本章其她部分。比较:Hewillcommunicatewithyoudirect.Hewasdirectlyaffectedbythedisaster•(不用direct) 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版)273二、构成19)free和freelyThedogranfreeonthefarm.(无约束地)Thehorsebrokefree.(松开着)Headmittedthemistakefreely•(直率地)Theywalkedfreelyinthepark•(自由地)Thebooksaregivenawayfree.(免费)Thebooksaregivenawayfreely.(大量地.慷慨地)20)large和largelywritelarge(彳艮丸地)saillarge(顺庵地)Itisstupidtotalklarge.(夸大地,自夸地)Hissuccessislargelyduetoluck.(主要地,基本上)Hedrinkslargely.(丸量地)21)clear和clearlyHeclimbedcleartothetopofthetree•(一直地.完全地)Standclearofthedoorsofthetrain•(避开.不碰上)Theincidentremainedveryclearlyinhermind.(淸楚地、请晰地)Thetimeisclearlyripeforit.(显然)Note:clear也可以表示“请楚地”,但前有程度訓词修饰肘,只能用clearly,比较:Speakloudandclear.(正)Hespeaksveryclear.(谖)Hespeaksveryclearly.(正)22)short和shortlyYou..dbettercutshortyourtalk•lt・.slate•(简短)Hesaidhewouldbebackshort•(不久)••但也可以说:Sheansweredhimshort(或shortly)whenheaskedhim.23)flat和flatlyknocksb.downflat(平直地)Theywentflatagainstorders.(斷然地)He..sflatbroke.(完全地)Hefinishedwritingtheletterintwentyminutesflat•(正好)Hekeptsingingflat.(用斧调)Sheflatlyrefusedhisdemand.(坚决地)Hetoldherflatlythathewouldn..tpaythecost.(坦率地)24)cheap和cheaplyHeboughtitcheapandsolditdear.(便宜地)Ineverthoughthewouldactsocheap.(卑都地)Thebikewascheaplybought.(便宜地)Heescapedcheaply.(easily) Note:cheap和cheaply都可以表示“便宜地,廉价地”・但cheap只能用于动词之后、不可用于动词前.并常同sellbuy连用.而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。比较:Thetraintakesyoutothecitycheaply.(正)Thetraintakesyoutothecitycheap.(谋) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书274第六讲訓词Itwascheaplysold.(正)Itwascheapsold•(娱)25)first和firstlyYou..dbetterphoneherfirst.(丸)Ifirstmetherinasmallvillage.(初次)Shesaidshewouldresignfirst•(字可)thefirstthreedays(最初的,开始的)Firstlyheexplainedsomesentences:secondlyhegaveabriefcommentonthewholeessay•(第一、看先,用于列举)26)rough和roughlytreatsb.rough(粗暴地)liverough(简陋地)sleeprough(覆猪)travelrough(因陋就简地嵌行)Theyroughlytreatedtheprisoners.(粗暴地)Roughlyspeaking,heearnedabout200dollarslastmonth.(大致地)Note:rough只能用在动词后面‘roughly则可以用在动词前面或后面。27)pretty和prettilyThewindblewprettyhard•(相多,十分、相多于rather)Shewasprettilydressed.(漂亮地)Hewasprettilypunished.(合•宜地)Heansweredtheteacherprettily•(有礼貌地)Note:注意下面短语的含5C:prettymuch(well,nearly)差不多(几乎),sitpretty处.于极有利的地住。例如:lt..sprettywellimpossibletoclimbthemountaininwinter.在冬天要爬那座山几乎是不可能的。28)false和falselyHeplayedherfalse.他欺骗了她。(不忠卖地.背信弃义地)judgesb.falsely(错誤地)Themanwasfalselyaccused.(冤杠地)Hetreatedmefalsely.(虚伪地)29)new和newlynew-fallensnow(新、新近)Itisanewlybuiltfactory.(新近地)Theyareanewlymarriedcouple.(最近)Itisanewly-painteddoor.(重新.再一次) Note:new作副词用肘,表示“新,新近”,帝用于复合词中,同过去分词构成复合形彖词,中间一般有连字符,再new-laideggs新下的new-foundland新发现的丸陆,new七ornbaby新生婴儿.new・plantedcrops新种的庄anew-foundfriend新交的朋友。30)last和lastly 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版)275二、构成last-born(最后)Hecamelast.(最后地)Whendidyouseeherlast?(上一次,最后一次)Lastly,Iwanttothankthehostessforherconsideration•(最后一A,最后。帝住于句看,表示列举的最后一点)31)even和evenlyEvenachildcansayit•(芯至.即使)Itisanevenworsemistake.(4至更)Thegoodsareevenlydistributedamongthem•(平均地)Hespreadthebutteronthebreadevenly•(均匀地)32)express和expresslyYou..dbettersendtheletterexpress.(用快件寺运)Hecamehereexpresstoseeher.(特意地)Iexpresslytoldhimwhattodo•(朗确地,请楚地)Thebookisexpresslywrittenforcollegestudents.(专门地)33)bright和brightlyThestarsshinebright.(^J亮地.只能同shine连用.并放Ashine后面)Thelampsareshiningbrightly.(明亮地)Thefloorisbrightlypainted.(鮮艳地)34)full和fullysitfullinthesun(直接地)hitsb.fullonthenose(正好)Heisfullyawareofit.(完全地)Thechildrenarefullyfed•(克分地)Icaru.tfullydescribeherface.(确切地)Note:注意下面的习惯用法:fullripe全熟7,fullmany彳艮多,fullwell很好,turnfullaround直转过来,lookfullatsb•直月丁着禁人.fullinthecentre正多中,knowfullwell非常了鮮。35)just和justlyHediditjustforfun.(只是,仅仅)Theyjustcaughtthebus.(勉强地,差一点就不)Themoonhasjustcomeout.flj)Helivedjustinthisroom.(正好,恰恰正是)Shewastreatedjustly.(公正地)Hewasjustlypunishedforthecrimes.(应得地)36)dear和dearlyHepaiddearforthecomputer.(昂贵地) Shesellsherpropertyverydear•(當价地)Helovesherdearly.(深■情地)Victorywasdearlybought.(昂贵地)He..ddearlyliketoseeyou•(非帝)Note:©dear作“昂贵地"鮮时,用其字母意义.常同sell,buy,pay,cost等连用.只能放在动词后面。dearly作“昂贵地”鮮肘.用其比冷意义。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书276第六讲訓词②holdsomethingdear(cheap)珍视(轻视)禁杨、这里dear和cheap为形家词。37)sound和soundlyTheboyisstillsoundasleep•(酣畅地)Theirfootballteamwassoundlybeatenbyours•(痛打,大畋)Note:既可以说sleepsound、也可以说sleepsoundly。38)direct和directlyHeflewdirecttoNewYork・(径直地、表示路程或肘间)Theyarenotdirectlyaffected.(直接地)Heansweredmeverydirectly•(直截了当地)Thebookstoreisdirectlyoppositetheshop.(正好地)Hewillcomedirectly.(马上,立刻)Note:既可以说Answermedirect•也可以说Answermedirectly•39)inward和inwardlyThedooropenedinward、notoutward•(向内.向中心•只可放动词后)bleedinwardly内出血(在内部)Inwardly,hedoesn..tlikeher.(在內心)Hespokeinwardly•(小步地、時自地)40)fine和finelyThecoatsuitsmefine.(彳艮好)Hecutupthevegetableveryfine.(细小地)Sheisafinelydressedwoman•(雅致地)Youdidfinely.(极好地)Thepriceshavebeenfinelycalculated.(仔细地)Note:比较不同的用法:fine-spoken说得好.fine-drawn园得好,fine-spun纺得细;finelygroundpepper磨得彳艮细的胡椒粉.finelychoppedmeat切得彳艮细的肉。41)foul和foullyHeplayedfoul.(适反规则地)Hewasfoullymurdered.(卑鄱地)7.可用作別词的名词有些名词在一些固定词组中可用作副词,作状语。例如:bottlefeed人工喂养daydream做勺目绘pitchblack漆黑的icecold冰冷的stonedeaf全车的dogtired累圾的dirtcheap便宜透了skeletonthin骨瘦如柴8.可用作副词的形彖词有些形彖词有肘可用作副词,常见的有good,rare,pretty,right,plenty,damned ,precious,dead,right等。例如:darkred深红的whitehot自热化的devilishcold极tight-fitting紧身的niceandfast(veryfast)realgood真好的icy(bitter)cold冰冷的mightyclever非常聪朗的prettywise十分聪朗的preciousgoodcare信加小心rightglad非常壽兴amazingfinegirls很漂亮的女孩 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版)277二、构成••其他攻。:burninghot.bitingcold,soakingwet.paleblue,greyishgreen,awfulsorry.runclearthrough.stopcold(炎然彳拿止不动).playitcool(保持冷彳#),playfair.dofine,travelfree,mightyfine,plainstupid,plumbcrazy等。Thewindisblowingprettyhard•Shepaysherrentregular.(=regularly)Slicethehamthin.把火腿切得薄薄的。Don..tspreadthebuttertoothick.别把贵油抹得丈厚。Firstthinkandthenspeak.先想后说。Pleasesenditairmail.请寺航空。Theychargeextraforwine•酒另收费。..