2005年中考英语语法复习大全 98页

2010年中考英语语法复习大全一.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数1.直接加s:maps,books,bags,days,boys,birds.2.以辅音字母加y结尾时变y为i加es:country-countries,factory-factories,baby-babies,family-families,3.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es:fox-foxes,dish-dishes,brush-brushes,bus-buses,class-classes,glass-glassesbox-boxes,watch-watches4.以o结尾的加s,radio-radios,photo-photos,zoo-zoos,但potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes必须加es5.以f,fe结尾的单词变f为v加es:wife-wives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,knife-knives,life-lives,thief-thieves,但　reef必须加s.不规则变化为：sheep-sheep,fish-fish,deer-deer,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishman-Englishmen,policeman-policemen,German-Germans,foot-feet,child-children,tooth-teeth.98 不可数名词：work,homework,housework,time,knowledge,money,weather,fruit,food,rainsnow,wind,ice,bread,porridge,orange,water,tea,rice,meat,news,paper,help,help,excuse名词（借口，理由）,beef,cotton(棉花)，health,pork,salt,silk（丝绸）sand（沙子）space=room(空间)sugar,wood（木头）woolmany=alotof=lotsof=anumberof=numbesof许多，afew=several几个，few=not没有,跟可数名词。Much=alotof=lotsof=aplentyof许多，alittle=abitof一点，little=not没有，跟不可数名词注意:people没有单数，是复数名词，persons=people;cloud云彩和chalk既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词。二.名词所有格是在名词后面加’s,以s结尾的加’,另外人用’s,物用of如：Meimei’sbook,Bob’sbike,thestudentsofclass,apictureof98 myfamily,afriendofJim’sthestudents’desks,Teachers’Day教师节，Women’sDay,Children’sDay,LucyandLily’sroom路丝和利丽共有的房间，Jim’sandTom’sfathers吉姆和汤姆各自的父亲三..代词的用法:1.主格：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they作主语2.宾格：me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them用在动词和介词后作宾语.3.形容词性物主代词：myyour,his,her,its,ouryour,their后面必须跟名词4.名词性物主代词：mine,yours,his,hers,its,oursyours,theirs,5.反身代词：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,6.反身代词的搭配：teachoneself=learnbyoneself(自学)如:IteachmyselfEnglish.=IlearnEnglishbymyself.buyoneselfsth.如：Heboughthimselfa98 pen.他为自己买了一支钢笔。enjoyoneself=haveagoodtimehelponeselftosomefood(somedrink)自用食物和饮料，hurtoneself伤到自己，lookafteroneself,byoneself=alone独自，leavebyoneself=leavealone把某人单独留下，7.指示代词：this----these,that----those,this(that)is;these(those)are8.不定代词：代表人的有：everyone(body),someone(body),anyone(body),noone=nobody代表物的有：everything,something,anything,nothing注意：（1）当单数用。如：Iseveryonehere?Somethingiswrongwithmybike.Everythingbeginstogrow.Isthereanythingcheaper?（2）另外something,someone用于肯定句，anything,anyone用于否定句和肯定句。no=notany,nothing=notanything,nobody=notanybody=noone=notanyone如：Icanseenothing.=Icannotseeanything.98 Thereisnobodyhere.=Thereisnotanybodyhere.(3)不定代词用形容词修饰时，要把形容词放在后面。如：Thereisnothingserious.没有什么严重的。Thereissomethingwrongwithmyradio.我的收音机没有毛病。9.all____none用于三者以上，all（都）用复数，none（都没有）用单数和复数都行。它们代人代物都行。如：Alloftheboysareintheroom.=Alltheboysareintherṯom.=Theboysareallintheroom.所有的男孩都在间AlloftheanimalsarejumpingḮ=Alltheanimalsarejumping.=Theanimalsarealljumping.Allofthemeatisontheplates.=Allthemeatisontheplates.=Themeatisallontheplates.Noneoftheseatsare/ismine.Noneofsheepis/areinthefield..Noneofushave/hasanegg.10.both(都)___neither(二个都不)，用于二者，both表示肯定句，neither表示否定句。如：TheybothstudyFrench.=BothofthemstudyFrench..肯定句NeitherofthemstudiesFrench.否定句98 Thegirlsarebothathome.=Bothofthegirlsareathome.肯定句Neitherofthegirlsisathome.否定句Bothofthepersonsaredoctors.肯定句Neitherofthepersonsisadoctor.否定句Bothofyoudosportsatschool.肯定句Neitherofyoudoessportsatschool.否定句Webothhavetostayonthefarm.肯定句Neitherofushastostayonthefarm.我们二个都不必呆在农场。Both…and当复数用______neither…nor根据第二个主语决定动词Bothheandshegettoschoolatsix.______Neitherhenorshegetstoschoolatschool.BothheandIarestudents.