徐汇高中【一舟教育】英语语法之定语从句 4页

高中英语语法之定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语：1•定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词；关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as等关系副词有:where,when,why等关系词常有3个作用：1.引导定语从句2.代替先行词3.在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在从句中做宾语，常可省略(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2)Mr.Liuisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.3.which指物，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys・(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which,在从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略(1)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(2)Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用一下结构代替：Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookofwhichthecoverisyellow?三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous・=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous・(2)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.=TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.*注意：1•含有介词的动词一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(对)(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlookingfor.(错)2•若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that；指物时用which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(2)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.3•介词+关系代词前可有some,any,none,both,albneither,most,each,few等代词或数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities・区另ij：Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,andmostofthemarefrombigcities.一.关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1)1stillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoschool.区别:Istillremembertheday(that/which)wespenttogether(2)Iwon"tforgetthedayswhen/duringwhichweworkedtogether.2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1)Shanghaiisthecitywhere/inwhichIwasborn.(2)Thehousewhere/inwhichIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.区别：Thehouse(which/that)Ivisitedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyoumissedtheplane.(2)Idon"tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhelooksunhappytoday・区另U：Thereason(that/which)hegaveuswasacceptable・Thereasonthathewasillyesterdaywasacceptable.(同位语从句)五•限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句*注意：区分以下几个句子的不同(1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他哥哥)(2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)难点分析：(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1•当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰物时(1)Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.*注意：当先行词是人时，偶尔也可以用whoAnymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon"tdosuchathing・2.当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasBigBen.3•当先行词被最高级修饰 ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.1.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6•当先行词既有人，又有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?7.关系代词在定语从句中充当表语的成分Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处，具体：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)Hemarriedher;as/whichwasnatural.(2)Ifailedintheexam,whichmademymotherveryangry.2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在主句之前或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后；此外，as有“正如・・・”“正像・・・”的意思(1)Asisknowntoall/Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry・(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(1)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdorftbelieve・*注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which(2)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.3.当先行词被such,thesame修饰时，常用as(1)1haveneverheardsuchaninterestingstoryashetells・区另ij：Ihaveneverheardsuchaninterestingstorythathetellsitagain.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.（3）ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek・*注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary"swedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(同一条)(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹穿的一样的裙子。（两条）（三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略(1)Theway(inwhich/that)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(2)Idon"tliketheway(inwhich/that)hespeaks・(四)but有时候也可以做关系词引导定语从句Thereareveryfewpeoplebutunderstandhisidea.（but=whodon"t） （五）区分定语从句和同位语从句1•定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系（1）TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisfromLondon.（定语从句）（2）Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.）同位语从句）2•定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分，从句可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分，不能省略。(1)Thenews(that/which)hetoldmeistrue・(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue・(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.3•同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.