再如一些习惯表达法:talkbig说丸话,buysomethingduty-free免税买禁炀,bendlow低垂,liveoverseas強.海外居U,liequiet静静地躺着。9・与介词同形的副词1)英语中丸部分介词同肘也可用作到词,其区别是.作介词时接宾语,作副词对不接宾语Thebirdhoppedoffthebranch.乌从树枝上跳下。(介词)Thepaintwaspeelingoff.油漆在脱燎。(訓词)Thereispeakbeyondpeak.层密叠嘩。(介词)Onthedistanthorizonisarangeofmountains•Whatisbeyond?送远的天际是群山。山那边是什么?(副词)2)这类到词可用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等Thebirdsflewoff.乌儿飞走了。Thecloudsabovebegantodisperse.上方的云开始谄散了。Hesleptoutlastnight•他雅娩屣農夕卜面。I..IIbealonginaminute•我一会儿就来。Thetireisdown.车月台瘪气了。Thewaterisdown.水退了。Themilkisoff.牛奶坏了。Theconferencewason.会莊开着。You..reoutthistime.这次你错了。What..$on?现在有什么节目?Thetreatyisoff.协定夬效了。Everybodywasdownonhimthen•多时丸家都看不起他。When1gotthere,Ifoundnobodyabout・我到那儿肘发现那一带没人。Whatkeptyouupsolate?什么使你这么晚还没薩?10.形、刮同形的词有些词既可作形彖词,又可作訓词,现例示如下:1)cleanSheissocleanandtidy• Heiscleanfrommisdeeds.他没有劣迹。Thethiefgotcleanaway.(意为completely)Shecleanforgottoswitchtheovenon•2)latelatespring浆春,alatemarriage晚婚.lateinlife娩年.inone..slatethirties三十七入岁. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书278第六讲词thelatestnews最新消息,thelatePresidentNixon己故的尼克松总统.latepremier<任总理Hekeptlatehours・他屣得很娩。Hesometimescamelatetoclass.Rosesfloweredlatethisyear.今年玫瑰花开得晚。3)widewideshoulders肩膀宽阔amanofwideinformation承。识面广的人Shesattherelookingup.hereyeswidewithpleasure.Hisguessiswideofthefact.他的猗测同事卖相差霑远。Helefttheofficedoorwideopen•(固定彳司纽)Sheiswideawake.(醒透了,机警)(固定词组)Thebulletwentwideofthemark•子弹飞了。..widely意为“在很大程度上,范囲/•阔地”,用法较灵涪,多阅上丈。例如:Hehastravelledwidely.他见闻很广。(不可说travelwide,但可以说travelfarandwide。farandwide为习惯用语)Thewidelyknownman(名人)waswidelyread(傅览群书)andsotheconversationbetweenhimandthePresidentrangedwidely.4)wellSheisverywell.ill的反义词,意为“身体好”,但不能说awellperson,要说ahealthyperson)Everythingiswellwithhim.(顺利的.良好的)Itisallverywelltoleavenow.butwhoistolookafterthegirl?(Itisallverywell+不定式意为“固然很好..但”,是一科反语,表示不赞同、不满意)Hebookedtheroomwellinadvanee.(程度)Cleanthehousewellbeforeyoumovein•(彻底地、好好地)Hetookthejokewell.他对这笑话不介意。Welldone!做得(干得或写得)好!thinkwellofsb.对禁人有好感5)tightMyshoesaretootight.Thejointiscompletelytight.(不漏水毛)Mychestfeelsrathertight.(难受的)Hehasatightscheduletoday.(对间排得满满的)Hecouldconcealhisnervousnessintightsituations(inatightcorner)•(困难的、危险的) Thatisatightgame.(势均力敘)Thegirlsattightuntilhermothercameback•(坐着不动.不可用tightly)Thetwosidessattightwitheachother.(坚持目标、意见等.不可用tightly)Note:在动词和过去分词前要用tightly,疫动词后面,可用tight代眷tightly。比较:Theclustersofhousestightlypackedtogether.Theclustersofhousesarepackedtighttogether.6)slow 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)279二、构成theslowmovement.aslowbook一本索然无味的书,aslowpoison慢性毒药,slowmusic曲调舒缓的咅乐,slowfire丈火.aslowtown枚伍的市镇,aslownight过得很缓慢的夜beslowofspeech说话11,beslowofhearing重听,beslowatmaths不擅长教学,beslowinunderstanding领悟力不强,beslowtolearnsth・学得慢Sheisslowofcomprehension.她的理鮮力彳艮迟钝。Heisslowataccounts•他不善于.算账。Heisslowtoshowhisanger•他不轻易动怒。Howslowyoulikemetoplay?Youshouldgoslowinwhatyouaredoing.你应该谨慎从事。(goslow意为“小心地.谨值地”;也表示“慢慢地走”)7)sharpthesharpteeth(铃利的),sharpfootprints(请晰的),sharpeyes(锐利的)、asharpnose(尖的)•asharppain(剧烈的),asharpdesire(强M的)、asharpappetite(迫切的),asharpturn(突然的),asharpcrackofatwig(请脆的).asharpcontrast(鮮朗的),theCsharpminorprelude(C小调序曲,sharp指半壽咅.minor指小调)Shearrivedatseveno..clocksharp.(准,正)Theroadturnedsharpleft.(急速地)Shesangsharp•(唱爲半音)We.JIhavetolooksharporwe-JInevergetthereintime•(赶快)Looksharp!Thetrainiscoming.(多心)Shelookedsharplyathim.(目光锐利地看不用sharp)Hespokesharplytotheoldwoman•(说话很厉窖不用sharp)8)quickbequickatwork(inmovement)(快的).aquickreply(即刻的)、aquicktemper(急的).quickeyes慧眼.quickears耳朵灵■aquickwit(mind)急智(头脑转得快).aquickboy(伶俐的),bequickofsight(hearing)眼睛尖(听觉灵敘)Hegotrichquick.她很快就发财了。Pleasecomequick!(动词后)Tellmequick.(宾语后)Theeventsmovedasquickassomepeoplethought.Note:quick和quickly均可作刮词,与表示动作的动词连用肘,常可换用,尤其是在口语中。但在下面一句中,须用quickly与accurately连用,以便谐和:Heworksquicklyandaccurately•••在speakquickly,quicklyopenthewindow中要用quickly。9)highthehighcliffsoftheisland(程度高的),highsocialstatus(地住高的).high-qualityproducts(质量好的),thehighwindthehighvoice尖步,haveahighopinionofsb.爲度评价某人(器重某人),highliving奢侈highsummer盛highanxiety极度悲、伤,beinhighspirits兴需采烈 ..high和highly均可作副词,high表示具体的壽度.但与禁些动词塔配也可表示抽象的壽,如:aimhigh目标运丸Jivehigh过富裕生乐runhigh激昂■playhigh下高赌注.常住于动词或宾语之后;而highly刖只表示程度.指抽象的壽。例如:Hecanjumpashighastwometres. 拆/世/纪/英/语/丛/书280第六讲訓词Heheldhisheadhigh.People..senthusiasmisrunninghigh・人冷]的热•所農需涨。Thecaseishighlycomplexindetail.(极复杂)It..5highlyamusing.(极有趣)Hespokehighlyofher.(爲度赞扬)Theyarehighly-educatedpeople.(受过壽等教育的)Heishighlypaid.(薪俸优厚)Sheishighlydelightedatthenews.(非常當兴)10)flattheflatsurface(平整的),aflatbasket(肉的),aflatlie弥夭大谎,aflattire没毛的车aflatdenial浙然否认,feelflat感觉无聊,knockamanflat把禁人打倒在地,layatownflat把一个城市夷为平地,aflatmarket市面箫条,fallflat不成功(不理想),fallflatonthefloor直挺挺地倒在地披上.theflatwriting不尽人意的作文..作刮词用肘,flat意为“绝对地,断然地,阵半咅地,平直地.正好”。flatly也是副词,<为“断然地,绝对地,完全地”(positively),常同oppose,refuse等连用。多闻上丈。例如:Thegeneralwentflatagainsttheorder.(浙M抗命)Heisnowflatbroke.(完全破产)Shetoldhimflatshewouldgoherownway.(斩钉我铁地)Hewastoldtosingflat.(低半音唱)Hefellflatonthefloor.他直挺挺地倒在地上。Sheranthe80-metrein10secondsflat・她80朱跑了10秒整。Heflatly(或flat)rejectedmydemand.(断然地)11)fineafinemusician(优秀的),afineview(美好的),finehair(细的),finedetails(精微的),finefeatures(蟒美的),nottoputtoofineapointonit坦率地说Thecoatfitsmefine.(彳艮)Heisdoingfine.(干得不错)..finely也是到词,参阖上丈。再如:afinelymovinggirl举止优雅的少女,afinelyrestoredtemple修复得很好的寺庙。12)deaddeadwater死水,deadlaws(己废除的),deadletters(无法投递.的),bedeadtoallreason不可理冷.thedeadphone(失去效能的).adeadcigar(熄灭的),thedeadsilence万籁俱疲..dead作訓词用对,<exactly,completely(完全,绝对)。参阖上下丈。例如:Youaredeadwrong.你全错了。 Youaredeadright・(完全正确)Heisdeadtired.(圾为痕傕)Theboyisdeadasleep.(在酣屣)Themanisdeaddrunk•(酩酊丸醉)Iamdeadsure(certain).(完全可以肯定)..deadly既是刮词也是形家词,作刮词肘,意为“死一般地,非常地,严重地”用肘,意为“致命的(fatal)o例如:Hewentdeadlypaleatthenews.(死一般地) 大学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)281二、构成Thematterisdeadlyserious.(非常严重)adeadlypoison剧毒,adeadlyenemyadeadlyweapon凶adeadlyman毒辣的13)fastfastcommunications(*快速的).fastcolours(不褪色的)、afastlife(放荡的).takeafastholdof握紧Itisrainingfast•在下大雨。Heisfastasleep.