______NeitherhenorIamastudent.BothLilyandlucyoftenflythekites._____NeitherLilynorLucyoftenfliesthekites.Either…or…（或者…或者，二者中其中一个），动词也根据第二个主语决定。98 如：EitheryouorAnnhasaglassofwater.或者你或者我喝一杯水。EitherheorIamaworker.或他或我是一位工人。11.other(其他的)后跟名词复数,没有地点的限定.如:Somestudentsaresinging,otherstudentsaredancing.otherstudents=otherstheother(后跟复数是其他的),有地点的限定.如:Somestudentsarewritnginourclass,theotherstudentsarereading.theother(后跟单数是两者中另外一个).如:Therearetwogirls,oneismysister,theothergirlishissister.another(后跟单数是另外一个),但不规定在两者用.如:Ihaveanapple,andIwantanotherone.2．情态动词：can(could),may(might),must(must),should应该，haveto(hasto),不得不，beableto都跟动词原形。如：Hecandance.=Heisabletodance.肯定句Canhedance?=Isheabletodance?一般疑问句回答：Yes,hecan.No,hecan’t.Yes,heis.No,heisn’t.否定句:Hecan’tdance.=Heisnotabletodance.（注意：can=am/is/areabletodosth.）Icouldreaditeasilylastyear.=Iwasabletoreaditeasilylastyear.肯定句Couldyoureadeasilylastyear?=Wereyouabletoreaditeasilylastyear?疑问句回答:Yes,Icould.No,Icouldnot.Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.否定句：Icouldn’treaditeasilylastyear.=Iwasnotabletoreaditeasily.(could=was/wereableto)Shecanenjoyherselfinthepartytomorrow.=Shewillbeabletoenjoyherselfinthepartytomorrow.Theymaybeathome.=Maybe/Perhapstheyareathome.他们可能在家。肯定句Theymaynotbeathome.=Maybe/Perhapstheyaren’tat98 home.否定句Maytheybeathome?Yes,theycan.No,theycan’t（.注意：may用can回答）Shemayhaveameeting.=Perhaps/Maybeshehasameeting.Youmustfinishyourwork.肯定句Youmustn’tfinishyourwork.否定句MustIfinishmywork?Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.（注意：must用needn’’t否定回答）Weshouldspeakloudly.肯定句Weshouldnotspeakloudly.否定句Shouldwespeakloudly?疑问句Yes,youshould.No,youshouldnot.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，以上情态动词变否定句时在其后加not,疑问句往前提。need在肯定句中做行为动词，在否定句中作行为动词和情态动词都行。如：Heneedstodosomeshopping.Doesheneedtodosomeshopping?Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Hedoesn’tneedtodosomeshopping.=Heneedn’tdosomeshopping.I(We,You,They)havetowatchgames.I(We,You,They)don’thavetowatchgames.Doyou(I,we,they)havetowatchgames?Yes,I/we/theydo.No,I/we/theydon’t.He/She/Ithastogoforawalk.He/She/Itdoesn’thavetogoforawalk.Doeshe/she/ithavetogoforawalk?Yes,he/she/itdoes.No,he/she/itdoesn’t.I/We/You/You/He/She/It/Theyhadtodohousework.I/We/He/Theydidn’thavetodohousework.Didyou/he/she/they/ithavetohavetodohousework?Yes,I/he/theydid.No,I/she/he/theydidn’t.动词的时态有8种时态：1.动词的单数第三人称和名词复数一样：（1）加“s”;looks,finds,jumps,begins,starts,plays(2)以“s,x,ch,sh,o”结尾的单词结尾加“es”,passes,relaxes,teaches,catches,watches,washes,finishes,rushes,brushes,goes,does,(3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾时，变“y”为“I”加“es”tidy-tidies,98 try-tries,fly-flies,carry-carries,study-studies(4)特殊的有“have-has”单数第三人称用于一般现在时，它表示习惯/经常/有时有规律的事，它的构成是：I(We,You,You,They，名词复数)+动词原形；He(She,It名词单数)+动词的单数第三人称。I(We,You,They)havelunchathome.肯定句）He/She/Ithassupperatschool.I(We,You,They)don’thavelunchathome.否定句）He/She/Itdoesn’thavesupperatschool.Doyou(we,they)havelunchathome?(一般疑问句）Doesshe/Ithavesupperatschool?.Yes,Iwe/you/theydo.No,I/we/you/theydon’t.Yes,heshe/itdoes.Nohe/she/itdoesn’t.Whohaslunchathome?(特殊疑问句）Whohassupperatschool?Whatdoyou/theyhavelunch?(同上）Whatdoeshe/she/ithaveatschool?Wheredoyou/theyhaveathome?（同上）Wheredoeshe/she/it98 havesupperatschool?Thepeoplewatchthematchsometimes.Thispersonwatchesthematchsometimes.Thepeopledon’twatchthematchsometimes.Thispersondoesn’twatchthematchsometimes.Dothepeoplewatchthematchsometimes?Doesthispersonwatchthematchsometimes?Yes,theydo.No,theydon’t.(肯定回答,否定回答)Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.注意：一般现在时通常用always,often,usually,every(day,week,month,year),inthe(morning,afternoon,evening),on(Sundays,SaturdaysTuesdays),sometimes,等时间状语连用。2.动词的过去时和过去分词一样，规则变化都是加“ed’’。（1）加“ed”。例如：worked,catched,planted,played,needed,(2)以辅音字母加“Y”结尾的单词变“y”为“I”加“ed”。carry-carried,study-studied,tidy-tidied,try-tried.(3)以“e”结尾的加“d”,move-moved,liked,loved.(4)双写的有：stop-stopped,shop-shopped,drop-dropped,prefer-preferred,travel-trve(l)led,plan-planned.98 动词的过去时用于一般过去时，它表示过去某一时间发生的动作和存在的状态。常与yesterday,threedaysago,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(month,year),justnow=amomentago,in1990等时间状语连用。I/We/You/You/He/She/It/Theytidiedthehousejustnow.（肯定句）I/We/You/You/He/She/It/Theydidn’ttidythehousejustnow（否定句）Didyou/I/we/he/she/it/they/tidythehousejustnow?（一般疑问句）Yes,I/we/he/she/theydid.No,I/wedidn’t.Whatdidyou/he/she/it/theydo?Whatdidyou/he/she/theytidy?Whendidyou/he/she/theytidythehouse?3.动词的过去分词用在现在完成时和过去完成时中。（1）它表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果。常与already（已经）,yet（还）,just（刚刚）,ever（曾经）,98 never（从来没有过）,before（以前）sofar（至今为止）,inone’slife（终生）连用。already用于肯定句和一般疑问句中，即可放在have/has与过去分词之间，又可放在句末。Yet用于疑问句和否定句句末。Before，sofar，inone’slife放在句末。(justevernever)放在have/has和过去分词的中间。inthepast2years在过去的二年如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven’t.Hehaseverbrokenwindowsbefore.Hehasneverbrokenwindowsbefore.Hasheeverbrokenwindowsbefore?Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.Theyhavejustlefthomeforschool.Howmanysongshasshelearnedsofar?Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulmountainsinmylife.（2）现在完成时还表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，延续到现在，与forthreedays(三天时间)，sincelastyear(自从去年)，eversince1996（自从199698 年），同时动词要用延续动词。Leave-beaway,comeback-beback,comehere-behere,goout-beout,gothere-betherebegin(start)-beon,finish-beover,join-bein,die-bedead,open-beopen,close-beclosedborrow-keep,buy-have,gettoknow-know如：Myfatherhaslefthereforamonth..___Myfatherhasbeenawayfromhereforamonth..Ihavecomebackforaweek._____Ihavebeenbackforaweek.Shehascomeheresinceyesterday.____Shehasbeenheresinceyesterday.Theyhavegoneoutsinceayearago.____Theyhavebeenoutsinceayearago.HehasgonetoBeijingfor3years.____ShehasbeeninBeijingfor3years.Thisfilmhasbegunsincethismorning._____Thisfilmhasbeenonsincethismorning.Themeetinghasfinishedsincewearrivedattheoffice.______Themeetintinghasbeenoversincewearrivedattheoffice.HeandIhavejoinedthearmysincewewere18yearsold.______HeandIhavebeeninthearmysincewewere18yearsold.Mydoghasdiedfor5years.____Mydoghasbeendeadfor5years.Thisshophasopenedsince1990._____Thisshophasbeenopensince1990.Lilyhasboughtthisbikesinceshecamehere._____Lilyhashadthisbikesinceshecamehere.Wehaveborrowedthisbookfortenminutes._____Wehavekept98 thisbookfortenminutes.Thisshophasclosedeversincelastweek.______Thisshophasbeenclosedeversincelastweek.Shestartedtoteachfor20years.____Shehastaughtfor20years.（3）have/hasbeentosomewhere=have/haseverbeentosomewhere曾经去过某地have/hasneverbeentosomewhere（从来没去过某地）have/hasgonetosomewhere（已经去了某地，现在没回来）have/hasbeeninsomewhereforanhour(sinceayearago)（已经在某地多久了）如：Ihave(ever)beentoXiantwice.（我曾去过西安两次。）HowmanytimeshaveyoubeentoXian?Shehasgonetothatpark.（她已经去那个公园了。）Theyhavebeeninthatcityforonemonth..（他们已经在那座城市一个月了。）Howlonghavetheybeeninthatcity?HehasbeeninGuangzhousinceonemonthago.（自从一个月之前他就在广州了。）HowlonghashebeeninGuangzhou?98 WehaveneverbeentoBeijing.（我们从来没去过北京。）4．过去分词还用过去完成时中，它的构成是had+过去分词。Whenwegotthere,thetrainhadleft.Bytheendofthematch,theyhadcickedtwogoals.Bylastweek,hehadwrittentwoletters.Hesaidhehadseenthatbirdalready.5．将来时表示将要发生的动作，目前还未发生。它的构成是：begoingto+动词原形；Will+动词原形；I/We+shall+动词原形。