他脛得很熟。Don..tmakefriendswiththosewholivefast.勿同生活菽荡之人交友。Heisamanholdingfasttoprinciples.他是一个坚持原则的人。Doru.tplayfastandloosewithheraffections.不要玩弄她的感情。14)hardhardrocks坚硬的岩石.hardquestions难题.alongandhardday漫长而繁忙的一夭.haveahardtime经易一段困难肘期.hardattack猛烈的攻击,behardonsb•对禁人严厉或苛刻,ahardheart冷酷的ahardteacher严师.ahardline强硬路线.behardbehindsb.紧跟疫某人的后面,hardevidence铁证如山holdsth.hard紧握某扬,breathehard呼吸困难,drinkhard狂饮,snowhard酉下得很大,hitsb./sth.hard猛击禁人(禁杨)15)lowlowincome低收talkinalowvoice低声淡话,amanoflowbirth出身低微的人,lowtaste低级趣来.beinlowspirits情绪低havealowopinionofsb.对••评价黑低(雎不起禁人)、alowfellow下流的人.playlowtricks耍-f-M.lowthoughts不建凍的思想■thelowlights各皓的灯光.entertainmentoflowsort低级娱乐Shebentlowinfrontofthephoto.她在那照片前默默地鞠I?。Thecandleisburninglow.蜡烛快要燃尽了。Asthestockofmoneyisrunninglow,hehastoplaylow.由于存款即将用完.他只能小赌了。..lowly作形彖词意为“低下的.谦卑的”・作副词意为“低声地,谦恭地,低下地”。例如:Anumberoftrades、previouslythoughtofaslowlyones.begantoreceivemoreattention.很多以前彼认为是低下的行多,开始引起越来越多的注意了。Shehasalowlyopinionofherself.她彳艮自谦。Theyarelowlypaid•他们收入微藩。Thetwomenweretalkinglowly•那两个人在低节谈话。16)straightalongandstraightroad又长又直的路.astraightanswer直嶺了当的答复.astraightconduct正直的行getthehousestraight把房子收拾整齐,keepstraight洁身匂好,gostraightahead一直向前.comestraighttothepoint开门见uL,flystraighttoParis 直飞巴黎,tellsth.straightout把..直说出来,livestraight请勺地做人17)soundthesoundwall坚固的墻壁,bementallysound心理健庚.thesoundadvice中皆的劝告.asoundargument理由充足的论据,asoundinvestment稳妥的投汎asounddeeper酣腫的人•asoundbeating痛打,asoundmanager—住判断力强的经理.asoundfriend减卖可靠的朋发 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书282第六讲訓词Heissoundasleep.(固定说冻中用sound)Heissleepingsoundly•(soundly用法较灵诊)18)shortashortspeech简洁的发言、ashorttemper爰耍脾毛.beshortofsleep(men.money)屣眠不足(缺少人手,缺钱),beayearshortoffifty差一年不到五十岁,theshopgivingshortweight骗秤头的商店,fallshortofone..sexpectations未达到所期望的目标,beshortwithsb.对禁人粗鲁(无情无义),Maddyforshort简称Maddy.takeashortcut走近路•beshortofhumour缺少幽默感.shortofrobbery(murder)除了枪劫(杀人)外Hewantedtocutshortthelecture.他想缩短讲演的内家。Don..ttellHenryshort.不要小看享利。Hestoppedshort.他炎然停了下来。19)rightarightdecision正确的决定,therightpersonforthework做这项工作的合适人选,therightsideofthestreet街道的右边Thehotelisrightonthebeach.彖馆就坐隊程海滨。Thepistol..srighttherenearthebed•手枪恰好在床边。Theballhithimrightonthenose.球正右在他的鼻子上。Thepartybeganrightafterherarrival•她一列娩会就开始了。Turnrightatthecorner.在拐角处朝右转。Note:作“正确地"解肘,right和rightly均可用,right只能放在动词后,rightly放衣动词后均可。例如:Irightlyguessedhismeaning•(不可用right)Youguessedright.(可用rightly)20)prettyaprettygarden漂亮的庭院,aprettyface姣美的面prettymusic动听的咅乐.aprettyboy请秀而有气质的男孩.aprettystateofaffairs(aprettymess)—团糟..作副词用时,pretty作quite,rather鮮,参阅上文。再如:l..mprettycertainsheenjoysit.我确信她会喜欢它的。Sheisprettywell.她身体很好。21)loudaloudvoice嗓咅洪loudmusic吵人的咅乐,alouddenial斷然的否认Heisthinkingoutloud.他一边想着,一边自言自语地说着。Shelaughedoutloudatthethought.那个念头使她不禁大笑起来。Note:衣同laugh.shout.speak,talk连用肘.一般用loud.较少用loudly。 22)justajustprice衣平的价格.ajustman公正(正直)的人,ajustreward正当的扌艮酬.justclaim正当的要求.justweights精确的确码,justsuspicions有理由的怀疑Shehadjustmovedin.她创创緻进来。(averyshorttimeago)Thetelephonerangjustasheenteredtheroom•(atthis/thatverymoment)ThatisjustwhatIwantedtohear.(exactly,precisely)Hejustcaughtthetrain.他正好起上即班火车。(barely)Shejustpassedtheexam.她考试刖及格。(almostnot)lsn..tthatjustwonderful!(verycompletely) 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版)283二、构成..justly意为“正义地,公正地”。例如:IbelieveIhaveactedjustly•我相信我的行为是正当的。Hewasjustlypunishedforthecrime.他的罪行受到了应有的惩罚。23)fairfairdealings公平的交易.fairplay公正的克争(公平的手段).makeafaircopy眷请Wecantrusthimtoplayfair•我们可以相信.他是不会央信的。Hetoldmefairandsquarewhatherpositionwas・他直就了多地彳巴她的立场告诉了我。Theysettledthequarrelfairandsquare•他们公平合理地鮮决了这一争端。Note:疫固定词Mplayfair.fightfair.fairandsquare中用fair.其他场合一般用副词fairlyo例如:Hewasfairlytreatedbytheauthority•Sheisafairlygoodsinger•(quite,rather)24)clearaclearconscience良心请.aclearmind请晰的头4®.clearmorningair请新的爰间空毛,makeclearsth.(makeitclear)阐朗•…makeoneselfclear把••说请楚.aclearvoice请亮的声音,aclearcolour鮮亮的颜色,theclearweather睛好的天aclearafternoon空冈的下午.getaclearhundredfromthedeal那次交易净收入100元,beclearoftheground南开地面Thechildrenwereaskedtostayclearofthefire.孩子们彼告知禽火远一点。(nottouching)Whatisimportantisnottokeepclearofthedifficulties,buttofacethem•重要的不是逃.避困难,而是正视它们(隔开)。Themanthrewherclearonthefloor.那人一下子杞她猝倒在地妆上。(完全地)..clearly也是訓词,意为distinctly,obviously。例如:1hadn..treallyeverthoughtclearlyaboutthisdivision.(请楚地)Clearly,they^vegottodefinetheirpolicies•(显然)25)easyeasyjob轻松的工作.easylife舒迨的生活.beeasyontheear悦耳.aneasypace从家的步态..農一些习语中,常用easy作副词代暮easily。例如:Takeiteasy.You.JIrecoversoon.另勺急、你不久就会凍复的。(亦作takethingseasy)Goeasyonthesalt,itsbadforyourheart.盐对心脏不好.少吃点。Goeasyonhimforawhile,he..$gotalotoffamilyproblems.暫且饶了他.他有彳艮多家庭问題。Easycome,easygo.来得家易去得快。Easiersaidthandone.做比说难。 26)earlySheisanearlyriser•她是个早起的人。Shealwaysgoestobedearlyandgetsupearly•她总是早起早腫。27)illIIInewsrunsapace.恶事传千里。Sheneverspokeillofothersbehindtheirbacks.她从不疫背后说人家的坏话。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书284第六讲訓词27)littleHehadlittlesparetime.他很少有空诃对间。Hereststoolittle.他休息得很少。Shelittleknowsthatthepolicewereafterher.她一点也不知道警察在追缉她。(=notallall)28)muchShewastedmuchmoneythatway.她那样液费了许多钱。Theydidnottalkmuch.他们谈得不多。29)onlyHewastheonlymanpresent.他是唯一在场的人。1canonlystayalittlewhile•我只能待一会儿。30)halfIhaven..tsaidhalfthethingsIwantedtosay.我的话还没说完一半。Thehouseishalfempty.这房屋一半空着。Ididn..thalflikeit.我非常喜欢它。32)long等形、副同形的词其他既可作形家词亦可作訓词的词还有:long->alongwalk.alongmemoryliveIong,long-awaitedchancesenough->enoughproofbeoldenoughtounderstanditfar->atthefarendoftheroom,amanoffarsight.befarfromfargone、thusfar.sofarsogood,seefanlookfarintothefuture,goasfaras、sofarsure->besureofoneselfbesuretodosth..besureofwinning,asureproofasurewaytosuccessgetsth.forsure,besurebored(>&美国口语中常用sure代巻surely)free->freetime,freemedicalcare公费篋疗.freepress言论自由.freetrade自由贸易,freefromprejudice,afreeseat空佞.freeoftax.themuseumfree免费参观的博杨馆getsth.free(free作副词用对.意为withoutpayment,freely则意为withoutlimitorrestriction,如:eatfreeinarestaurant.speakfreelyinfrontofthejudge)direct—directflighttoLondon,thedirectcontrol.averydirectman直更的人■adirecttax直接税flydirectfrom...to...