它常与tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek(month,year),nextSaturday(Monday,Wednesday,Thurday),thisafternoon(evening),tonight,soon等时间壮语连用。Iamgoingtohaveameetingthisafternoon.Areyougoingtohaveameetingthisafternoon?Iamnotgoingtohaveameetingthisafternoon?Yes,Iam.No,I’mnot.Whatareyougoingtodo?Whenareyouhaveameeting?He/She/Itisgoingtoseeafilmtonight.Is/he/shegoingtoseeafilmtonight?He/She/Itisn’tgoingtoseeafilm.Yes,he/she/itis.No,he/she/itis.Whatishe/she/itgoingtodo?Whoisgoingtoseeafilm?We/You/TheyaregoingtospendholidayinShanghaiinsummer.Areyou/we/theygoingtospendholidayinsummer?Yes,98 you/theyare.No,you/theyaren’t.We/You/TheyaregoingtospendholidayinShanghiinsummer.Whereareyou/theygoingtospendholiday?I/We/You/You/He/She/Itwillplayvolleyballnextweek.Willyou/she/he/theyplayvolleyballnextweek?I/We/You/You/He/She/Itwillnot(won’t)playvolleyball.Whatwillyou/he/shedo?Whenwillyou/they/playit?I/WeshallgoforawalkonThursdaymorning.ShallI/WegoforawalkonThursday?I/Weshallnotgoforawalk.WhatshallI/Wedo?WhenshallI/Wegoforawalk?注意：will=begoingto用于各种人称。shall用于第一人称I和we。一般疑问句把shall,will提前,否定句是在will后面加not,willnot=won’t,或在be动词后面加not.ShallI/Wehaveclasses?=Letme/ushaveclasses.=Whynothaveclasses?=Whydon’twehaveclasses?=Whatabouthavingclasses?(一般疑问句提shall,既表示将来又表示请求，此五句是同意句)6.过去将来时表示过去某一时间，将要发生的事。它的构成是　would+动词原形。was/weregoingto+动词原形。Ididn’tknowifhewouldcometomorrow.=Ididn’tknowifhewasgoingtocometomorrow.Iwassurethatshewasgoingtospeakatthemeeting.98 Iwassurethatshewouldspeakatthemeeting.Iwantedtoknowif/whetheritwouldrainnextmonth.(would=wasgoingtorain)Theyneverknewthatthepopulationwouldbecomeabigproblem.(would=weregoingtobecome)Shedidn’tknowwheretheywouldgo.(would=weregoingtogo)注意：主句是过去时，从句的将来时就用过去将来时。Would是will的过去时，I/He/She/Itwasgoingto+动词原形，We/You/Theyweregoingto+动词原形。7．另外动词　come,go,leave,travel,这几个动词可用现在进行时表示将来时。用过去进行时表示过去将来时。Heisleaving(willleave)LanzhouforXi’annextJanuary.Jimiscoming(willcome)thedayaftertomorrow.Theysaidtheyweregoing(wouldgo)homesoon.Itoldhimthatweweretraveling(wouldtravel)nextMarch.8.动词的现在分词用在现在进行时和过去进行时中，它的构成是ving(1)直接加“ing”,sing-singing,play-playing,call-calling,build-building,find-finding.(2)以一个“e”结尾的单词去“e”加“ing”move-moving,like-liking,love-loving,shine-shining,write-writing,98 freeze-freezing结冰，冻结live-living,practice-practicing,deserve-deserving应得escape-escaping逃走，逃避，frustrate-frustrating使失败，receive-receiving收到，pollute-polluting污染(3)双写的有：plan-planning,prefer-preferring,hit-hitting,cut-cutting,shop-shopping,drop-dropping,stop-stopping,grab-grabbing抓取，夺取；wag-wagging摇摆，摆动；trap-trapping使…陷入苦境shut-shutting,beg-begging恳求，乞讨；set-setting,spit-apitting谈吐，吐唾,step-stepping踩，踏入get-getting,run-running,put-putting,swim-swimming,begin-beginning,spit-spitting,fit-fitting（合适）　(4)以“ie”结尾的动词变　“ie”为“y”加ing,lie-lying,tie-tying,die-dying.现在进行时表示正在发生和进行的动作。它的构成是:Iam+ving;He/She/Itisving,We/They/Youareving.It’stwelveo’clock,Iamcuttingdownthetrees.Areyoucuttingdownthetrees?98 It’stwelveo’clock,Iamnotcuttingdownthetrees.Whatareyoudoing?He/She/Itisplanningtosurfintheseanow.Ishe/she/itplanningtosurfintheseanow?He/She/Itisn’tplanningtosurfnow?Yes,he/she/itis.No,he/she/itisn’t.Whatishe/she/itdoingnow?Whereishe/she/itplanningtosurfnow?Listen,theyaresinginginthenextroom.Listen,aretheysinginginthenextroom?Listen,they’renotsingingintheroom.Whataretheydoing?Wherearetheysinging?Look,youarerunning.Look,areyourunning?Look,youaren’trunning.Whatareyoudoing?过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在发生和进行的动作。它的构成是was/were+ving.I/He/She/WeiHuawaswatchingTVlastnight.Washe/she/itwatchingTVlastnight?（一般疑问句）I/He/She/WeiHuawasn’twatchingTVlastnight.Yes,he/shewas.No,he/shewasnot.Whatwashe/she/itdoing?Whatwashe/she/itdoing?We/You/Theyweremakingflowersthistimeyesterday.Wereyou/we/theymakingflowersthistimeyesterday?Yes,we/theyare.No,we/theyaren’t.We/You/Theywerenotmakingflowersthistimeyesterday.98 Whenwereyou/theymakingflowers？LucyandLilywerestoppingcryingatthattimelastFriday..WeretheystoppingcryingatthattimelastFriday?Yes,theywere.No,theyweren’tLucyandLilyweren’tstoppingcryingatthattimelastFriday..JimwasputtingonhisclothesatsixlastSunday.WasJimputtingonhisclothesatsixlastSunday?JimwasnotputtingonhisclothesatsixlastSunday.Yes,hewas.No,hewasn’tWhatwashedoing?“when和while”引导的时间状语从句往往用过去进行时。Whentheteachercamein,whatwasLiLiedoing?When/Whiletheyweresweepingthefloor,thebellrang.Mypendroppedonthegroundwhen/whileIwasreading.Whilehewascooking,Icamein.（while后面的从句用进行时，而when用过去时和过去进行时都行。）IwaslisteningtotheradiowhileIwaswashing.(我一边听收音机，我一边洗衣服。)动词不定式：在一个句子中，如果有两个或两个以上的动词，第一个动词要根据时态进行变化，第二个动词要用动词不定式，它的构成是to+动词原形,有时to可以省略。98 例如:Iwantedtogoshoppingyesterday.IwilldecidetolearnEnglishnextyear.1.prefer,manage,want,learn,try,need,love,plan,used,agree,wish,hope,afforddecide,fail,happen,seem,wouldlike=wouldlove(以上动词再跟动词都加todosth)Imanaged（设法）tocatchupwithhim.Iprefer（更喜欢）toplayfootball.Heseemstobeateacher.Theboyfailedtoswimacrosstheriver.（没有游过这条河。）Shecan’taffordtobuythiscar.（她不能付起钱买这辆车。）Iusedtowalk。（我过去常散步。）Iplantogoforaholiday.Iwilltrytofindouttheanswers.2.ask,tell,want,wish,invite,get,warn,wouldlike,encouragen,find(sbtodosth.)Heencouraged（鼓励）everyonetotakepartinprotectingourriver.Shewouldlikeustojointhem.Theywarnedpeopletogetoutofthewater.3.不定式的否定形式是to前加not.(nottodosth.)Askhernottospeakloudly.Wefoundpeoplenottothrowitabout.Tellthestudentsnottomakemuchnoise.98 4.Itis+adj+(forsb)todosth(对某人来说做某事)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Itisinteresting(difficult,hard,easy,important,dangerous,important,possible,late,time)forsbtodosthItisinterestingforustoreadthisstory.It’slateformetohaveclass.Itisimportantforhertostayatschool.5.Itiskind(nicegoodcarefulcareless)ofsbtodosth.Itisverykindofyoutogivemeahand.Itiscarelessofhimtodoexercises.6.begladtodosth（高兴做某事）　Wearegaldtotakepartinyourbirthdayparty.7.let,make,have,hadbetter=’dbetter,willyouplease=wouldyouplease=couldyouplease(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not)Letmesee.Let’sgo.LiFengmadethebabystopcrying.Don’thavethembeintrouble.Youhadbetterturntheradiodown.Willyoupleasesweepthefloor?Letusnottalk.Makehimnotshoutagain.You’dbetternotcomeback.Will(Would)youpleasenotfollowme.Couldyoupleasenottellmeaboutit.8.感观动词　see,lookat,watch,listento,hear,feel（跟动词原形表示动作没有在发生。跟动名词,表示动作正在进行。）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Awomansawithappen.Heheardthechildrenplayingfootball.9.另外help既可以跟to+动词原形，又可以省略to。98 helptodosth.helpsb.todosth.toShehelpsme(to)takecareofmybrother.Ihelped(to)buyfoodforhim.10.wish和hope的用法：希望做某事：hopetodosth.wishtodosth.希望某人做某事：wishsbtodosthhope+that宾语从句hopesbtodosth（不可使用）　IthopetogetanEnglishdictionary.Youwishtostayhere.（你希望留在这。）　　　　　　　Wehope(that)wecanseeyouagain.=Wehopetoseeyouagain.　　　　　　　　　　　　　特别注意：Wehopeustoseeyouagain.是错误的。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　11..和疑问词连用：Idon’tknowwheretogo.Hewantstoknowwhattodo.Weknewwho(whom)toask.Doyouknowhowtoanswerthisquestion?Ididn’tknowhowtowhentoleave.Iwanttoknowwhytostandthere.12.宾语从句可以转化成含有特殊疑问词的简单句（也就是动词不定式）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Couldyoutellmewhereweshowourtickets?Couldyoutellmewheretoshowourtickets?Heaskedhowhecangettotheplane.Heaskedhowtogettotheplane.Theydon’tknowwhentheywillstart.Theydon’tknowwhentostart.Sheaskeduswhywewerelate.98 Sheaskeduswhytobelate.