从••直飞・•(在表示肘问或赧途肘,可用direct洛代directly,参闻上X)close—inclosecontactwith,closefriends■closerelativesstandclosetogether,liveclosebythewood住在壽林附近 wrong->awrongchoice,thewrongaccent,beinthewronggowrong(注意.疫动词后面.可用wrong代wrongly,但在动词前只用wrongly,如:guesswrong/wrongly.Iwronglybelievedher.Hewaswronglyaccused.他彼诬告。)11.同根形彖词和刮词 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)285三、功能1)eager表示“着急的”,eagerly表示"急切地”Helookedeager.他看上去很着急。Helookedeagerlyoutofthewindow.他急切地向窗外看。2)open表示“开着(的)”,openly表示“衣开地,衣然地”Thethiefforcedthewindowopen•小倫把窗户揭开了。Thethiefforcedthewindowopenly.小偷竟公然撬窗户。3)loose表示"松(开)的",loosely表示"灵活地"Thechainsworkedloose•链条松开了。Thechainsworkedloosely•链条转动很灵话。12.any和some等可以用作到词有些不定代词和指示代词也可用作到词。any用作別词肘,相多于atall,常用于题问句、条件句和否定句中:some用作訓词对,相多于tosomeextent,常用于肯定句。例如:Thatdidn..thelpherany.那对她没有任何帮助。Didheworkanylastnight?他并娩做什么工作了吗?Doesourtalkdisturbyouany?我们的谈话对你有什么妨碍吗?Myexperieneeindoingtheworkhelpedmesome.我做这项工作的经验对我有些帮助。Thepatient..sconditionhasimprovedsome.病人的情况有些好转了。I..IIbuyitifitisanygood•Thewaterisnonetoohot.Itsomethingsurprisedher.(=somewhat)Hecaresnothingfortheslander.(=notatall)Shesleptnonethewholenight.(=never)Thestoryisthatinteresting.(=so)Shehassomefiftydollars•(=about)Ilikebaseballsome•三、功能1.作状语,修饰动词、形彖词、訓词、介词(短语)、连词或整个句子Herunsfast.他跑得快。Thebookisveryinteresting•这本书很有趣。Thebuscamequiteearly.公共汽车到得很早。Sheleftshortlyafterthemeeting.会议创结束她就走了。(修饰介词)Heismuchagainsttheproposal.他坚决反对这项计划。(修饰介词)Shefailedentirelythroughherownfault.她的失败完全是由自己的失镁造.成的。(修饰介词)Itisnearbythebridge.它就在富林很近的地方。(修饰介词)Helivesfarbeyondthetower.他住在那座煤过去很远的地方。(修饰介词)Hefellillmainlybecauseheatetoomuch.他病了,主要因为吃得丈多。(修饰连词)IheardofherlongbeforeImether.在见到她之前,我很早就听说过她。(修饰连词)Theycaughthimexactlywhenhegotoffthebus•他刖下车就彼他们就械住了他。(修饰连词) Happily,hewasnotinthehousethen.幸运的是.他多肘不在那所房子里。(修饰句 子) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书286第六讲訓词Frankly,Idon..tagreewithyou.说卖话,我不同憲你的憲见。(修饰句子)2・作表语表示伐•置的副词作表语肘说朗主语的状态或特征(above,across,inside,upstairs):表示动作方向的刮词作表语时是有动作虑义(up,down,on,in,off,out);welloff,upto等副词短语亦可作表语。例如:Timeisup.肘间到了。(指结束的肘问)Thebookwillbeoutsoon.这本书要出版了。Thecruelmanisuptoanything.那个戎忍的人是什么都能干得出的。Springisin.春夭来了。Jackwasdownwithafever.杰克因发烧卧床。Themealwasafterwards•吃饭疫后。TheDemocraticPartyisnowin•共和売在执政。Isthefirestillin?火还在烧吗?Orangesarenowin.桔子己经上市了。IstheTVon?色视机开着吗?Anewfilmisin.一部新影片正在上殃。TheConservativePartyisout•保守竟下台了。Thiskindofcapisout.这种帽子己经不流行了。What..sup?发生了什么事?Hewasuplatelastnight.他雅晚屣得很迟。Thegasisoff.煤宅关上了。Thevillageistenmilesoff.雷那个村庄有10英里路。Oneofthetypesisdown•—只轮胎没毛了。3.作定语,修饰名词副词修饰名词作定语时,常放在名词后。例如:Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernstyle.周®是一些具有现代风格的建筑。ThestudentstherearefromFrance•那边那些学生来旨冻国。Imetheronmywayhome.我在回家的路上遏见了她。Thisismyfirstdayoff.这是我休假的第一天。Isawhertheweekbefore.Herlifeabroadwascolorful•Shelookedatthelampabove•Onlyshecouldcome.(修饰代词放在代词前)••但:Heisregardedasratherafool.(=ratherfoolish)Theuptrainleavesateight.(=trainthatgoesup)Shefliedtoafarcountry.Wehadquiteaparty.我们玩得很开心。 WhowasthethenPrimeMinister?Shehadinsideinformationaboutit•Note:到词作定语肘,有时出现在with和另一名词之间。例如:Thewholesummerwentpastwithscarcelyadropofrain.整个更天过去了.几乎没下一滴雨。 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)287四、住置Theroomwasindisorder,withherebottles,therebooks.房间乱糟糟的.到处是瓶子和书籍。4.作介词宾语和宾语补足语基些表示佞置的副词可以在over,out.up.under,from,in,near.on.around,down,along等后作介词宾语(near.from.towards->home;from,to—where);禁些肘问副词可以在by,from,except,before,after,till,since等后作介词宾语;副词还可作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with和without的宾语补足语。例如:Youcanleavethegoodsanywherebuthere.Shelookedeverywhereexceptthere•Ididnotknowheruntilquiterecently.Itwasaquietnight,withthemoonhighupinthesky.Thewomanwalkedalongtheriverwithherheaddown.Pleaseaskherin•Iwenttoherroomonlytofindherout.Note:少数副词亦可作动词的宾语。例如:seeabove见上丈consultbelow参闻下丈seeover见下丈seebelowforreference参见下文四、住置1.程度副词一般放在菠修饰的动词、形家词或副词前面如果卖义动词前有情态动词或助动词,程度副词要放在二者之间;如果是be动词,程度刮词要放于其后。常用的这类词有:just,too,fairly,nearly,awfully,frightfully(=very),utterly,enormously,slightly,exactly,absolutely,perfectly,thoroughly,scarcely,hardly,almost,quite,extremely,completely,deeply,greatly,hardly,definitely.partly,terribly,considerably,comfortably,dreadfully,little,rather,so.very,much等。例如:Iamveryhappytobewithyou.和你在一起我很愉快。(修饰形彖词)HespeaksEnglishprettywell.他的英语说得相多好。(修饰訓词)Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.(行为动词前)Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.(情态动词和实义动词之问)Heisterriblysorryforhismisdeeds•(be动词后)Thebookisremarkablyeasy.Theroomiscomfortablywarm.Itisdreadfullycoldtoday.Sheranincrediblyfast•Ilittleknowthatheisyourfather•..quite同否良词连用肘,伐.于not前后意义不同。例如:Iquitedoru.tunderstandhim.我完全不了解他。Idon..tquiteunderstandhim.我不十分了解他。Wequitedidn..tbelieveJim.我们非議不相信吉姆。Wedidn..tquitebelieveJim•我们有点不相信吉姆。 Note:到词及彼修饰的副词不能同肘都以」y结尾,以避免语音上的不和谱。例如:不说:Shewalkedterriblyslowly•要说:Shewalkedterriblyslow. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书288第六讲訓词1.频率副词通常放農行为动词前当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词对,则放在这类动词后。常用的有:ever,rarely,often,sometimes,seldom,never.constantly,frequently,occasionally,always・usually等。M如:Ioftenseeherwalkinthepark.我常看见她在公园里散步。(行为动词前)Wemustalwaysrememberthis.我们必须永远记往这一点。(情态动词后)Hehasneverbeenlate.他从不迟到。(助动词后)Sheisseldomlate・她很少迟到。(be动词后)..考察下而一句:A:MyhusbandboughtaScrabblegame.B:Hownicewe.A.playoftenthatgametooB.oftenplaythatgame,tooC.alsothatgameplayoftenD.playalsothatgameoften(根据often的住置,B项正确)Note:①still,almost,nearly,never,already,just,always等程度訓词或频率訓词可以放Abe,have,助动词和情态动词之前,表示强调,要重读,但彼强调的不是still等副词,而是be,have,助动词或情态动词。例如:Henevercanunderstandit・Shealreadyhasdoneherbest.Hereallyisunawareofit.Janestillisintheshoefactory.Healwayshasbeenprudent,andalwayswillbe・②当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时,通常是程度副词修饰频率副词。例如:Theynearlyalwaysspendtheirholidaysinthemountains.他们几乎总、是在山里度假。2.方式刮词般放在动词后1)遇到动词+介词+宾语结构时,方式副词既可置于介词前,也可置于宾语后:在动词+宾语结构中,放疫宾语后。常用的有:fast,quickly,quietly,slowly,carefully,angrily,well等Thegirldancedbeautifully.这姑娘的舞姿很美。