二.某些情况第二次跟动词用动名词：1.用在介词的后面：beusedfordoingsth.Thankyouforhelpingus.Whataboutaskingthem?goonwalking=walkon;goonliving=liveon;　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　keeponthinkingaboutit.（一直在考虑它）　takepartindoingsth　(参加)　　　　　begoodatswimming=dowellinswimming（擅长游泳）Heisweakinskating.（不擅长溜冰）makeacontributiontodoingsth(为…作贡献;捐赠);beinterestedin;beafraidof;beamazedat;insteadof;be/getusedto(习惯做某事)；haveconfidencein(对…有信心)2.一些动词后面必须跟动名词：keepwaitingforus(一直在等我们)；bebusygettingreadyforit（忙于准备它）finishcleaningtheclassroom（打扫完教室）；hate(enjoy)traveling（讨厌、喜欢旅行）　mindmyclosingmywindow（介意我关住窗户）；feellikeeating98 apples（感觉想吃苹果）beworthwatchingTV（值得看电视）；　spendmoney/time(in)doingsth.（花费钱/时间）　　　　dosomeshopping=goshopping,dosomereading,dosomewashing,goskatinggohiking（去徒步旅行）,goskiing（去滑雪），goswimming（去游泳）　　　　　　　　　stoptalking（停止谈话）stoptotalk（停下开始谈话）begin/starttodosth.=begin/startdoingLiketodosth.=likedoingsth（但长期的爱好必须用likedoingsth.Likeswimming/dancing）giveupdoingsth.(放弃做某事);pratisedoingsth.(练习做某事)动词不定式：在一个句子中，如果有两个或两个以上的动词，第一个动词要根据时态进行变化，第二个动词要用动词不定式，它的构成是to+动词原形,有时to可以省略。例如:Iwantedtogoshoppingyesterday.IwilldecidetolearnEnglishnextyear.1.prefer,manage,want,learn,try,need,love,plan,used,agree,wish,hope,afforddecide,fail,happen,seem,wouldlike=wouldlove(98 以上动词再跟动词都加todosth)Imanaged（设法）tocatchupwithhim.Iprefer（更喜欢）toplayfootball.Heseemstobeateacher.Theboyfailedtoswimacrosstheriver.（没有游过这条河。）Shecan’taffordtobuythiscar.（她不能付起钱买这辆车。）Iusedtowalk。（我过去常散步。）Iplantogoforaholiday.Iwilltrytofindouttheanswers.2.ask,tell,want,wish,invite,get,warn,wouldlike,encouragen,find(sbtodosth.)Heencouraged（鼓励）everyonetotakepartinprotectingourriver.Shewouldlikeustojointhem.Theywarnedpeopletogetoutofthewater.3.不定式的否定形式是to前加not.(nottodosth.)Askhernottospeakloudly.Wefoundpeoplenottothrowitabout.Tellthestudentsnottomakemuchnoise.4.Itis+adj+(forsb)todosth(对某人来说做某事)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Itisinteresting(difficult,hard,easy,important,dangerous,important,possible,late,time)forsbtodosthItisinterestingforustoreadthisstory.It’slateformetohaveclass.Itisimportantforhertostayat98 school.5.Itiskind(nicegoodcarefulcareless)ofsbtodosth.Itisverykindofyoutogivemeahand.Itiscarelessofhimtodoexercises.6.begladtodosth（高兴做某事）　Wearegaldtotakepartinyourbirthdayparty.7.let,make,have,hadbetter=’dbetter,willyouplease=wouldyouplease=couldyouplease(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not)Letmesee.Let’sgo.LiFengmadethebabystopcrying.Don’thavethembeintrouble.Youhadbetterturntheradiodown.Willyoupleasesweepthefloor?Letusnottalk.Makehimnotshoutagain.You’dbetternotcomeback.Will(Would)youpleasenotfollowme.Couldyoupleasenottellmeaboutit.8.感观动词　see,lookat,watch,listento,hear,feel（跟动词原形表示动作没有在发生。跟现在分词,表示动作正在进行。）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Awomansawithappen.Heheardthechildrenplayingfootball.9.另外help既可以跟to+动词原形，又可以省略to。helptodosth.helpsb.todosth.toShehelpsme(to)takecareofmybrother.Ihelped(to)buyfoodforhim.10.wish和hope的用法：希望做某事：hopetodosth.wishtodosth.98 希望某人做某事：wishsbtodosthhope+that宾语从句hopesbtodosth（不可使用）　IthopetogetanEnglishdictionary.Youwishtostayhere.（你希望留在这。）　　　　　　　Wehope(that)wecanseeyouagain.=Wehopetoseeyouagain.　　　　　　　　　　　　　特别注意：Wehopeustoseeyouagain.是错误的。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　11..和疑问词连用：Idon’tknowwheretogo.Hewantstoknowwhattodo.Weknewwho(whom)toask.Doyouknowhowtoanswerthisquestion?Ididn’tknowhowtowhentoleave.Iwanttoknowwhytostandthere.12.宾语从句可以转化成含有特殊疑问词的简单句（也就是动词不定式）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Couldyoutellmewhereweshowourtickets?Couldyoutellmewheretoshowourtickets?Heaskedhowhecangettotheplane.Heaskedhowtogettotheplane.Theydon’tknowwhentheywillstart.Theydon’tknowwhentostart.Sheaskeduswhywewerelate.Sheaskeduswhytobelate.二.某些情况第二次跟动词用动名词：1.用在介词的后面：beusedfordoingsth.Thankyouforhelpingus.Whataboutaskingthem?goonwalking=98 walkon;goonliving=liveon;　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　keeponthinkingaboutit.（一直在考虑它）　takepartindoingsth　(参加)　　　　　begoodatswimming=dowellinswimming（擅长游泳）Heisweakinskating.（不擅长溜冰）makeacontributiontodoingsth(为…作贡献;捐赠);beinterestedin;beafraidof;beamazedat;insteadof;be/getusedto(习惯做某事)；haveconfidencein(对…有信心)2.一些动词后面必须跟动名词：keepwaitingforus(一直在等我们)；bebusygettingreadyforit（忙于准备它）finishcleaningtheclassroom（打扫完教室）；hate(enjoy)traveling（讨厌、喜欢旅行）　mindmyclosingmywindow（介意我关住窗户）；feellikeeatingapples（感觉想吃苹果）beworthwatchingTV（值得看电视）；　spendmoney/time(in)doingsth.（花费钱/时间）　　　　dosomeshopping=goshopping,dosomereading,dosomewashing,goskatinggohiking（去徒步旅行）,go98 skiing（去滑雪），goswimming（去游泳）　　　　　　　　　stoptalking（停止谈话）stoptotalk（停下开始谈话）begin/starttodosth.=begin/startdoingLiketodosth.=likedoingsth（但长期的爱好必须用likedoingsth.Likeswimming/dancing）giveupdoingsth.(放弃做某事);pratisedoingsth.(练习做某事)8.复合句又叫从句，包括（时间，条件，原因，结果，让步，比较状语从句。）（1）时间状语从句由while,when当…的时侯，after在…之后，before在…之前，assoonas一…就…not…until直到…才，since（自从）等连词引导的时间状语从句。这些连词后的句子叫从句，另外一个句子叫主句。主句在前也行，在后也可以，但要用逗号分开。一．Iwasverygladwhentheboywontherelayrace.（当男孩赢得接力赛时，我很高兴。）Imetoneofmyfriendswhen/whileIwaswalkingalongthe98 street..（当我正沿着街道走时，我碰到了一个朋友。）When/Whilehewasmendinghiscar,aboycamehere.（当他正在修理轿车时，一个男孩来到了这。）Whenweheardthenews,theywerelaughing.（当我们听到这个消息时，他们正在笑。）（while后面的从句必须用过去进行时，而when用过去时和过去进行时都行。）Iamdancing,whileIamsinging.（我一边唱歌，一边跳舞。）主从句都是进行时时，一定用while。二．Aftertheymovedthebagaway,thegirlsletthetrafficgo.(在他们把袋子移开之后，女孩们让车辆通行了。)三．Beforehewasten,hebecameinterestedinscience.(在他十岁之前，他就对科学产生了兴趣。)四．IwilltellheraboutitassoonasIseeher.（一…就….）注意：主句用将来时，从句要用一般现在时。98 五.not…until…直到…才…,主句用否定句，从句用until连接。Myfatherdidn’tcomeuntilIwenttobedlastnight.（我父亲昨晚直到我上床睡觉才回来。）Iwon’tgooutuntilitstopsraining.（直到雨停，我将才出去。）主意：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。六．since=eversince（自从），主句用现在完成时，从句用过去时。Hehasworkedheresinceitopenedin1979.Youhavehadthisbikesinceweweretwelveyearsold.(2)条件状语从句用“if”引导，是“如果”的意思。（将来时，“if”从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。）Ifyouareadoctor,youmaysayIwasworkinginthehospital.（如果你是一位医生，你可能说我正在医院工作。）Iwillbeunhappyifheisintrouble.（如果他陷入困境，我将会很难过。）98 Thepeoplewon’tbebepleasedifyoujumpthequeue.(如果你加队，人们将不会高兴。)Iwillnotgooutifitrainstomorrow.Ifyoudon’tstudyhard,youwillfallbehindtheothers.(3)原因状语从句用“because”（因为）引导。注意:有了“because”,不能用“so”,有了so,不能用“because”.IamnotdoinganyingbecauseIfellandhurtmynecklastweek.我正什么也没做，因为我上星期摔倒了并伤了脖子。(4)结果状语从句用so…that…（如此…以致于）引导,(sucha/an…that)引导，如果so前面是系动词“be,become,feel,look,smell闻起来,taste尝起来，sound听起来，seem丝乎“，那么so后面用形容词；如果so前面用动词，那么so后面用副词。sucha/an后面用可数名词单数，such后面用名词复数和不可数名词。Shewassohappythatshedanced.=Shewashappyenoughtodance.她是如此高兴，以致于跳起舞来。98 注意：that后面的从句是肯定句，用enoug改成简单句。她够高兴了，而跳起舞来。Heranslowlythathefellbehind.=Heranslowlyenoughtofallbehind.他跑得够慢了，而落在了后面。Theyspeaksoclearlythateveryonecanunderstandthem.=Theyspeakclearlyenoughtounderstandthem.IbecomesotallthatIcanreachtheapples.=Ibecometallenoughtoreachtheapples.ThefoodsmellssodeliciousthatIwanttoeat.=Thefoodsmellsdeliciousenoughtowanttoeat.Shelookedsoangrythatshecouldn’tspeak.=Shelookedtooangrytospeak.她看起来如此生气，以致于不能说话。主意：too…to太…而不能…,表示否定，当结果壮语从句的从句是否定句时，可用too…to…转换成简单句。Thesuitwassoexpensivethathecouldn’tbuyit.=Thesuitwastooexpensivetobuyit.Sheworkedsoquietlythatnooneknewhewasthere.