ShespeaksFrenchwell.她的比语说得很好。Helookedatherangrily.(或:Helookedangrilyather.)他怒视着她。2)在动词+宾语结构中,如果宾语较长,常把訓词置于动词之前,以免造成歧义Theysecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.他们秘密决定富开小鎮■«»("决定”是秘密的)Theydecidedtoleavethetownsecretly. 他们决定秘密地富开小鎭。(“离开”这一行动是秩密的)3)还有一些方式到词放在动词前和放在动词后具有不同的含义。比较:Heansweredthequestionfoolishly.他的回答是愚蠢的。(不着边际)Hefoolishlyansweredthequestion.他愚蠢地回答了问題。(意即:他不该回答这个问题)Hebehavedfoolishlyattheparty.他在晚会上表现不佳。4)人、动杨或事物有各种各样的行为或变化.这就需要用不同的方式訓词来加以在述。 丸学英语语法讲座与测试/第二版)289四、住置⑴方式副词f表示状况、状貌Shedancedgracefully.她的舞姿优美。Herefusedherdemandpolitely.他有礼貌地桓绝了她的请求。••这类刮词常用的还有:bravely,gently文雅的■rudely,loudly,humbly,graciously<和地.courteously谦恭地.publicly,carefully,violently,formally,skillfully,casually漫不经心地.conscientiously,violently,thoroughly彻底地■perfectly,badly,strikingly令人注目地.quietly,surprisingly令人惊讶地,quickly,fast,well等。(2)方式副词f表示情感、意愿。例如:Heflungthebookonthefloorangrily•他宅愤地扌巴书扌乃疫地板上。Shedidn..tdoitpurposely・她不是故意那样做的。••这类副词常用的还有:merrily,proudly,sadly.calmly,fervently热M地.resentfully忿恨地.willingly,unwillingly,deliberately舍蓄地.contentedly,cordially真诚地.nervously不安地.warmly,mildly,coldly,intentionally有慧地、unintentionally无意地.willfully故意地.gratefully,excitedly,bitterly悲痛地.determinedly决意地.delightedly翥兴地.encouragingly鼓励地.voluntarily自愿地(自发地)等。(3)方式副词一►表示方法、手段。例如:Hegotthemoneyillegally.他以非出手段弄钱。Shetoldhimthenewstelegraphically•她用色扌艮把这胡息告诉他。..这类副词常用的还有:legally,medically用医疗手段,microscopically用显微铳,telescopically用望远镜,surgically用外科手术,等。4.逻辑连接副词和评注性副词这两类副词通常住于句首,有对也住于句中或句尾。1)逻辑连接到词However,noteverybodyagreed.Thecompositionisallright;thereisroomforimprovement,however.2)评注性副词f表示推浙Rightly,herefusedheroffer.Hewiselytookhisfriend..sadvice...这类刮词既修饰全句,也修饰主语,常用的有:artfully,cleverly,correctly,justly,cunningly.incorrectly,reasonably,sensibly,unreasonably,shrewdly,unwisely,prudently.rightly,wisely等。3)评注性副词->表示怀賤或不怀賤、真卖或非真卖Obviously,hetriedtopervertthetruth.Heisundoubtedlythegreatestmusicianofthecountry.Shecanpossiblydoitallbyherself.Actually,heisanidealteacher• Heisnominallyinchargeofthecompany.••这类訓词常用的有:likely,possibly•maybe,conceivably,reputedly,doubtless•seemingly,arguably,allegedly,supposedly,obviously,undoubtedly,plainly,clearly,manifestly,definitely.certainly,undeniably.decidedly,admittedly,actually,nominally,formally.officially,outwardly,superficially,ostensibly,fundamentally、essentially,basically,naturally等。4)评注性刮词f表示情感或方无 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书290第六讲訓词Confidentially,heisnotqualifiedforthejob.Unfortunately.itrainedhardthewholeday.Luckily,nobodysawheratthemoment•••这类訓词常用的有:briefly,seriously.honestly,frankly.flatly,candidly,truthfully,privately,bluntly,broadly,roughly,simply,confidentially,unfortunately.funnily,remarkably,curiously,amazingly,inevitably.unexpectedly,incredibly,regrettably,annoyingly,happily,sadly,luckily,tragically,understandably,preferably,amusingly,thankfully,conveniently.significantly,fortunately等。5)评注性副词一►表示方面Personally,Idon..tlikethebook.Generallyspeaking,itisworthreading•••这类到词常用的有:personally,generally,literally,figuratively,technically.theoretically,financially,metaphorically,generallyspeaking.strictlyspeaking.broadlyspeaking等。Note:①有些评注性副词,既可以修饰整个句子,也可以修饰禁一个具体的词,应加以区别O例如:Clearlyshedidn..tunderstandwhatyoumean•(修饰整个句子)Wecouldseethedistanthillsclearly.(修饰谓语动词)Shenaturallyrepliedatonce.(修饰整个句子)Sherepliednaturally.(修饰谓语动词)②有些评注性副词住置不同,则含义不同。比较:Actually,hedidnotknowit.事卖上,他不知道那件事。Heactuallydidnotknowit.他确卖不知道那件事。Happily,shewasn..tthere.幸亏她不在那里。Theletterwashappilyphrased.这封信措辞妥当。..形家词短语,分词短语、介词短语,不定式短语和句子也可用作评注性状语。这肘,形家词短语,分词短语和不定式短语通常放在句首.用逸号隔开.句子则可放在句首或句尾.用运号隔开.有肘也可放在句中,用速号隔开。例如:Tobesure,sheisthebeststudentintheclass.可以青定地说,她是班上最好的学生。(不定无短语)Heis,sotospeak,verysuitableforthejob.可以这样说,他是很适合做这项工作的。(不定式短语)Sureenough,itbegantorainatnoon•果然.中午开始下雨了。(形家词短语)Worsestill,heletoutthesecret.更糟的是,他世療了秘巒。(形彖词短语)Strange,thebookisnowheretobefound.真奇怪,那本书哪里也找不到。(形彖词有时也可作评注性状语) Seeyounextweek•丨hope•(句子)Theman.Ibelieve,isreliable.(句子)Puttingitmildly.heisn..tsuitedtobeateacher.(分词短语)••其他如:Iadmit.Ithink,whoknows,theytellme,onehears.I..msorrytosay.I..msure,itisclaimed,Godknows.I..mpleased(happy、delighted,glad)tosay.Ifear,itpainsmetosay.itgrievesmetosay,thereisnodoubt,itmayinterestyoutoknow,itisrumoured.itisclaimed,itistobefrank、calculatingroughly,speakingasalayman说句 大学英语语比讲座与测试/第二版)2915、住置外行话.asithappens碰巧(恰好),ifyouplease(like)如果你愿意(势驾)■what..smore而且,atitis(was)事卖上,asitwere可以说,what..smoreserious,what..smoreimportant,Ihope,Iwonder我祖知道(我不知).1daresay,yousee你雎(要知道),l..mafraid•inreality,inbrief,ofcourse,inaword总之,onthewhole,tobefrank坦率地说.tobehonest.tobefair,totellthetruth,tobecandid直率地说.tosumup总而言之.tobebluntwithyou老卖对你说.toputitbluntly直我了多地说.tospeakfrankly,tobeexact,tomakealongstoryshort长话短说.tomakemattersworse更糟的是.strangetosay说来奇worsestill,evenmoreimportant灵重要的是,mostimportantofall最重要的是.toone..$delight(regret.amusement,vexation)使禁人感到壽兴(遗感.有趣.恼火)的是、等。••逻辑连接訓词还有:otherwise,consequently,namely.nevertheless、accordingly.again、altogether,anyway.correspondingly,conversely,equally,furthermore,hence,meanwhile,moreover,nonetheless,overall,still,thus等。5.时间副词,尤其是表示具体对问的副词,一般住于句看或句尾•議用的有:finally,yet•still.now.soon.lately,shortly.then,recently,presently,already,before,early,late,today等。禁些这类词有肘可住于句中。例如:Hewillbebacktomorrow.TomorrowIwillgodowntown•Helatelymovedintoanewapartment•6.地点刮词通常佞于句尾或句看1)常用的有:away,abroad,downstairs、everywhere,outside,around.here,there,below,anywhere,somewhere,near.far,up,down等Thechildrenareplayingupstairs.Herethespeakerpausedforawhile.2)由其他词或词组构成的地点状语亦可連循上述原则Sheissittingatthecornerofthegarden•(正)Atthecornerofthegardentherewasaverytalltree.(正)Therewasatthecornerofthegardenaverytalltree.(谋)3)几个地点状语连用肘,丸地方放在最后Shewasalwayssittingbythestatueatthecenteroftheparkinthecity.Note:地点到词修饰动词肘,紧跟动词后,住于句中,这多然是正确的。例如:Hehaslookedeverywhereforthebook.7.副词的排列次序1)地点副词f时问副词,方无訓词T►对间副词,方式副词->地点副词对间副词(有时时间副词亦可放在句首)Shesangbeautifully(方式)inthehall(地A)lastnight (时间)Yesterday(时间)■theyworkedveryhard(方式)inthefields(地点)■Heisworkingcarefully方式now肘间■Thestudentdidwell方扎here地点yesterday对间..