=Sheworkedtooquietlytoknowhewasthere.ItissuchanimportantmatchthatIcan’tmissit.它是如此重要的比赛，以致于我不能错过它。Ihaveneverheardsuchabeautifulsong.我从来没有听到过如此优美的歌曲。98 Hesaidthathehadneverseensuchabeautifulbird.他说他从没见过如此美丽的鸟。Thisnewpupilhadsomanystrangquestions.这位新学生有如此多奇怪的问题。costmuch花得多；costlittlt花得少Thisshirtcostsomuchthatwecouldn’tbuyit.=Thiscoatcosttoomuchtobuyit.ThisjacketcostsolittlethatIcouldbuyit.=Thisjacketcostlittleenoughtobuyit.(5)让步状语从句用though=although（尽管；虽然）引导，不能要but,有but不能用though=although.Though/AlthoughIlikewritingtomyfriends,ittakesmuchtime.=Ilikewritingtomyfriends,butittakesmuchtime.(6)比较状语从句。形容词和副词用于比较级和最高级中。一．形容词在句中be后ë作表语，在名词前叫定语，一般形容词用“的”。very=quite=rather相当和too修饰形容词和副词的原级。alittle=abit既可修饰原级又可修饰比较级。Theyarestrong.Heistootall.Iamverytired.Wearequite98 young.Itisalittle=abitlong.Sheisratherhelpful.It’sabigchair.Theyareverybeautifulgirls.Heisaluckyperson.It’sawet=rainyday.形容词有时是名词加y变的：sun-sunny,,wind-windy,snow-snowy,rain-rainy,cloud-cloudy,health-healthy,luck-lucky,noise-noisy;有时又是名词加ful变成形容词：use-useful,care-careful,wonder-wonderful,beauty-beautiful,forgetful,help-helpful,hope-hopeful有时动词的过去时，过去分词和形容词一样。worry-worried,frighten-frightened,frustrate-frustrated,fry-fried二．副词（在句中有时用在动词后面或前面。）它的规则变化是形容词后加ly:helpful-helpfully,careful-carefully,quick-quickly,quiet-quietly,happy-happlily,noisy-noisily,lucky-luckily,heavy-heavily,widely,easy-easily,只有三个去e加ly的。terrible-terribly,true-truly,possible-possiblyItrainsheavily.Itissnowingheavily.Itoftensnowslightly.Theyworkquietly.Englishiswidelyspokenbypeople.=Englishisspokenwidelybypeople.　形容词和副词一样的：late-late,early-early,long-long,98 much-much,fast-fast,far,alittle,much,deep-deep.Heislate.Hecomesverylate.Ourschoolisquitefar.Theyjumpedtoofar.注意：smell闻起来,taste尝起来,seem似乎,look,sound,听起来，feel感觉也跟形容词。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：(1).比较级加er,最高级加est,如：fast-faster-fastest,short-shorter-shorest,long-longer-longest(2).以辅音字母加y结尾时变y为i加er,est,如：heavy-heavier-heaviest,empty-emptier-emptiest,early-earlier-earliest,hungry-hungrier--hungiest,easy-easier-easiest,tidy-tidier-tidiest.(3).以e结尾的加r,st,nice-nicer-nicest,wide-wider-widest,fine-finer-finest,late-latest(4).双写的有：big-bigger-biggest,thin-thinner-thinnest,fat-fatter-fattest,wet-wetter-wettest,hot-hotter-hotter,red-redder-reddest,(5).部分双音节和多音节的单词比较级加more,最高级加most。careful-morecareful-mostcareful,friendly-morefriendly-mostfriendly,,favourite-morefavourite-mostfavourite,interesting,difficult,dangerous,popular,different,useful,forgetful,wonderful,beautiful98 注意：所有由形容词加ly变来的副词比较级加more,最高级加most.slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly,loudly-moreloudly-mostloudly,heavily,quickly,quietly,carefully(6).不规则变化的有:good(well)-better-best;many(much)-more-most,ill-worse-worst,far-farther-farthestbad(badly)-worse-worst;few(little),few-fewer-fewest,little-less-leastThisroadiswide.Thatroadiswiderthanthatone.Thatroadisthewidestofall.Englishisverywidelyusedbypeople.=Englishisusedverywidely.EnglishismorewidelyusedthanChinese.Englishisthemostwidelyusedbypeople.Heisthin.HeisthinnerI(me).Heisthethinnestofthree.Heisalittlebetterthanshe.他比她好一点。LucydidmuchworsethanLily.露西比利丽做得差得多。Ispeakevenmorequietlythananyotherstudent.=Ispeakthemostquietlyofall.注意：比较级前只用alittle,much,even修饰。Theyarethefarthestofus.Theyjumped(the)farthestofus.形容词最高级必须加the,副词加不加都行。IthinkChineseismoreinterestingthanmathsJapaneseismuchmorepopularthanFrench.98 日语比法语受欢迎得多。ScienceislessdifficultthanPE.自然学科没有体育难。=Scienceisn’tas/sodifficultasPE.(7).A=B.A+be/V.+as原级+asB.ForeignlanguageisasimpotantasChinese.外语和汉语一样难。Wedidasbadlyasthey.我们做得和他们一样差。HethrowsashighasI.他扔得和我一样高。A