考案下面两句: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书292第六讲訓词A:.B:Sodidl.A.IsawherlastSundayatthepartyB•IsawheratthepartylastSundayC•Attheparty1sawherlastSundayD.AtthepartylastSundayIsawher(根据“地点副词+肘间訓词”原则,B项正确)Afterthefuneraltheresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding.A.sentfaithfullyflowerseachweektothecemeteryB•senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC•sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD•senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers(根据“方式副词+地点刮词+肘间副词”原则,C项正确)2)具体的f笼统的,小的-*大的1sawtheprogramattencx.clock确切的肘问yesterdayevening笼统的对问■Heisusedtotakingawalkforanhourorso持续对问everyday频度肘间intheevening禁一时间■TheyateinaChineserestaurant小地AinLondon大地点•..但:Wehearditlastnight,atabout11o..clock.(补尢,這想)TomorrowIshallmeetyouatseveno..clock•(强调)3)run,go,drive+地点SJ词->方式訓词->对间到词Hedrovetothebank地Ahurriedly方式 afterlunch时间••考寨下面一句:A:Whatdidtheoldmansay?B:Hesaid.A.hisdaughterwenteverydaytoschoolveryslowlyB•hisdaughterwentslowlyeverydaytoschoolC•hisdaughterwenteverydayslowlytoschoolD•hisdaughterwenttoschoolslowlyeveryday(根据上述原则,D项正确)..另外,两个方式副词一起用肘,通常是短的在前,长的衣后Shespokeslowlyandsensibly•8.enough和only在句中的伐•置1)enough修饰形彖词、到词或动词时,一般住于它们的后面Youwillmastertheskillsoonenough.Theeggisnotboiledenough.2)only应紧靠它所修饰的词,不同的住置往往具有不同的意义Onlyhelentthebooktoher.只有他把书借给了她。(意印:别人没借给她)Heonlylentthebooktoher.他只是把书借给了她。(意即:不是把书送给她)Helentthebooktoheronly.他把书只借给了她。(意即:没借给其他任何人)••上述各句中的only词义本身虽没改变.但因其住置改变了,所限定的对象不同.因而影响 丸学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版)293四、住置到全句意思。再如:Thenwhydidn..tyoudoit?那么,你为什么不做呢?FirstcomesHenry,thenAlfred•先来的是亨利,接着是阿余福特。Iworkedinamiddleschoolthen•我多肘疫一所中学工作。上述各句中的then分别居句首、句中和句未,词义也各不相同。9.thewayahead和themealafterwards中的刮词住置问题有些地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰珞词。参阅有关部分。例如:thewayaheadthedirectionbackthehalldownstairsthetripabroadhisjourneyhomethesentencebelowthephotoabovethemantherethenoisebackstagetheneighboursupstairsthemeetingyesterdaythestayovernight..但downstairs等若前置修饰右词,就成了形家词。多词有关部分。例如:thedownstairspartofthehouseabuildingwithtenupstairsroomstheabovesenfenceanawaymatch(鑒场比塞)inafteryears(在后来的岁月里)10.Hedidn..tactuallysitnexttoher中副词actually的伐•置和含义訓词修饰动词对,有肘放在否定词not等之前,也可放在其后,但往往会引起全句句意的差异。另外,芷些副词住置不同则含义不同。参阖有关部分。比较:Hedidrr.tactuallysitnexttoher•(=lt..snotanactualfactthathesatnexttoher.)Heactuallydidn..tsitnexttoher.(=Theactualfactisthathedidru.tsitnexttoher.)Hedoesn..tdefinitelywantit.(=lt..snotdefinitethathewantsit.)Hedefinitelydoesn..twantit.(=lt..sdefinitethathedoesn..twantit.)Idon.・treallymindtheheat.(=Idomind,butnottoomuch.)Ireallydon..tmindtheheat•(=Idon..tmindatall.)Bullyingdoesn..tnecessarilywork.(=Bullyingdoesn..talwayswork.)Bullyingnecessarilydoesn..twork.(=Bullyingneverworks•)Anyhow,sheworks・不管怎样,她总算工作了。Heworks,anyhow.他马马虎虎地工作。Naturally,hespoke.t然,他说话了。Hespokenaturally.他说话很自然。(姿态)Thankyoukindly.哀心地磁谢你。(诚恳.礼貌)Kindlyclosethedoor.请把门关上。 Shefoolishlyspoke.她竞说了起来.卖在不聪妙1。Shespokefoolishly.她杷话说得很不朗智。Clearly,hemisunderstoodme.很显然.他誤解我了。Hedidru.tunderstandmymeaningclearly.他对我的意思理解得很不透J切。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书294第六讲訓词Ifailedtoentirelycopyit.我没能把它全部抄下来。Ientirelyfailedtocopyit.我完全没有把它抄下来。Evenshedisagreedwithyou.妾她都不同意你的意见。(不要说别人了)Sheevendisagreedwithyou.她芯至不同意你的意见。(灵不用说支持你了)Hesaidfinallythathewon..tdoit.他最后说,他不会做即件事的。Hesaidhehopedfinallytocometoaconclusion.他说.他希望最终能作出决定。Shedidn..tdiehappily.她死得很慘。Happily,shedidn..tdie.很幸运.她没有死。(相当于fortunately)Hepushedthewomanawayroughlywithrage•他十分愤怒.把那个女人粗暴地推开了。Roughly,hepushedthewomanawaywithrage.丸玫来说,他十分愤怒.把那个女人粗暴地推开了。Ithinkhewillhandlethecasepersonally•我认为他会亲自处理那个案子。Personally,Ithinkhewillhandlethecase.就我个人而言、我认为他会处理那个案子的。Hetoldhereverythinghonestly.他把一切都诚实地告诉她了。Honestly,hetoldhereverything.说卖话.他把一切都告诉她了。Shewasaltogetherpleasedwithherchoice.她对自己的选择十分满意。Altogether,shewaspleasedwithherchoice.总的来讲、她对自己的选挣是满意的。Shespoketothemansimply.她与那人简单地说了几句话。Shesimplyspoketotheman.她只是与那人说了几句。Studentsplayvolleyballoften.学生们经常踢足球。Oftenstudentsplayvolleyball.经常有学生踢足球。Heplayedtennisbadly•他网球打■得不好。Thehouseisbadlyinneedofrepair.这所房子急需维修。11•heseldomis还是heisseldom在以be、have,助动词.情态动词结尾的句子中,often,never,seldom.certainlyJust.already,always,really,still,almost等副词要放4.be.have,助动词,情态动词之前.不可放于其后。例如:Heisseldomlateforclass.Yes.heseldomis.Shehasalreadyfinishedwritingthepaper.Shecertainlyhas.Shestillworkedthere•Shestilldid.五、一些刮词或刮词短语的用比与比较1•just和justnowl)just表示“恰好,创才,只是”。不过Just与现農完成肘连用肘才作“创才”鮮。若与其他 对态决用.一般不作“创才”鮮Itisjusttwelveo..clock.好,正好)Heisjustachild•(只是)Wehavejusttriedanexperiment.(创才)2)justnow用于过去肘意为“创才”1sawhimjustnow.我创才见过他。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版)295五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较Theforeignguestsarrivedjustnow.外宾创到。3)justnow与现疫对连用对,表示对“now”的强调,意为“现在,此刻”Iambusyjustnow.我此刻正忙。(此句比Iambusynow的语毛强)2.much(still,even)more和muchfstilLeven)lessmuch(stilleven)more用于表示肯定意味的句子后,much(stilLeven)less用于表示否定意味的句子后。例如:HeknowslittleEnglish,muchlessSpanish.他不隆英语,更不用说西班■牙语了。Theboyhastocarry50jin,muchmoretheadults.连孩子都要背50斤,更不用说成人了。3.fairly,quite,rather和prettyl)rather和fairly都有“相纵颇”的意思,但fairly主要用于修饰褒义的形家词或到词(good,well,fine,nice,bravely,etc.),而rather则主要用于修饰贬义的形痉词或訓词(bad,ugly,stupid,boring,etc.)Jimisfairlyclever,butJackisratherstupid.吉姆相当聪朗,而杰克却很笨。Anndidfairlywellintheexam,butIdidratherbadly.姿考得相多好,我却考得很差。2)从分量上讲,fairly最轻、说一部亀影fairlygood可能意为“勉强还可以看"。quite在分量上比fairly稍强,说一部电影quitegood则表示虽不是最佳影片但值得一看。rather衣分量上又重一些,说一部亀影rathergood则意为胜过多数影片。pretty衣分量上同rather差不多.多用于非正式丈体。有些形彖词为中性词.但用fairly或rather修饰便具有了褒贬色彩。另外,entirely常表示肯定意义,utterly常表示否定意义Themilkisfairlyhot.这牛奶热乎乎的。Themilkisratherhot.这牛奶太烫了。Ientirelyagreewithyou.我完全赞同你。Heisutterlydissatisfiedwiththeresult.他对结果圾不满<。4.yet,still和already1)yet和still4句子中的住置不同。yet住于句尾,常用于否定句和題问句;still住于be动词后或其他动词、形家词或刮词前Hehasn..tcomeyet・他还没有来。Itisstilldarkoutside.外面仍是黑的。(=uptonow)2)already常用于肯定句.有肘可用于賤问句(此对表示惊异)或讦条件句中Ihavealreadyfinishedtheletter.我己经写完.了信。Haveyoufinishedtheletteralready?你(竞)写完了信?(真没想到)Ifshehasn..tseenitalready,shecancomeagain.3)此外.从意义上看,yet表示“商,还”.带有期望的含意。still表示“仍然”,强调持续性。already表示“己经”,强调行为结果isHenryhereyet?亨利来了吗?(期待他的列来,但不知是否到了,故询问)Hemaybesuccessfulyet・ 他可能会成功的。(睛示虽然暂肘失败了,但仍有成功的希望)Thereisstillhope.(希望直到现在一直存在着)Thereisyethope•(虽屡遠失败.但成功的希望还是有的)4)在賤问句中,用already肘希望得到肯定的回答,而用yet肘则不指望得到期确的答复。still和yet还可同beto+动词连用,强调将来意义,常有否定意义Thetimeisyettocome.肘机未到。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书296第六讲訓词Thehottestweatherisstilltocome.最热的夭宅还没到。(ha$n..tcome)2・hardly,barely,rarely和scarcely这四个词意义相近,都是表示否定概念,但也有一些差别。l)rarely意为“唯得,不常”(notoften)RarelyhaveIseenhimsmile.我难得见M她笑。Sherarelystaysuplate.她很少熬夜。2)hardly往往强调能力上有困难,意为“简直不,很难”Hecanhardlyjumpoverthefence.他很难跳过那个翔•栏。Sheissotiredthatshecanhardlycontinuetowrite.3)scarcely往往强调不足,常同enough,sufficient,any等表示程度的词连用,意为“不俎几乎,简直没有”Hehasscarcelyanymoneyleft・他几乎没有钱了。Hewasscarcelywellenoughtostandup.他身体不丈好,还不能秋起来。4)barely与hardly和scarcely意思相近,意为“几手,勉强,仅能做到"Hecanbarelysupporthiswifeandthreechildren.Hehadbarelytimetocatchthetrain.他差点没赶上公共丸车。Ihardly(barely,scarcely)knewwhattodothen.我多对几乎不知遒该怎么办。..如果后而跟有ever,any,atall等词,只能用hardly或scarcely,不能用barely。例如:There..shardlyanycoalleft.几乎没有煤剩下了。He..$scarcelyatallinterestedinthebook.他对这本书几乎没有什么兴趣。6.high和highlyf参阅有关部分)Thebirdsareflyinghighinthebluesky.乌在蓝夭里富富飞翱。Theoldworkerishighlyrespectedbytheyoungmen.(信受崇<)..high作訓词对,意为“壽壽地,在(向)壽处"(tooratahighlevelinposition,movement.sound)o比如:singhigh(需>唱),dimbhigh(攀得韵,aimhigh(胸怀大志)等,payhigh(付富价),playhigh(丸赌),livehigh(生活奢侈),fixone..shopeshigh(期望很韵。highly意为“极,非常”(toahighdegree)o比如:highlyskillful(翥度熟练),highlyamusing(非常有趣J,speakhighlyofsbthinkhighlyofone..swork(盛赞禁人的工作)等。7.direct和directly(参词有关部分)HewillflydirecttoNewYork.他将•直飞纽约。(不旌.其他地方停顿)Themanagercriticisedhimdirectly.经理直丰地參匕评了他。..direct用作訓词时意为“径直地、直接地”(inastraightline)odirectly意为“直率地,直了当地”(inadirectmanner),还表示“正好地;立即,马上"(just;immediately;soon)等卷 思。directly还可用作连词,表示“一多,一俟”(assoonas)。例如:Herviewsaredirectlyopposedtomine.她的意见正好跟我的相反。Theywenthomedirectlyafterthemeeting.会一结束他们就回家了。Directlytheteachercamein,everyonewasquiet.老师一进屋.大家都挣了下来。8・short和shortly(参闻有关部分)Thecarstoppedshortatthecrossroad.那辆车在十字路口炎然停了下来。Hewillbebackshortly.她马上就会回来。..short可以用作別词,表示“突然地,出其不意地w(suddenly,abruptly);shortly憲为“不久、马上”(soon)。此外,shortly还有“简要地、不耐烦地”等卷。例如:Shediedinanaccidentshortlyafterwards•她疫不久以后的一次事坎中死了。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版)297五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较Heexplainedthepassageshortlyandclearly.他简要而请楚地解评了这段丈章。Heansweredshortlythathedidn..tcareaboutwhatIdid.他不时烦地回答说,他不淮.乎我做什么。9・rather,ratherthan和rather・..thanlt..sratheragoodbook.It..sarathergoodbook.即是I本相多好的书oHe..sratherabore.他这人有点乏味。1)rather可以放在名词前,意为“相多,有几分”。若右词前没有形家词,rather通常置于不定冠词前.若名词前有形家词‘rather可置于不定冠词的前面或后面,即rather+a4-形家词+名词或者a+rather+形彖词+名词。另外,rather可以修饰禁些动词,并可以用在比较级或too前Thistreeisrathertallerthanthatone.这榇树比那標树富一些。Thoseshoesarerathertoobigforme.那些蛊子我穿太丸。Iratherlikethebook.我很喜欢这本书。Note:fairly和very均不能用于比较级it;quite可用于better之前,但不用于其他比较级之前。2)ratherthan用作连词,其后的成分表示否定概念,意为“与其..不如,孕可..而不,不是..而是”,后面可以接名词、名词短语、代词、形彖词、副词、动词、不定式、动名词等名词Heisawriterratherthanateacher.与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。ShestudiedEnglishliteratureratherthanFrenchliterature.她研兗英国丈学,而非比国丈学。代词Wearetoblameratherthanthey.该受责备的是我们,不是他们。I,ratherthanyou,shouldtaketheresponsibility.该负责的是我,而不是你。形彖词Thecolourseem$greenratherthanblue.这颜色似乎是蓝的,而不是绿的。Heisgenerousratherthanstingy.他很慷慨、幷不客啬。到词Theshipsankquicklyratherthanslowly.船沉得很快,而非很慢。SheusuallygetsupearlyratherthanIate.她经常早起,而不是娩起。动词Heranratherthanwalked・他跑着,不是走着。(注意对态一玫)Shewroteratherthantelephoned.她写了信,不是打了电话。(注意肘态一敷)Heresignedratherthantookpartinsuchadishonesttransaction.他字愿辞职,也不愿参加这种欺诈交易。 Shefoundthatthenewmeasuredecreasedherworkloadratherthanincreasedherworkload.她发现新的措施减轻了她的工作负担,而不是增加了她的工作负相。不定式(不带to)Ratherthancausetrouble,hewentaway.他序可走开而不愿惹麻烦。Ratherthanallowtheapplestogobad.hesoldthemathalfprice.与其让这些苹果烂掉,他半价处理了。Ratherthanhavetheradiorepaired,she..dliketobuyanewone.与其修理那部收音机,她倒想去买一部新的。不走式(不带to)Hewantedtoswimratherthanplayvolleyball•他想去游冰.不想去打排球。Itcausedpeopletothinkandactratherthanjuststandby.它使得人们进行思考并且行动,而不是仅仅袖手务观。介词短语Theyreliedmainlyonthemselvesratherthanonoutsidehelp.他们主要依靠t己.而不是依靠外界的帮助。Hewenttotheparkintheeveningratherthaninthemorning.他不是在早上而是农娩上到衣园里去。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书298第六讲訓词分词Itissnowingratherthanrainingoutside.外面在下酉、不是在下雨。Sheislaughingratherthancrying.她在笑,不是在哭。Hehasbeenstandingfirmratherthansurrendering.他一直彳艮坚也不思投吟。动名词Ratherthanregrettingforthefailure,whynottryagain?与其为失败而后悔,为什么不再试一次呢?Ratherthanbeingpessimistic,weshouldbeoptimistic.我们应该乐观,而不应悲观。Heprefersgoingtobedearlyratherthanburningthemidnightoil.他喜欢早腫,不喜欢熬夜。句子Itiswhathemeantratherthanwhathesaid・这是他的意思,而话倒没这么讲。HeaskedmehowIfoundtheholeratherthanhow1escaped・他问我是怎样发现这个洞的,而不是问我怎样逃出来的。Note:©ratherthan后接不带to的不定式肘,通常表示主观上不愿干什么;而后接限定的动词形式(过去式等)对,则表示客观情况的否走。比较:Heleftratherthanlivewithher.他富开了,不愿同她住蛊一起。(主观愿望)Heleftratherthanlivedwithher.他离开了,而不是同她住在一起_。(瘵观事卖)②有肘候,ratherthan后接不带to的不定无或动名词均可。例如:Youcouldgoyourownway,ratherthanfollow(或following)theirfootsteps.③rather...than...意为“孕愿..而不,与其说..还不如说”,rather后的成分表示肯定板念,than后的成分表示否定概念。例如:Iwouldratheryousettletheprobleminprivatethanbylaw.我字愿你把这件事私下了结,而不要去诉错法律。Itisratherpleasantthantasteful.与其说它丈雅,不如说它贵心悦目。Hewouldratherremainobscurethangetfameinsuchadespicableway.他宇可默然无闻,也不愿意用这种可耻的手段去沽名钓誉。9.verytiredfromlongwork和muchtiredbylongworkJackwasverytiredfromlongwork.杰丸因长时间工作而感列很累。Jackwasmuchtiredbylongwork.长对问的工作使杰克疲惫不堪。..有些动词的过去分词习惯上彼看成为普通形彖词,要求用very修饰,而不用much。常见的这类彳司有:tired、drunk、amused,troubled、upset,valued,worried,concerned,attached,learned等。..上面两个例句中的tired厲于不同的词类。第一例中的tired是普通形彖词,作表语,故用very修饰。第二例中的tired是动词tire(使..疲•势)的过去分词,句子为彼动语态结构,故用much修饰,very不能用来修饰动词(参阅有关章节)。 Note:在现代英语中,禁些由过去分词转化来的形家词可同时用very,muchverymuch修饰,这类形彖词有:annoyed困扰的,excited兴奋的,disappointed失望的,satisfied满意的,celebrated著名的5disgusted讨庆的,delighted壽兴的.ashamed感到可耻的,frightened惊吓的.interested感兴趣的.dejected垂头表毛的.surprised惊讶的‘pleased壽兴的,contented满足的,等。例如:Sheisverysatisfiedwithherpresentjob.Sheismuchsatisfiedwithherpresentjob.Sheisverymuchsatisfiedwithherpresentjob.她只寸t己目前的工作彳艮满意。9•whatagoodchanee.suchagoodchance和sogoodachanee.howgoodachance1)such是形彖词.what是代词.用来修饰名词 大学英语语法讲座与测试J第二版)299五、一些別词或刮词短语的用法与比较结构为:$uch(what)+a(an)+单数名词such(what)+复数可数名词(前无冠词)such(what)+不可数名词(前无冠词)••上述结构中的名词前面可用形彖词作定语。例如:Howdidyoumakesuchamistake?Thenewsgavehersuchashock.IstheresuchabookinEnglish?Whatwonderfulgoodfortuneshewasenjoying!Whatnonsenseyoutalk!Hehassuchagoodchance.(单数)Whatagoodchaneehehas!Itissuchafineday.(单数)Whatafinedayitis!Itissuchsweetmusic•(不可数)Whatsweetmusicitis!Theyaresuchgoodbooks.(复数)Whatgoodbookstheyare!2)so和how是訓词,其后不可接a或an,要丸接形彖词,然后再接a或an结构为:so(how)+形家词+a(an)+单数名词(这科结构中只能用单数可数名词)l..veneverseensobeautifulagirl.Hewillneverforgivesoterribleaninsult.Howtallatreeitis!Hehassogoodachance•Howgoodachaneehehas!Itissofineaday.Howfineadayitis!比较:lt..$suchaninterestingbookthatyoushouldreadit.It..ssointerestingabookthatyoushouldreadit.Whatacleverboyheis!Howcleveraboyheis!Itissosweetmusic•(娱)(so不可修饰名词短语sweetmusic)Themusicissosweet.(正)(so修饰形家词sweet)Theyarehowgoodbooks.(娱)(how不可修饰名词短语goodbooks)Howgoodthebooksare.(正)(how修饰形家词good)3)如果菠修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词,就要用such,而不能用soWe..venevermetsogentlepeople•(谢 We..venevermetsuchgentlepeople•(正)Theyaresuchgoodstudents• 吹邑。ipns固K65固濮4W•尽&剜起旧風沖244一一•ME•ipnE>upE轉頻思2餌4(寸•UO4Plu」£u一kindlywithpatience->patientlywithgreatfluencyffluentlywithcare->carefullywithease—easilywithdiligence->diligentlywithasmile->smilinglywithcare-*carefullywithcourage->courageouslywithearnestness->earnestlywithefficiency->efficientlywithagrowl->growlingly咆哮地withjoy->joyfully需兴地withpleasure-^pleasurably乐意地withsorrow->sorrowfullywithfairness->fairlyinprivate—privatelyinwonder->wonderfullyintriumph->triumphantlyinearnest->earnestlyinpublicfpubliclyindespair->despairinglyinfact->reallyontime->punctuallyintime-nearlyenoughbychance->accidentlybygoodluck—luckily45•too,also和either1)too和also词义基本相同.用于肯定句、作“也.并且”鮮.但也有一些区别。too比较O语化,常住于句尾,前面一般有遑号,有时也可住于句中,前后常用逼号隔开Thiskindofshirtismadeinothercities,too.Theywilltoo.graduatefromtheuniversitynextyear.2)also较正式,一般住于be动词、助动词和情态动词之后,行为动词之前,有对也住于句耆或句尾Shewillalsojointheteam.Heispastsixtyyearsold;alsoheisinpoorhealth•(而且.冉说)Youdidherafavouralso.ShespeaksEnglish.andChinesetoo.ShespeaksEnglish,(and)alsoChinese.ShespeaksEnglish.andChinesetoo•3)農否定句中用either,住于句尾;但否定句中也可用too,住于be动词、助动词和情态动词之前Hedidru.tfindananswertotheproblem,andItoodidru.tfind.Note:too有时相当于thougho例如:Ican..tdotheworkwell;lhavetriedmybesttoo.虽然我尽了 最丸努力.但这项工作我做不好。45•overnight和overnight1)overnight是介词短语.意为“一夜.整夜,疫前一夜”•作肘问状语Theystayedovernightintheopen•他们在户外呆了一夜。2)ovemight可作訓词、动词或形彖词。到词overnight意为“在夜间,在整个夜里,在一夜之问,突然”:动词overnight意为“过夜”,为不及杨动词;形彖词overnight意为“夜间的”Preparationsweremadeovernightforanearlystart.整夜都在为早A出发做准备。Hebecamefamousovernight•他一夜之间成了名。Theymadeanovernighttourtotheoldtempie•他们夜游期p座古庙。 大学英语语比讲座与测试J第二版)311五、一些副词或副词短语的用法与比较Sheovernightedatasmallhotel.她疫一家小彖馆过的夜。45.aside和asidel)aside是副词短语,作状语用,意为“一方,毎一边”Theystoodtenasideonthesportsground・他们在襟场上毎一边誌10人。2)a$ide是副词,意为"在•务边.在一边,到一边"Helaidthebookaside.他把书放到一边_。Don..tturnasidefromyourchosenpath.不要富开你所选择的道路。46.wantsb.inside中的inside是介词还是刮词在Iwantherinside—句中,inside用作副词,意为“我想让她进来”。“及场动词+宾语+副词”是一种很简洁的结构。例如:Hehasgonetothestationtoseeafriendoff.他去了车北、为一个朋发送行。Hehelpedherout.他帮她滾过了难关。Pleaseaskhimin.请让他进来。Theyputthechairunder.他们把椅子放在下面。Johnwantedtotakeoffthecap,butMothersaid,No,leaveiton.w约输想杷帽子脱下,但母亲说“:不,还是戴着”。49.little作副词的用法1)little可以修饰动词(l)little可以动词。例如:Theymetverylittle・他们很少见面。(=rarely)Itmatterslittle.这没有关糸。Sheknowslifetoolittle.她对生活知道得丈少。Helittlecaresaboutit.他对此不介意。(2)little同动彳司dream,expect,guess,imagine,know,realize,suspect,think等连用肘,表示“亳不,完全不”,相当于notatallo例如:Ilittledreamedthathewouldcomebackalive.我做梦也没想到他会好着回来。Theylittlesuspectthattheirsecrethasbeendisclosed.他们丝亳没想到他们的秘密己狄世豫。Ilittlerealizedthatthereweresomanydifficulties.我一点也没料到会有这么多的困难。⑶little同so,as,too,how连用肘也可用作訓词。例如:Heknowstheworldtoolittletobeageneralmanager.他对社会了解丈少,多不了总经理。Itshowshowlittlesheknow$life.这表朗她对生诊知道得多么少。Heknowstheplanaslittleasyou.他对这个计划了鮮得同你一择少。(4)little还可修饰形家词或刮词。例如:Hissuccessislittleshortofamiracle.他的成功简直就是个奇迹。Heislittleworriedaboutit.他对这件事很少担心。(almostnot)Heisalittleworriedaboutit.他对这件事•有些担心。(somew hat)Thisbookislittlebetterthanthatone.这本书比即本书好不多少。Thisbookisalittlebetterthanthatone.这本书比那本书好些。Heislittlericherthanbefore.他跟从前一样穷。(=almostaspooras)Heisalittlericherthanbefore.他比从前富一些。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书312第六讲訓词Sheborrowedlittlelessthan1,000dollars.她借的钱不少于1000美元。(=almostasmuchas)Sheborrowedalittlelessthan1,000dollars.她借的钱不足1000美元。Sheislittlebettertoday.她今夭仍不见好转。(=almostasbadas)Sheisalittlebettertoday.她今天好一点。50.nothing作副词的用冻nothing可以用作副词,表示“绝不,一点也不”,相当于nottheleast,never。例如:Heisnothingworried•他一点也不担心。Ithinknothingaboutit•我对此一点也不在意。Itisnothingbetter.这一点也不臾好。Itisnothingeasier.这一点也不灵家易。Thathelpsusnothing•那对我们没有任何犁助。Thatbookisnothingsointerestingasthisone.那本书一点也没有这本书有趣。51.缩合连接副词有些副词,既起关连作用,又充多丸行词,集关糸刮词与丸行词于一身,通常称作缩合连接副词,多引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句,where=theplacewhere,when=thetimewhen.why=thereasonwhy、wherever=anyplacewhere,whenever=anytimewheruhowever=nomatterhow。例如:That..swheretheyfoundgold.那就是他们发现黄全的地方。(=theplacewhere)Wedon..tknowwhenheranawayfromhome•我们不知道他什么肘候富家出走的。Cometoseeuswheneveryoucan.你什么肘候有空.就什么肘候来看我们。You..11nevergetithoweveryoutry.不管怎样努力.你都得不到它。测试练习(头)I、选择填空1•cigaretteagreeswithme.A•HardlynoB•NearlynoC•RarelynoD•Almostnone2•It..squitelatenowandMr.Whitehasn..tlefthisoffice•A•stillB.alreadyC.sinceD.yet3.Hedoesn..thaveforeignersinhiscafe.A.soonB•seldomC.oftenD.sometimes4.Theseatsinthesecondplane•A•hadcompletelybeenalmostallfilledB•hasallbeenalmostcompletelyfilledC.hadalmostallbeencompletelyfilledD.Hadalmostbeencompletelyfilledall5.4